TOLL BENZERİ ALMAÇLAR: ENFLAMASYONU YÖNLENDİREN

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TOLL BENZERİ ALMAÇLAR:
ENFLAMASYONU YÖNLENDİREN
MOLEKÜLLER
İHSAN GÜRSEL
Bilkent Üniversitesi,
Moleküler Biyoloji ve Genetik Bölümü,
UNAM, Malzeme Bilimi ve Nanoteknoloji Enstitüsü,
Nanobiyoteknoloji Araştırma Birimi
FDA
VRC
NCI
NIAID
NIH
r
nte
e
C
ical
Clin
1
KARŞILAŞTIRMA: TÜRKİYE’NİN BİLİM VE TEKNOLOJİDEKİ YERİ
1996-2005 (10 yıl) arasında uluslararası dergilerinde yayınlanan makalelerin tümü
h-indeks: Bir araştırmanın uluslararası camiada
ne kadar etkili olduğunu gösteren değer
¾ Stanford Üniversitesi, Türkiyeden 50 kattan daha
fazla etkili araştırma yapıyor.
¾ Türkiye’nin h-indisinin 80’i, uluslararası ortak
çalışmaların sonucunda elde edilmiştir.
Neden yüksek katma değer?
İhraç Ürünleri
• Fındık (1 Ton)
• Tofaş Araba (1 Ton)
• Uzaktan Algılayan Lazer (1 Ton)
• AKM Mikroskopu (1 Ton)
$
~ 1,800
~ 12,000
~ 2,500,000
~ 18,000,000
• rIFN* ve rEpo (15 grams, ithal !)
~ 450,000,000
• Türkiye yılda ~ 15 gr rekombinant Eritropoetin kullanmaktadır.
Bununla birlikte diğer interferonlar ve interlükinler de eklenince
yılda harcanan rakam ‘0.8 Milyar $ seviyesine ulaşacağı
tahmin ediliyor (2009 yılı için).
• *Bizim Amacımız: Bu biyolojik ajanları immün hücrelerine
ürettirebilecek DNA kökenli nanoilaçlar tasarlamaktır.
2
The Danger Theory
(Infectious non-self vs
non-infectious self)
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS)
(Exist on NON‐SELF)
Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRR)
( Present on SELF)
INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVATION
Innate Immunity
Inflammatory
immune response
Adaptive Immunity
Antigen specific
immune response
T cells, B cells
Granulocytes, Macrophages
Dendritic cells (DC)
Natural Killer cells (NK)
TLRs
NLRs
RLRs
Cytokines
Chemokines
Interferons
IgM
minutes
Antigen presentation
NK killing
hours
days
Antigen-specific
1) Antibodies (IgG, A, E)
2) Cellular immune response
(CTL, Th, Treg)
months
years
Ishii KJ and Akira S. ‘Innate Immunity’ Clinical Immunology 3rd Ed. In press
3
TLRs sense both bacterial and viral invasion
Bacteria
Virus
LPS
Envelope protein (MMTV)
F protein (RSV)
Peptidoglycan
Lipopeptide
Bacterial DNA
Viral DNA
Flagellin
TLR2
TLR5
TLR4
TLR9
TLR (NLR, RLR)-for GOOD
TLR (NLR, RLR) ligands derived from pathogens or damaged cells
Innate Immunity
10
2/6 1/24
7 9
B
Mɸ
1/6 2/1 4
79
8
3
IFNα
IFNα
pDC
m(c)DC
IL-15
IFNα
IFNα
Th1
IFNγ
Adaptive Immunity
γδ T
4 8
RegT
Th2
Exaggerated
inflammatory
responses
Septic shock
NK
CTL
IFNγ
IgG
dsRNA
TLR-(NLR, RLR)Pathological effects
5
2
7 B9
Imidazoquinolines
ssRNA
TLR3 TLR7
3
cytokines/chemokines
12
IL-
Proliferation
IL-6
10
2 4
Epithelial
cells
=Type-I IFN ↑
7
Chronic inflammatory
responses
Atherosclerosis
Transplant rejection
+ Antigens
Vaccine adjuvant Anti-allergy
Anti-cancer
Autoimmune diseases
4
Innate immune receptor; TLR,Virus
RLRsensors
and NLR
CR, MR, SR, FcR TLR5
TLR2/1
TLR2/6
TLR11
Intracellular
Endosome
TLR3
TIR
TIR
TRIF
TLR7, 8, 9
TIR
TIR
Pro-IL1/18
Cleavage
TIR
TIRAP
‘Danger’ receptors
IL1/18
TIRTIR
MyD88
Cytoplasm
TRAM
TIR
NOD
TIR
TIR
NOD2 CARDCARD
TIR
NOD
Nucleic acid sensors
TIR
TIR
TIR
TIR
Extracellular
NOD1 CARD
MD-2
TLR4
NF-κB
TIR
pro-inflammatory cytokines
Caspase-1
CARD
Caspase
MyD88
IRF3/7
IFNα, β
?
NALP3
IPAF
PYD PYD
NOD
CARD
NOD
NAIP5
NOD
BIRx3
CA
RD
Nucleus
IPS-1
CARDCARD
Helicase
RIG-I
CARDCARD
Helicase
MDA5
Helicase
LGP2
Mitochondria
Ishii KJ and Akira S. ‘Innate Immunity’ Clinical Immunology 3rd Ed. In press
TLR Ulakları
Biochem.
Biochem. J. (2009) 422, 11-10
5
Multiple roles for MyD88
MyD88 is a central signal for many processes involving host defense to
infection and inflammation and cancer
Multiple roles for MyD88: mechanism for induction of EAE
Signaling via MyD88 is essential for initiation of EAE and mediates mDC IL-6 and IL-23 production and T cell IL-23R
production. MOG-specific Th17 cells are primed, differentiated and maintained in the presence of mDC IL-6 and IL23. The regulatory role of TLR4 or TLR9 on IL-17 production may act via downregulation of DC activation, and/or via
dampened priming of encephalitogenic Th17 cells responses. Lines with bars represent inhibition
6
Dextran sülfat yollu kolon yaralanmalarında
TLR4’e bağlı epitel doku rejenerasyonu
Makrofajların, TLR4 ve MyD88 yollu COX2’yi etkinleşmesi sonucu Prostoglandin2
salımı artmaktadır. Bu olgu hücre prolierasyonu için gereklidir.
TLR4’ün karaciğer stellat hücrelerini etkinleştirip
fibrozisi artırmayı yönlendirme mekanizması
7
BASKILAYICI DNA:
Memeli Genomunda Bulunur
(TTAGGG)4
G tetrad oluşturabilen telomerik memeli DNA motifleri nanokompleks
halde iken TLR antagonisti olarak davranmaktadırlar.
Spontan nanoparçacık oluşturan DNA
ODN’lerin Atomik kuvvet
mikroskop görüntüsü
DNA nanoparçacığı
Ave Size : 30 ± 10 nm
8
ARAŞTIRMA AMAÇLI
OLARAK SATILAN
NANOPARÇACIK
YAPISINDAKİ İMMÜN
SİSTEMİ BASKILAYICI DNA
(Invivogen, USA)
BİZDE DAHA UCUZ !!!
DNA BAZLI NANOİLAÇLAR
İmmün Sistemi Baskılayıcı DNA motifleriImmunosuppressive Motifs (Telomerik DNA)
Otoimmün hastalıkların tedavisi
•Artrit
•Sepsis
•Lupus
•Diyabet
•Behçet
•Üveit
•FMF (sistemik oto-enflamatuvar)
•EAE
9
Baskılayıcı DNA fare de oluşturulan
Adjuvant Artriti geriletmektedir
PBS
*
Bacteri DNA + Control ODN
*
*
Bacteri DNA + Sup ODN
0
5 10 15
JOINT
SWELLING
(mm x 10-2 )
0
1
2 0
5
10
HISTOLOGIC TNFa [SI]
SCORE
Zeuner et.al, Arthrit Rheum, 2005
Aynı sonuçlar kollajenle indüklenmiş artrit modelinde de
gösterilmiştir (Dong et al, Rheumatology, 2005)
% Survival
A
Baskılayıcı DNA Endotoksine Bağlı
Septik Şoku Önlemektedir
80
40
**
100
80
PBS
Sup ODN
Cont ODN
60
PBS
Sup ODN
ODN 2010
60
40
20
0
20
0
0
12 24 36 48 60 72
Hours post LPS challenge (200 μg)
100
% Survival
C
** B
100
80
0
12 24 36 48 60 72
Hours post LPS challenge (200 μg)
**
PBS
Sup ODN
CpG ODN
60
40
20
0
*
0
12 24 36 48 60 72
Hours post LPS challenge (100 μg)
Shirota et.al,J.Immunol, 2005
10
Yeni jenerasyon uyarıcı
DNAlar
Kendi kendine
nanoparçacık
oluşturabilen oligoların
sentezi
Nanoparçacık oluşturma şeması
TCGACGTTGG
TCGACGTTGG
TCGACGTTGG
TCGACGTTGG
TCGACGTTGG
TCGACGTTGG
TCGACGTTGG
ODN420: 5’-kısmına çift fonksiyonlu linker ekleyerek ikinci
jenerasyonun sentezine olanak kılıyoruz. Sentez G=3 de
durduruldu. Kontrol ODN (ODN421) CG nin GC ye
dönüştürülmüş diziniyle hazırlandı)
Patent pending
11
Nanoparçacık oluşturan ODN420
tipinin AKM görüntüsü
Ave Size : 45 ± 10 nm
(A) topographic
(B) phase contrast
Scan area is 5 µm x 5 µm
Fare dalak hücrelerinin NP ODN420
uyarılmasından sonraki IL-6 salım profili
12
ODN420 induces TNFα secretion and ODN420PO is a better candidate for type I IFN induction
Following 5h incubation w/ODNs(1uM) + Brefeldin A. pDCs are gated for TNFa.
Tumor Xenograft Model
• 5 x 106 Huh7 cells, a human hepatocellular
carcinoma cell line, is subcutaneously injected
into T-cell deficient nude mice.
• Three doses of 100 µg of ODN-420 or ODNA151 are injected intratumorally with one day-on
and one day-off treatment starting from day 3
post-palpable tumor formation.
• Tumor dimensions are recorded daily as width,
height and length by a caliper and calculated as
mm3.
• ODN Rx is initiated after observing ~75mm3
tumor volume.
13
Tumor volume in mm3
ODN-A151 cannot induce remission of
the tumor but only delay the tumor
growth (~d=30)
6000
5000
No Rx
4000
A151 (1)
3000
A151 (2)
2000
1000
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Days
NP-ODN420 uygulaması tümör
ilerlemesini durduruyr
Tumor volume in mm3
6000
5000
4000
No Rx
420 (1)
3000
420 (2)
2000
1000
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Days
14
NP-ODN:anti-tümör immüniteyi başlatıyor
5580 mm3
Untreated @ d=35
550 mm3
NP-420 ODN Treated @ d=42
Tumor size reduction: >80%
QUESTION?
• How can we follow the global gene
expression changes mediating this
immune activation ?
The Best Alternative APPROACH :
MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGY
15
DNA Microarray: The Process
Test sample
Reference-commercial source
Isolate RNA
Treatment
RNA
Control
RNA
RT-reaction
cDNA
cDNA
Label
Cy5
Cy3
Mix Two Probes
Hybridize
Wash
Scanning
Representative image of the
array after scanning
16
CpG DNA specific differentially up-regulated genes,
and their common features over time.
2h (n=9)
1
4h (n=56)
3
21
5
29
164
8h (n=198)
Explanation of the GO
Database
• Contains 5 hierarchical levels (from global to
specific).
Example
• Biological Processes (BP):
- Level 1: Physiological processes (GLOBAL)
- Level 2: Response to external stimulus
- Level 3: Response to biotic stimulus
- Level 4: Defense response
- Level 5: Immune response
(SPECIFIC)
• Note: level 5 is a subset of level 4, which in
turn is a subset of level 3 …
17
GO annotation chart (604 genes from
8h, CpG vs c-Control group)
604 genes extracted at p<0.0001
by BRB (CpG vs c-Cont at 8h)
521 genes are annotated by GO
and divided into 3 sub-sections
1
Biological process
349 genes
2
3
Molecular function
378 genes
Cellular components
343 genes
Extracting “immune response”
genes by GO analysis (8 h 604 gene set)
Biological process (BP)
349 genes
Level 1
Physiological process
297 genes
Level 2
Response to stimulus
76 genes
Response to biotic stimulus
62 genes
Level 4
Defense response
60 genes
Level 5
Immune response
53 genes
Level 3
18
Fold change in the expression profile of
selected gene groups over time
9
1h cell surface signaling
Fold (log ratio)
8
2h receptor binding
7
4h cytokine activity
6
8h defense response
5
4
3
2
1
0
1h
2h
4h
8h
Tüm ‘Biyoterapötik ODN Lab’ üyelerine
katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ederim
19
TEŞEKKÜRLER
20
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