Promatha Mistry

Dhaka University Institutional Repository
•ew`K, ms¯‹…Z I evsjv fvlvq DcmM© : GKwU Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv
XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q wcGBP.wW wWwMÖi Rb¨ Dc¯’vwcZ Awfm›`f©
M‡elK
cÖg_ wg¯¿x
mnKvix Aa¨vcK
ms¯‥…Z wefvM
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
ms¯‹…Z wefvM
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
XvKv
Ryb 2021
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
•ew`K, ms¯‹…Z I evsjv fvlvq DcmM© : GKwU Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv
XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q wcGBP.wW wWwMÖi Rb¨ Dc¯’vwcZ Awfm›`f©
ZË¡veavqK
hyM¥ ZË¡veavqK
W. `yjvj KvwšÍ †fŠwgK
Aa¨vcK
ms¯‥…Z wefvM
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
W. bvivqYP›`ª wek¦vm
msL¨vwZwi³ Aa¨vcK
ms¯‥…Z wefvM
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
M‡elK
cÖg_ wg¯¿x
mnKvix Aa¨vcK
ms¯‥…Z wefvM
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
ms¯‹…Z wefvM
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
XvKv
Ryb 2021
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
cÖZ¨qbcÎ
cÖZ¨qb Kiv hv‡”Q †h, XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ms¯‥…Z wefv‡Mi mnKvix Aa¨vcK cÖg_ wg¯¿x Avgv‡`i
ZË¡veav‡b wcGBP.wW Awfm›`‡f©i M‡elYvKg© m¤úbœ K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Awfm›`‡f©i wk‡ivbvg Ô•ew`K, ms¯‥…Z
I evsjv fvlvq DcmM© : GKwU Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbvÕ| Awfm›`f© cÖYq‡b Zuvi myMfxi wbôv, AvšÍwiKZv I
Aa¨emvq cÖksmbxq| Avgv‡`i Rvbvg‡Z GB wk‡ivbv‡g †Kv‡bv Awfm›`f© BZtc~‡e© cÖKvwkZ nqwb| Avgiv
Awfm›`f©wU Av‡`¨vcvšÍ cvV K‡iwQ| GwU Zuvi wbR¯^, †g․wjK I GKK M‡elYvKg©| Awfm›`f©wU •ew`K,
ms¯‥…Z I evsjv fvlvi M‡elYv½‡b GKwU g~jevb ms‡hvRb wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡e e‡j Avgv‡`i wek¦vm|
Avgiv Awf›`f©wU wcGBP.wW wWwMÖi Rb¨ Dc¯’vcb Kivi AbygwZ cÖ`vb KiwQ Ges M‡el‡Ki mvwe©K mvdj¨
Kvgbv KiwQ|
(W. `yjvj KvwšÍ †fŠwgK)
ZË¡veavqK
I
Aa¨vcK
ms¯‥…Z wefvM
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
(W. bvivqYP›`ª wek¦vm)
hyM¥ ZË¡veavqK
I
msL¨vwZwi³ Aa¨vcK
ms¯‥…Z wefvM
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
†NvlYvcÎ
Avwg †NvlYv KiwQ †h, ZË¡veavqK Aa¨vcK W. `yjvj KvwšÍ †f․wgK I hyM¥ ZË¡veavqK msL¨vwZwi³ Aa¨vcK
W. bvivqYP›`ª wek¦v‡mi ZË¡veav‡b Avwg Avgvi wcGBP.wW Awfm›`‡f©i M‡elYvKg© m¤úbœ K‡iwQ| Avgvi
Awfm›`‡f©i wk‡ivbvg •ew`K, ms¯‹…Z I evsjv fvlvq DcmM© : GKwU Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv| Avgvi
Rvbvg‡Z GB wk‡ivbv‡g †Kv‡bv M‡elYvKg© BZtc~‡e© nqwb| GwU Avgvi wbR¯^ iPbv| Awfm›`f©wUi †Kv‡bv
Ask Avwg †Kv_vI cÖKvk Kwiwb| Avwg Avgvi wePvi-eyw× Abymv‡i M‡elYvKg© m¤úbœ K‡iwQ|
(cÖg_ wg¯¿x)
M‡elK
I
mnKvix Aa¨vcK
ms¯‥…Z wefvM
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi
Ávb A‡š^lY GKRb gvby‡li mnRvZ cÖe„wË| Ávb Avni‡Yi ÿzav hvi hZ †ewk, Áv‡bi fvÐviI Zvi ZZ
†ewk mg„×| GKRb gvbyl wn‡m‡e AvwgI Áv‡bi GKRb AvniK| Avi G ZvwM` †_‡KB Avwg wb‡R‡K
M‡elYvK‡g© wb‡qvwRZ K‡iwQ| GB M‡elYvKg© m¤úbœ Kiv wbtm‡›`‡n GKw`‡K †hgb A‡bK Avb‡›`i welq
Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb A‡bK K…”Q« mvabvjä KvR| Avwg GKRb e¨vKiY wcqvmy gvbyl| e¨vKi‡Yi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K
Wzwe‡q ivL‡Z cQ›` Kwi| ZvB Avwg Avgvi M‡elYvi welqwU e¨vKiY welqK wba©viY K‡iwQ| •ew`K,
ms¯‥…Z I evsjv fvlvi e¨vKi‡Yi kãMV‡bi, A_©všÍ‡ii GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡”Q DcmM©| G wZb
fvlv‡ZB Dcm‡M©i cwiwa A‡bK e¨vcK| •ew`K fvlv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ms¯‥…Z Ges evsjv fvlvi cÖwZwU
†ÿ‡Î Dcm‡M©i kãMVb, e¨envi I ¸iæZ¡ jÿYxq| g~jK_v n‡”Q •ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv e¨vKi‡Y
Dcm‡M©i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| GKvi‡Y DcmM©‡K Awfm›`‡f©i welq wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
M‡elYvKg©wU m¤úv`‡b we‡klfv‡e cÖ_‡g Avwg mkÖ× K…ZÁZv Ávcb KiwQ Avgvi ZË¡veavqK Aa¨vcK W.
`yjvj KvwšÍ †f․wgK I hyM¥ ZË¡veavqK msL¨vwZwi³ Aa¨vcK W. bvivqYP›`ª wek¦vm (we`¨vj¼vi)-Gi cÖwZ|
Zuv‡`i my‡hvM¨ ZË¡veav‡b Avwg Avgvi wcGBP.wW Awfm›`f© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ| Avgvi K…ZÁZv
Ávc‡bi A‡bK E‡aŸ© Zuv‡`i Ae¯’vb| kZ e¨¯ÍZvi g‡a¨I Zuviv AZ¨šÍ hZœmnKv‡i Awfm›`f©wU
cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e †`‡L‡Qb| Zuviv cÖwZwU welq AwZ wbweofv‡e we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î
ms‡hvRb-we‡qvR‡bi gva¨‡g Awfm›`f©wU ms¯‥vimva‡b wb‡`©kbv w`‡q‡Qb| Zuv‡`i HKvwšÍK cÖ‡Póv, g~j¨evb
w`Kwb‡`©kbv I `vwqZ¡kxj wbweo ZË¡veav‡bi d‡jB Avwg Avgvi M‡elYvKg©wU m¤úbœ Ki‡Z mÿg n‡qwQ|
AvPvh©Ø‡qi GB cÖÁv I †¯œncivqYZv Avgvi M‡elYvK‡g© I fwel¨r Rxe‡bi c_cÖ`k©K wn‡m‡e cv‡_q n‡q
_vK‡e| Zuv‡`i cÖwZ Avwg web¤ª kÖ×v I K…ZÁZv wb‡e`b KiwQ| Zuv‡`i cÖwZ Avgvi kÖ×v I FY ïay
M‡elYvi bq, Rxe‡biI|
Avwg mK…ZÁ wP‡Ë ¯§iY KiwQ Aa¨vcK W. d‡qRy‡bœQv †eMg, Aa¨vcK wbiÄb AwaKvix, Aa¨vcK W.
gvaex ivYx P›`, Aa¨vcK W. gvjweKv wek¦vm I Aa¨vcK W. Amxg miKvi‡K| W. P›`bv ivYx wek¦vmmn
Avgvi cÖ‡Z¨K mnKg©x Ges XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi fvlvweÁv‡bi Aa¨vcK W. mvLvIqvr Avbmvix, evsjv
wefv‡Mi mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK W. ZvmwiK-B-nvweŸ‡K ab¨ev` I K…ZÁZv RvbvB| Guiv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB †mwgbv‡i
Dcw¯’Z †_‡K M‡elYv wel‡q A‡bK MVbg~jK Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges wewfbœ wel‡q mwVK wb‡`k©bv
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
w`‡q‡Qb| Gu‡`i w`K wb‡`©kbv I civgk©¸‡jv Avgvi M‡elYvi gv‡bvbœq‡b mnvqK n‡q‡Q| Avwg wefvMxq
cÖavb Kg©KZ©v •kevj †`, Awdm mnKvix Kvg Kw¤úDUvi gy`ªvÿwiK eÜzei mÄq miKvimn Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KZ©v
I Kg©Pvixi cÖwZI K…ZÁZv †cvlY KiwQ| fvi‡Zi iex›`ªfviZx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK W. ZviKbv_
AwaKvix I Aa¨vcK bebvivqY m¨vi g~j¨evb Dc‡`k cÖ`vb K‡i M‡elYvq we‡klfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Qb|
Avwg Zuv‡`i cÖwZI K…ZÁZv Ávcb KiwQ| ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK W. wbwLj iÄb wek¦vm‡K
Avgvi mkÖ× bg¯‥vi RvbvB| wewfbœ mg‡q bvbv wel‡q Zuvi m‡½ Av‡jvPbv K‡i Avwg DcK…Z n‡qwQ| XvKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi W. m‡šÍvl †`e, W. GwUGg mvgQz‡¾vnv Avgv‡K A‡bK Drmvn w`‡q‡Qb| Avwg Zuv‡`i cÖwZI
K…ZÁZv cÖKvk KiwQ| Avwg we‡kl ab¨ev` RvbvB Kjv Abyl‡`i gvbbxq wWb Aa¨vcK W. Avey †gv.
†`‡jvqvi †nv‡mb Ges Z_¨weÁvb I MÖš’vMvi e¨e¯’vcbv wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK W. Gm Gg Rv‡e` Avng`
m¨vi‡K| Zuv‡`i Plagiarism (A‡b¨i †jLv wb‡Ri e‡j Pvjv‡bv)-Gi Dci wewfbœ mg‡q we‡kl †mwgbvi I
e³e¨ ï‡b Avwg M‡elYvK‡g© we‡klfv‡e DcK…Z n‡qwQ|
M‡elYvKg©wU m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ Avwg XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †K›`ªxq jvB‡eªwi, RMbœv_ n‡ji Aby‣Øcvqb
jvB‡eªwi, wefvMxq †mwgbvi jvB‡eªwi, †K›`ªxq cvewjK jvB‡eªwi I fvi‡Zi iex›`ªfviZx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †e`
†m›Uvi e¨envi I cÖ‡qvRbxq eBcÎ msMÖn K‡iwQ| Gme jvB‡eªwi‡Z Kg©iZ Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvwie„›` Avgv‡K
me©`v M‡elYvK‡g© mvwe©K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb| Avwg Zuv‡`i cÖwZI K…ZÁZv cÖKvk KiwQ| Avgvi g~j
Awfm›`‡f©i cÖ¯‘wZi mg‡q †h mg¯Í †jLK I m¤úv`K‡`i eB Avwg e¨envi K‡iwQ, Zuv‡`i cÖwZI K…ZÁZv
RvbvB|
Avwg K…ZÁZv cÖKvk KiwQ †¯œnv¯ú`v fvwMbx eY©vjx miKv‡ii cÖwZ| †m Awfm›`f©wUi K‡¤úvRKv‡R
Avgv‡K we‡klfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| Avwg Zvi fwel¨r Rxe‡bi ïf Kvgbv KiwQ| Avwg K…ZÁZv cÖKvk
KiwQ Avgvi mKj QvÎ-QvÎx Ges Avgvi AvZ¥R gvbm cÖwZg, AvZ¥Rv RqxcÖgv, mnawg©Yx cÖYxZv ivYx
miKvi (mnKvix wkÿK, knx` †kL iv‡mj miKvix D”Pwe`¨vjq)-mn cwiev‡ii mKj m`‡m¨i cÖwZ|
Avgvi mnawg©Yx XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv I M‡elYv Bwbw÷wUD‡Ui GKRb cÖv³b QvÎx wn‡m‡e †m Avgv‡K
M‡elYvi wewfbœ wel‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨-DcvË w`‡q we‡klfv‡e mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Q| GRb¨ Avgvi AšÍ‡ii
AšÍt¯’j †_‡K Zv‡K ab¨ev` Ávcb KiwQ| Avgvi AMÖRv Kzmyg ivYx iv‡qi Kv‡Q Avgvi cvVkvjv Rxe‡bi
nv‡ZLwo| Zuvi ¯^vgx myfvl ivq Avgvi Rxe‡bi c_cÖ`k©K| Zuviv DfqB Avgv‡K G M‡elYvKv‡R Drmvn-
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
Dr‡cÖiYv w`‡q‡Qb| Zuv‡`i cÖwZI Avgvi mkÖ× cÖYvg wb‡e`b Kwi| GQvov M‡elYvKg©wU m¤úbœ Kivi
e¨vcv‡i huviv cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e Avgv‡K Drmvn-DÏxcbv w`‡q‡Qb, Zuv‡`i mKj‡K RvbvB mK…ZÁ
ab¨ev`|
Avgvi wcZv ¯^M©Z g‡n›`ª wg¯¿x| c„w_exi †Kv‡bv wKQz eySvi Av‡MB •kk‡eB Avwg Zuv‡K nvwi‡q †dwj| `yGKwU ¯§„wZ Qvov Zuvi Aeq‡ei wKQzB AvR Avgvi g‡b c‡o bv| wKš‘ Zuvi Avkxev©` Avgvi Dci ewl©Z
Av‡Q| Zuvi Avkxe©v` gv_vq wb‡q Avwg GwM‡q P‡jwQ| Avgvi M‡elYvK‡g©i ga¨ w`‡q AvR Avwg Avgvi
¯^M©Z wcZ…‡`‡ei D‡Ï‡k mkÖ× cÖYvg wb‡e`b Kwi| Avgvi ¯^M©Zv gv GKRb iZœMf©v wQ‡jb| wcZv‡K
nv‡iv‡bvi ci wZwb kZ cÖwZK~jZvi ga¨ w`‡q Avgv‡K AvM‡j †i‡L‡Qb, †cu․‡Q w`‡q‡Qb mdjZvi Pig
kx‡l©| Avgvi gv_vi Dci Zuvi Kj¨vY nv‡Zi ¯úk© mZZ Abyfe Kwi| wcZv-gvZvi Avkxe©v‡`B AvR Avwg
G ch©v‡q Avm‡Z mÿg n‡qwQ|
cÖg_ wg¯¿x
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
m~wPcÎ
welq
c„ôv
cÖZ¨qbcÎ
ii
†NvlYvcÎ
iii
K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi
iv- vi
f~wgKv
1-7
cÖ_g Aa¨vq : •ew`K DcmM©
8-78
K. •ew`K fvlv I e¨vKiY
•ew`K fvlv I Zvi Kvj
•ew`K fvlvi Drm
•ew`K fvlvi KzjRx
•ew`K fvlvi •ewkó¨
•ew`K e¨vKiY
•ew`K e¨vKiY iPbvi c×wZ
•ew`K e¨vKi‡Yi •ewkó¨ (aŸwbZË¡, kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡, evK¨ZË¡ I A_©ZË¡)
L.
•ew`K DcmM©
•ew`K Ae¨q
•ew`K Dcm‡M©i msÁv ev ¯^iƒc
•ew`K Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v
•ew`K Dcm‡M©i †kÖwY
•ew`K Dcm‡M©i A_©wePvi (kvKUvqb, MvM©¨, hv¯‥mn wewfbœ gbxlxi hyw³ ev e³e¨)
•ew`K DcmM© e¨env‡ii wbqg
K) ¯^vZš¿¨
i) wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©
ii) wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c‡i
iii) e¨eav‡b e‡m
L) Dcm‡M©i cÖZ¨qMÖnY ( ev avZzi A_© cÖKvk)
M) Dcm‡M©i Av‡¤ªob (ev Dcm‡M©i wØZ¡ ev wØiæw³)
N) Dcm‡M©i Ave„wË
O) Dcm‡M©i mgy”Pq ev mgevq
P) cÖavbev‡K¨ Dcm‡M©i mgvm
Q) AcÖavbev‡K¨ Dcm‡M©i mgvm
R) DcmM© Øviv wµqvi A_© Bw½Zjf¨ (DcmM©‡hv‡M †hvM¨wµqva¨vnvit|)
S) DcmM© Øviv †hvM¨wµqvi A_© Aa¨vnvi (DcmM©kÖæ‡Z‡h©vM¨wµqva¨vnvit|)
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
•ew`K Dcm‡M©i Av‡iv wKQz we‡kl e¨envi
K) DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q
L) DcmM© Øviv mwÜ-wbqš¿Y
M) MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y
N) DcmM© wefw³i KviY
O) MwZ Øviv •ew`K-¯^‡ii wbqš¿Y
•ew`K g‡š¿ mKj Dcm‡M©i cÖ‡qvM
K) ¯^ivw` DcmM©
L) e¨Äbvw` DcmM©
•ew`K Dcm‡M©i ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
wØZxq Aa¨vq : ms¯‥…Z DcmM©
79-155
K. ms¯‥…Z fvlv I e¨vKiY
ms¯‥…Z fvlv I Zvi Kvj
ms¯‥…Z fvlvi Drm
ms¯‥…Z fvlvi KzjRx
ms¯‥…Z fvlvi •ewkó¨
ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY
ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY iPbvi c×wZ
ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi •ewkó¨ (aŸwbZË¡, kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡, evK¨ZË¡ I A_©ZË¡)
L.
ms¯‥…Z DcmM©
ms¯‥…Z Ae¨q
ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i msÁv ev ¯^iƒc
ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v
ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i †kÖwY
ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i KvR
ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i A_©wePvi (cvwYwb e¨vKiYva¨vwqM‡Yi hyw³ ev e³e¨)
DcmM©‡hv‡M ms¯‥…Z avZzi A_©‣ewP‡Î¨i wb`k©b
ms¯‥…Z DcmM© e¨env‡ii wbqg
K) avZzi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©
L) j¨c& cÖZ¨‡qi mv‡_
M) jO&, jyO& I j„O& wefw³RvZ A-Gi c~‡e©
N) wbw`©ó avZzi c~‡e© wbw`©ó DcmM©
O) c‡`i wefw³ wba©vi‡Y DcmM© (= Kg©cÖePbxq)
P) AKg©K avZz‡K mKg©K avZz‡Z iƒcvšÍi
Q) ci‣¯§c`x, AvZ¥‡bc`x I Dfqc`x avZzi iƒcvšÍi
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i Av‡iv wKQz we‡kl e¨envi
K) DcmM© Øviv avZzi wfbœ wfbœ A_© jvf
L) DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q
M) MwZ Øviv mwÜ-wbqš¿Y
N) MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y
avZzi c~‡e© ms¯‥…Z mKj Dcm‡M©i cÖ‡qvM
K) ¯^ivw` DcmM©
L) e¨Äbvw` DcmM©
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq mKj DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi e¨envi
ms¯‥„Z Dcm‡M©i ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq : evsjv DcmM©
156-218
K. evsjv fvlv I e¨vKiY
evsjv fvlv I Zvi Kvj
evsjv fvlvi hyMwefvM
evsjv fvlvi Drm
evsjv fvlvi DrcwË I µgweKvk
fvlv I evsjv fvlvi msÁv
evsjv fvlvi KzjRx
evsjv fvlvi •ewkó¨
evsjv e¨vKiY
evsjv e¨vKiY iPbvi c×wZ
evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi •ewkó¨ (aŸwbZË¡, kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡, evK¨ZË¡ I A_©ZË¡)
L. evsjv DcmM©
evsjv Ae¨q
evsjv Dcm‡M©i msÁv ev ¯^iƒc
evsjv Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v
evsjv Dcm‡M©i KvR
evsjvq Dcm‡M©i A_©wePvi (mybxwZKzgvi, knx`yjøvn&mn cÖgyL •eqvKiY‡`i hyw³ ev e³e¨)
evsjvq DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb (ms¯‥…Z, evsjv I we‡`kx)
evsjvq ms¯‥…Z DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb
evsjvq GKvwaK ms¯‥…Z DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb
evsjv DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb
evsjvq we‡`kx DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
evsjvq DcmM© e¨env‡ii wbqg (ms¯‥…Z, evsjv, we‡`kx)
K) K…`šÍ k‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©
L) bvgk‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©
M) ¯^vZš¿¨
evsjvq ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i Av‡iv wKQz we‡kl e¨envi
K) DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q
L) MwZ Øviv mwÜ-wbqš¿Y
M) MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y
evsjv fvlvq mKj DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi e¨envi (ms¯‥…Z, evsjv I we‡`kx)
evsjv DcmM© m¤ú‡K© wewkóRb‡`i e³e¨
evsjv Dcm‡M©i ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
PZz_© Aa¨vq : Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv
•ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv fvlvi Dcm‡M©i g‡a¨ mv`„k¨-•emv`„k¨
Dcmsnvi :
219-233
MÖš’cwÄ :
239-244
234-238
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
f~wgKv
fve-wewbg‡qi cÖavb I mnR gva¨g n‡jv fvlv| gvbyl fvlvi gva¨‡g g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i| fve cÖKv‡ki
cÖ‡qvRb †_‡KB fvlvi D™¢e| iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi Ôfvlvi K_vÕ cÖe‡Ü e‡j‡Qb, Ôfve PjvP‡ji c_ nBj fvlv|Õ1
ci¯úi fve-wewbg‡qi Rb¨ GK-GK mgv‡Ri gvbyl M‡o Zz‡j‡Q GK-GK iKg aŸwbe¨e¯’v| fvlv n‡”Q
A_©en cÖYvjxe× aŸwb-cÖZxK| mgvRe× gvby‡li cvi¯úwiK fve wewbg‡q fvlv GKwU DbœZ gva¨g| •ew`K,
ms¯‥…Z I evsjv fvlv n‡”Q †mB gva¨‡gi GK-GKwU iƒc| fvlv gvby‡li mgvR-ms¯‥…wZ‡K aviY I enb
K‡i| fvlvi ga¨ w`‡qB gvbyl Zvi mgvR I mf¨Zv‡K M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| gvby‡li fvlvi kw³ I m¤¢vebv Amxg|
A_©enZv fvlvi cÖavb ¸Y| gyL †_‡K wbtm„Z †h aŸwb fvlv wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡e Zvi A_© _vK‡Z n‡e Ges
Zv n‡e g‡bi fve cÖKv‡ki evnb|
c„w_exi fvlvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ •ew`K fvlv AwZ cÖvPxb| G fvlvi ms¯‥viK…Z ev cwikxwjZ iƒc n‡”Q ms¯‥…Z
fvlv| Avi gvMax cÖvK…Z †_‡K Rb¥ †bqv evsjv fvlv ms¯‥…Z fvlv Øviv mg„× n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ gbxlx
wewfbœfv‡e •ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv fvlvi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| myKzgvi †mb Zuvi Ôfvlvi BwZe„ËÕ MÖ‡š’ •ew`K
fvlv m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb, Ô•ew`K (A_©vr FM&‡e‡`i) fvlvB n‡”Q fviZxq-Avh© fvlvi cÖvPxbZg mvwnwZ¨K iƒc
A_©vr cÖ_g mvay fvlv|Õ2 Avevi ms¯‥…Z m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Ôms¯‥…Z nBj •ew`K hy‡Mi A‡šÍ K_¨ fvlv
nB‡Z †jL¨ fvlvq cÖZ¨veZ©b| ¯^fveZB G cÖZ¨veZ©b AšÍ¨ •ew`K ¯Í‡ii †kl iPbv Dcwbl‡`i fvlvi
KvQvKvwQ †cu․wQqv‡Q| †gvU K_v GB †h †mKv‡j Òms¯‥…ZÓ ewjqv, •ew`K nB‡Z wfbœZi fvlv eySvBZ bv|
•ew`K fvlvI ms¯‥…‡Zi AvIZvi evwn‡i wQj bv|Õ3 Aciw`‡K W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& Zuvi Ôev½vjv e¨vKiYÕ
MÖ‡š’ evsjv fvlv m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb, Ôev½vjv RvwZ †h fvlv e¨envi K‡i, Zvnvi bvg ev½vjv fvlv (Bengali
4
Language)|Õ W. Gbvgyj nK Zuvi Ôe¨vKiY gÄixÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb, Ô†`k, Kvj I cv·f‡` gvby‡li fvlv
iƒc‡f` jvf Kwiqv _v‡K| c~e© I cwðg-evsjvi AwaKvsk Awaevmx Zuvnv‡`i wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ †h-fvlv g‡bi
fve Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi Kwiqv _v‡Kb, ZvnviB bvg evsjv-fvlv|Õ5 cÖg_ †P․ayix Zuvi ÔK_vi K_vÕ
cÖe‡Ü e‡j‡Qb, Ô†h-fvlv Avgiv mK‡j Rvwb ïwb I eywS, †h-fvlvq Avgiv fvebv wPšÍv myL`ytL webv
Avqv‡m webv †K¬‡k eûKvj n‡Z cÖKvk K‡i AvmwQ Ges m¤¢eZ AviI eûKvj ch©šÍ cÖKvk Kie, †mB
fvlvB evsjv fvlv|Õ6 mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Zuvi Ômij fvlvcÖKvk evOjv e¨vKiYÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb, Ôev½vjv
fvlv ms¯‥…Z fvlvi-B weKvi-RvZ; cÖ_‡g Avw`-Avh©¨-fvlv (•ew`K I ms¯‥…Z hvnvi cÖZxK); Zvici Dnvi
1
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
¯^vfvweK cwieZ©‡b ga¨hy‡Mi Avh¨©-fvlvi (cvwj, cÖvK…Z, Acåsk, cÖf…wZi), Ges †k‡l be¨ ev AvaywbK
Avh©¨-fvlv¸wji (†hgb, ev½vjv, Amwgqv, Dwoqv, •gw_jx, †fvRcyix, †Kvkjx ev c~e©x wnw›`, eªRfvlv ev
cwðg wnw›`, c~e©x cvÄvex, wn›`&Kx ev cwðgv cvÄvex, wmÜx, †MviLvjx I Ab¨vb¨ cvnvox fvlv, ivR¯’vbx I
¸RivUx Ges gvivVx I †Kv¼Yx cÖf…wZi) D™¢e nq|Õ7
•ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv G wZbwU fvlvq iwPZ n‡q‡Q mg„× mvwnZ¨ I ÁvbZ‡Ë¡i wecyj msL¨K MÖš’| fvlvi
myweb¨vm Aek¨B e¨vKiY wbf©i| †Kbbv e¨vKiY fvlvi msweavb| msweav‡b ev MVbZ‡š¿ †hgb AvBbKvby‡bi mgv‡ek _v‡K, †Zgwb e¨vKi‡Y _v‡K fvlvi AvBbKvbyb| e¨vKi‡Y fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb, Zv‡`i
•ewkó¨, Zv‡`i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©, e¨envi-wewa, MwZ-cÖK…wZ ev wbqgKvby‡bi cwiPq Zz‡j aiv nq|
e¨envwiK cÖ‡qvR‡b msweav‡bi g‡ZvB e¨vKi‡Yi wbqgKvbyb cwiewZ©Z nq| •ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv fvlvI
e¨vKiY wbf©i| e¨vKi‡Yi m~²vwZm~² wbqgbxwZi Ici G wZb fvlv mycÖwZwôZ| †Kv‡bv fvlvi Aa¨qb,
Aa¨vcbv ev Zrm¤úwK©Z M‡elYvc~e©K Zvi cÖK…Z ¯^iƒc Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡j †m fvlvi e¨vKiYÁvb
Avek¨K| e¨vKiY fvlvi hveZxq wbqgbxwZ, ¯^iƒc I cÖK…wZ cÖKvk K‡i| e¨vKi‡Yi wbqgbxwZ Rvbv _vK‡j
fvlvi ÎæwU-wePy¨wZ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vKv hvq Ges fvlv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Ri ev A‡b¨i fzjåvwšÍ ms‡kvab
Kiv m¤¢e nq| GwU fvlv‡K my›`i I myôyiƒ‡c e¨env‡ii c_ †`Lvq| e¨vKi‡Yi mwVK cÖ‡qv‡M fvlvi
weï×Zv iwÿZ nq| e¨vKi‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úK© bv _vK‡jI fvlv AvqË Kiv hvq mZ¨, wKš‘ myôziƒ‡c fvlv
cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ e¨vKiYÁvb Acwinvh©| W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK G m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb, ÔAv‡jv, Rj, we`y¨r,
evZvm cÖf„wZ m¤^Üxq •eÁvwbK ZË¡ I Z_¨ bv RvwbqvI gvbyl euvwPqv‡Q, euvwP‡Z‡Q I euvwP‡e| wKš‘, ZvB
ewjqv H mg¯Í e¯‘i •eÁvwbK ZË¡ I Z_¨‡K gvbyl A¯^xKvi Kwiqv eZ©gvb mf¨Zvi MMb wePz¤x^ †m․a wbg©vY
Kwi‡Z cv‡i bvB| e¨vKiY bv RvwbqvI fvlv Pwj‡Z cv‡i; wKš‘ fvlvMZ mf¨Zv bv nDK, AšÍZ fe¨Zvi
cËb ev mg„w× nB‡Z cv‡i bv| e¨vKiY bv Rvwb‡j fvlvMZ Av`k© nB‡Z wePz¨Z nB‡Z nq ewjqv fvlv
DbœZ-cÖK…wZi fv‡ei evnb nBqv kvjxbZv m¤úbœ mvwn‡Z¨i m„wó Kwi‡Z cv‡i bv|Õ8 g~j K_v n‡”Q fvlvi
cÖK…Z ¯^iƒc Dcjwä Ki‡Z n‡j e¨vKi‡Yi Abykxjb GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
†e` cv‡Vi mnvqK lo&‡e`v‡½i Ab¨Zg A½ e¨vKiY| Qv‡›`vM¨ Dcwbl‡` e¨vKiY‡K ejv n‡q‡QÑ
Ô†e`vbvs †e`g&Õ| (7 / 1 / 2 ev 7 / 2 / 1) Ges Ô†e`vbvs †e`tÕ|9 (7 / 1 / 4) A_©vr Dfq‡ÿ‡Î
e¨vKiY‡KB †e`mg~‡ni †e` ejv n‡q‡Q| ÔcvwYbx-wkÿvÕ-q ejv n‡q‡Q, ÔgyLs e¨vKiYs ¯§„Zg&|Õ10 A_©vr
2
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
e¨vKiY †e`cyiæ‡li gyL| gnwl© cZÄwj Zuvi Ôgnvfvl¨Õ-G e‡j‡Qb, ÔcÖavbs P lU&¯^‡½ly e¨vKiY|Õ11 A_©vr
QqwU †e`v‡½i (wkÿv, Kí, e¨vKiY, wbiæ³, Q›` I †R¨vwZl) g‡a¨ e¨vKiYB cÖavb| Avgiv Rvwb,
Ôe¨vKiYÕ GKwU ms¯‥…Z kã| e¨vKiY k‡ãi cwiwa AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK| ÔKiYvwaKiY‡qvðÕ12 (cv. 3 / 3 /
117) m~Îvbymv‡i KiYev‡P¨ we-Av-c~e©K K…-avZzi DËi jy¨U& (AbU&) cÖZ¨q‡hv‡M Ôe¨vKiYÕ kãwU wb®úbœ
n‡q‡Q (we-Av- K… + jy¨U& = e¨vKiY)| K…-avZzi A_© Kiv, wKš‘ we-Av-c~e©K K…-avZzi A_© e¨vK…Z Kiv,
A_©vr we‡kliƒ‡c ev mg¨Kiƒ‡c we‡kølY Kiv| e¨vKiY k‡ãi GB ey¨rcwËMZ A_©‡K wfwË K‡i ejv hvq †h,
Ôe¨vwµq‡Z †h‡bwZ e¨vKiYg&|Õ A_©vr hvi Øviv e¨vK…Z ev we‡kølY Kiv nq Zv e¨vKiY| gnwl© cZÄwj
e‡j‡Qb, Ôe¨vwµq‡Z ’ †b‡bwZ e¨vKiYg&|Õ13 A_©vr hvi Øviv e¨vK…Z nq ev k‡ãi ey¨rcwË wbYx©Z nq, Zv‡K
e¨vKiY e‡j| ¸iæc` nvj`vi Zuvi Ôe¨vKiY`k©‡bi BwZnvmÕ MÖ‡š’i cÖvK&K_‡b e‡j‡Qb, Ôe¨vwµq‡šÍ
ey¨rcv`¨‡šÍ A_©eËqv cÖwZcv`¨‡šÍ kãv †h‡bwZ e¨vKiYg&|Õ14 A_©vr hvi Øviv cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q‡f‡` A_©hy³k‡ãi
ey¨rcwË wbY©xZ nq, ZviB bvg e¨vKiY| W. ax‡i›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Ôms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvmÕ MÖ‡š’i
Z_¨wb‡`©‡k e¨vKi‡Yi Abyiƒc msÁv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, Ôe¨vwµq‡šÍ ey¨rcv`¨‡šÍ cÖK…wZcÖZ¨qvw`-wefv‡Mb kãv
A‡bb BwZ e¨vKiYg&|Õ15 A_©vr †h kv‡¯¿ cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q wefvM K‡i (we‡køl‡Yi Øviv) mvay (ï×) k‡ãi
Dc‡`k (Abykvmb) Kiv nq, †mB kv‡¯¿i bvg e¨vKiY|
evsjv fvlvqI wewfbœ gbxlx wewfbœfv‡e e¨vKi‡Yi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| †hgb, ivRkÖx ivg‡gvnb ivq Zu vi
Ô†MŠoxq e¨vKiYÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb, Ôe¨vKiY Zvnv‡K ejv hvq hvnvi ÁvbØviv D”PviY ïw×, wjwc ïw×, A_©vr
h_v‡hvM¨ ¯’v‡b c`web¨v‡mi ÿgZv nq|Õ16 mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq e‡j‡Qb, Ô†h we`¨vi Øviv †KvbI
fvlv‡K we‡kølY Kwiqv Zvnvi ¯^iƒcwU Av‡jvwPZ nq, †mB fvlvi cV‡b I wjL‡b Ges Zvnv‡Z
K‡_vcK_‡bi ï×-iƒ‡c Zvnvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq, †mB we`¨v‡K †mB fvlvi e¨vKiY (Grammar) e‡j|Õ17
myKzgvi †mb e‡j‡Qb, Ô†Kvb fvlvi Dcv`vb mgMÖfv‡e wePvi I we‡kølY †h we`¨vi welq Zvnv‡K †mB fvlvi
e¨vKiY e‡j|Õ18 W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK e‡j‡Qb, Ô†h kv‡¯¿i Øviv fvlv‡K we‡kølY Kwiqv Bnvi wewea
As‡ki cvi¯úwiK m¤^Ü wbY©q Kiv hvq Ges fvlv-iPbv-Kv‡j Avek¨KgZ †mB wbY©xZ ZË¡ I Z_¨-cÖ‡qvM
m¤¢eci nBqv D‡V, Zvnvi bvg e¨vKiY|Õ19 ûgvqyb AvRv` Zuvi ÔevOjv fvlvÕ (1g LÐ) MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb, ÔGLb
Ôe¨vKiYÕ ev ÔMÖvgviÕ ej‡Z †evSvq GK †kÖwYi fvlv we‡kølYvZ¥K cy¯K
Í , hv‡Z mwbœweó nq we‡kl we‡kl
fvlvi ï× cÖ‡qv‡Mi m~Îvejx|Õ20 AZGe Dchy©³ gbxlx‡`i msÁvi Av‡jv‡K ejv hvq, †h kv‡¯¿ †Kv‡bv
3
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
fvlvi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi cÖK…wZ I ¯^iƒ‡ci wePvi-we‡kølY Kiv nq Ges wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi m¤úK© wbY©q I
cÖ‡qvMwewa we‡klfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ nq, Zv‡K e¨vKiY e‡j|
†`k, Kvj I mgvR‡f‡` fvlvi iƒ‡ci †hgb wfbœZv cwijwÿZ nq, †Zgwb e¨vKi‡YiI wfbœZv cwijwÿZ
nq| fvlv‡K h‡_”QvPvi †_‡K iÿvi D‡Ï‡k¨B e¨vKi‡Yi wbqgKvbyb k„•Ljve× Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GUvI
mZ¨ †h, fvlvi weï×Zv iÿvi Rb¨ e¨vKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb n‡jI fvlv Zvi wbR¯^ MwZc‡_ P‡j, †m Kvi‡Y
KL‡bv KL‡bv e¨vKi‡Yi wewaweavb AwZµg K‡i hvq| †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx Zuvi Ôevsjv fvlv e¨vKiYÕ MÖ‡š’
e‡j‡Qb, Ôfvlv †hgb e`jv‡e, e¨vKiYI †Zgwb e`jv‡e| Zvi gv‡b fvlv I e¨vKiY‡K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i Ñ
GKwU wbZ¨enZv aviv|Õ21
•ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY e„nËi Zvrch© mn‡hv‡M e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| •ew`K fvlvi iƒcvšÍi
†h‡nZz ms¯‥…Z fvlv †m‡nZz •ew`K e¨vKiY Avi ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY g~jZ GKB fvlvi e¨vKiY| ZvB W.
ax‡i›`ªbv_ Zid`vi Zuvi Ô•ew`K e¨vKiYÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb, Ô†h kv‡¯¿ •ew`K fvlv e¨env‡ii wbqgKvbyb, m¤^‡Ü
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges †e‡`i k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM, D”PviYwewa, kãiƒc, avZziƒc, cÖZ¨q, DcmM©, c`,
evK¨MVb, KviK-wefw³, mgvm cÖf…wZ wek`fv‡e e¨vL¨vZ n‡q‡Q ZvB •ew`K e¨vKiY|Õ22 Z‡e •ew`K
e¨vKiY †hgb •ew`K fvlvi weï×Zv iÿvi Rb¨ wewaweavb ev wbq‡gi wbM‡o Zv‡K k„•LwjZ K‡i‡Q, Z`ªƒc
ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiYI ms¯‥…Z fvlvi weï×Zv iÿvi Rb¨ wewaweav‡bi ev wbq‡gi wbM‡o Zv‡K k„•LwjZ K‡i‡Q|
Aciw`‡K evsjv fvlvqI wewfbœ gbxlx wewfbœfv‡e evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| †hgb, mybxwZKzgvi
P‡Ævcva¨vq e‡j‡Qb, Ôev½vjv fvlvi e¨vKiY ewj‡j, †h e¨vKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ GB fvlvi ¯^iƒcwU me w`K w`qv
Av‡jvPbv Kwiqv eywS‡Z cviv hvq, Ges ï×iƒ‡c Bnv cwo‡Z I wjwL‡Z I Bnv‡Z evK¨vjvc Kwi‡Z cviv
hvq, †mBiƒc e¨vKiY eySvq|Õ23 myKzgvi †mb e‡j‡Qb, Ôev½vjv e¨vKiY hvnv‡Z avivevwnK I mgMÖ `„wó‡Z
cÖvPxbKv‡ji ev½vjv Ges AvaywbK Kv‡ji ev½vjv fvlvi Av‡jvPbv Av‡Q|Õ24 W. gyn¤§`& knx`yjøvn& e‡j‡Qb,
Ô†h kv¯¿ Rvwb‡j ev½vjv fvlv ï×iƒ‡c wjwL‡Z, cwo‡Z I ewj‡Z cviv hvq, Zvnvi bvg ev½vjv e¨vKiY
(Bengali Grammar)|Õ25 W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK e‡j‡Qb, ÔeZ©gvb evsjv-e¨vKiY mvay I PwjZ ÑGB
Dfqwea evsjv-fvlvi wePvi I we‡køl‡YiB dj| myZivs wkó evsjv-fvlvi wePvi I we‡kølY-m¤^wjZ MÖ‡š’i
bvg evsjv-e¨vKiY|Õ26 †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx e‡j‡Qb, Ô†h e¨vKiY evsjv fvlvi aŸwb, kã, c` I evK¨
BZ¨vw`i we‡kølY K‡i fvlvi ¯^iƒcwU‡K Zz‡j a‡i Zv‡KB Avgiv evsjv e¨vKiY ej‡Z cvwi|Õ27
4
•ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv fvlv g~jZ B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlv‡Mvôxi AšÍf©y³| wZb fvlvi g‡a¨ †hgb GKwU
wbweo m¤úK© we`¨gvb †Zgwb wZb fvlvi e¨vKi‡Yi g‡a¨I GKwU wbweo m¤úK© we`¨gvb| ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY
•ew`K e¨vKi‡Yi iƒcvšÍi| Ab¨w`‡K evsjv e¨vKiY ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi AbyeZ©b| ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY •ew`K
e¨vKi‡Yi c_ AbymiY K‡i m„ó| •ew`K e¨vKi‡Yi A‡bK wbqgKvbyb ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Y cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| Gi
d‡j ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY myk„•LwjZ I cwikxwjZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv fvlvqI ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi A‡bK wbqgKvby‡bi
cÖ‡ek N‡U‡Q| evsjv fvlvi AwaKvsk kãB ms¯‥…Z (Zrmg) kã †_‡K AvMZ| g~jZ ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY evsjv
e¨vKi‡Yi GK Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Zuvi Ômij fvlvcÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiYÕ MÖ‡š’
e‡j‡Qb, Ôms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY‡K evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi GK A‡”Q`¨ Askiƒ‡cB Ghver cwЇZiv awiqv
Avwmqv‡Qb|Õ28 Z‡e evsjv fvlv ms¯‥…‡Zi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z n‡jI evsjv GKwU ¯^Zš¿ fvlv| G fvlvq ms¯‥…‡Zi
g‡Zv Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi (Aviwe, dviwm, Bs‡iwR, cZ©ywMR cÖf…wZ) wKQz wKQz kã G‡m‡Q| G‡Z evsjv fvlv I
evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi A‡bK •ewPΨ ev cwieZ©b I cwiea©b N‡U‡Q|
•ew`K e¨vKi‡Yi cwiwa A‡bK e¨vcK| ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi cwiwaI mywekvj evwiwam`„k¨| Aciw`‡K evsjv
e¨vKi‡Yi we¯Í…wZI e¨vcK| •ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi kãMVb I A_©všÍ‡ii GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq
DcmM© (Dc- m„R& + NT& = DcmM©)| †hme wbcvZ ev Ae¨q •ew`K fvlvq h‡_”Qfv‡e e¨eüZ nq, ms¯‥…Z
fvlvq avZzi c~‡e© e‡m (`y-GKwU †ÿ‡Î e¨wZµg Av‡Q) Ges evsjv fvlvq K…`šÍ ev bvg-k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m,
†mme wbcvZ ev Ae¨q‡K DcmM© e‡j| DcmM© bvbvwea KvR K‡i _v‡KÑ wµqv I bvgevPK wn‡m‡e,
avZ¡‡_©i cwieZ©b, AbyeZ©b, we‡klxKiY, bZzb A_©‡evaK kã m„wó, k‡ãi A‡_©i c~Y©Zv mvab, m¤úªmviY,
ms‡KvPb, cwieZ©b, wewkóZv `vb, k‡ãi evbv‡b cwieZ©b cÖf„wZ KvR K‡i| Gme Kvi‡Y •ew`K fvlv †_‡K
ïiæ K‡i ms¯‥…Z Ges evsjv fvlvi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î Dcm‡M©i e¨envi I ¸iæZ¡ jÿYxq| g~j K_v n‡”Q •ew`K,
ms¯‥…Z Ges evsjv e¨vKi‡Y Dcm‡M©i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| GKvi‡YB DcmM©‡K Awfm›`‡f©i welq wn‡m‡e
wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dcm‡M©i e¨envi, †kÖwYwefvM, MVbMZ w`Kmn cÖwZwU wel‡q •ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv
e¨vKi‡Yi g‡a¨ A‡bK •ewPΨ cwijwÿZ nq| ZvQvov •ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv e¨vKiY MÖš’mg~‡n †Kv_vI
mswÿßfv‡e, Avevi †Kv_vI we¯Í…Zfv‡e Dcm‡M©i ¯^iƒc, †kÖwYwefvM, e¨envi cÖf…wZ welq Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| GgbwK •ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv wZb fvlvi †ÿ‡Î Dcm‡M©i ¯^iƒc, †kÖwYwefvM, MVbcÖYvjx Ges
e¨envi cÖf…wZ wel‡q •eqvKiY‡`i g‡a¨ gZ‡f` cwijwÿZ nq| Av‡jvP¨ f~wgKv QvovI M‡elYvKg©wU‡K
5
•ew`K DcmM©, ms¯‥…Z DcmM©, evsjv DcmM©, Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv GB PviwU Aa¨v‡q web¨¯Í K‡i F‡M¦`mswnZv, FK& cÖvwZkvL¨, wbiæ³, Aóva¨vqx, evwË©Kg& (KvZ¨vqbK…Z m~Î), gnvfvl¨g&, ṚGVEDA SAṀHITᾹ,
A Vedic Reader for Students, VEDIC GRAMMAR, A Vedic Grammar for Students, •ew`K mvwn‡Z¨i
iƒc‡iLv, •ew`K e¨vKiY, †e‡`i fvlv I Q›`, •ew`K cvVmÂqb; •eqvKiY wm×všÍ‡K․gy`x, mgMÖ e¨vKiY†K․gy`x, cvwYbxqg&, cvwYbxq kãkv¯¿, †e`fvlvwbwg©wZ ev ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY, A Modern Sanskrit Grammar
and Composition, A Higher Sanskrit Grammar, Helps to the study of Sanskrit, A higher Sanskrit
Grammar and Composition, Helps to the study of Sanskrit Grammar and Composition,
fvlvweÁvb I ms¯‥…Z fvlv, Zzjbvg~jK fvlvZË¡ I ms¯‥…Z Ges †M․oxq e¨vKiY, fvlv cÖKvk ev½vjv
e¨vKiY, mij fvlv cÖKvk evsjv e¨vKiY, ev½vjv e¨vKiY, fvlvi BwZe„Ë, e¨vKiY gÄix, evsjv fvlvi
e¨vKiY, mvaviY fvlvweÁvb I evsjv fvlv, evsjv fvlv : iƒ‡c cÖ‡qv‡M, fvlvweÁvb I ms¯‥…Z fvlvZË¡,
evsjv fvlvZ‡Ë¡i BwZnvm, ms¯‥…Z ebvg evO&jv e¨vKiY, ms¯‥…Z I cÖvK…Z fvlvi µgweKvk, evOjv fvlv
cwiµgv, jvj bxj `xcvewj ev evOjv mvwn‡Z¨i Rxebx cÖf…wZ •ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv e¨vKiY MÖ‡š’i
Av‡jv‡K •ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv DcmM© m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î •ew`K,
ms¯‥…Z I evsjv Dcm‡M©i g‡a¨ †h mv`„k¨ I •emv`„k¨ cwijwÿZ n‡q‡Q Zv D‡jøLc~eK© GKwU Zzjbvg~jK
wPÎ Zz‡j aivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| e³e¨ welq cwiùzU Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv welq ev †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv
D`vniY GKvwaKevi D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv AvcvZ`„wó‡Z cybiæw³ e‡j g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e wewfbœ
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K Av‡jvPbvc~e©K Dcm‡M©i mvgwMÖK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨B GUv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ wZwU Aa¨v‡q
cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î Avgvi wbR¯^ gZvgZ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g, wØZxq, Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q weL¨vZ †jLK‡`i
iPbv †_‡K •ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv Dcm‡M©i h_vµ‡g gš¿ (†køvK), evK¨ ev evK¨vsk D`vniY wn‡m‡e
D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dcmsnv‡i M‡elYvK‡g©i mvwe©K Av‡jvPbvi mswÿß iƒc Zz‡j aivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cwi‡k‡l ej‡Z cvwi •ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv Dcm‡M©i Abykxj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q DËiY NU‡e e¨vKiY wcqvmy
GKwU m„wókxj •eqvKiwYK mgv‡Ri| GB M‡elYvi mKj cÖqvm GLv‡bB wbwnZ|
6
Z_¨wb‡`©k
1. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, fvlvi K_v (iex›`ªiPbvewj, 25 LÐ), •mq` AvKig †nv‡mb m¤úvw`Z, HwZn¨,
XvKv, 2016, c„. 281
2. myKzgvi †mb, fvlvi BwZe„Ë, cÂ`k gy`ªY, KjKvZv, 2015, c„. 84
3. H, c„. 87
4. W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&, ev½vjv e¨vKiY, wØZxq gy`ªY, XvKv, 1380, c„. 16
5. W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, e¨vKiY gÄix, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, XvKv, 2003, c„. DcµgwYKv
6. cÖg_ †P․ayix, cÖeÜmsMÖn, f~wgKv : W. AbxK gvngy`, Z…Zxq cÖKvk, XvKv, 2018, c„. 301-302
7. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, mij fvlvcÖKvk evOvjv e¨vKiY, me©‡kl ms¯‥iY, KjKvZv, 2011, c„. f~wgKv
8. W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, e¨vKiY gÄix, cÖv¸³, c„. DcµgwYKv
9. W. ax‡i›`ªbv_ Zid`vi, •ew`K e¨vKiY, cÖ_g cÖKvk, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv, 2010, c„. 2
10. K) Aa¨vcK W. Zcbk¼i fÆvPvh©¨, •ew`K e¨vKiY, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, KjKvZv, 2016, c„. 476
L) W. wek¦iƒc mvnv, †e`fvlvwbwg©wZ ev ms¯‹…Z e¨vKiY, cÖ_g cÖKvk, KwjKvZv, 1997, c„. 19
11. cZÄwj, gnvfvl¨g& (c¯úkvwýKg& ), m•NwgÎv `vk¸ß m¤úvw`Z, wØZxq ms¯‥iY,KwjKvZv, 1407,
c„. 20
12. K) Wv. igvk¼i wgkª m¤úvw`Z, Aóva¨vqxm~ÎcvV, Z…Zxq cybgy©`ªY, w`jøx, 2017, c„. 51
L) cvwYwb, Aóva¨vqx, Aa¨vcK W. Zcbk¼i fÆvPvh©¨ m¤úvw`Z, KjKZv, 2012, c„. 191
13. cZÄwj, gnvfvl¨ (c¯úvkvwýK), `wЯ^vgx `v‡gv`i AvkÖg Abyevw`Z I m¤úvw`Z, cÖ_g cÖKvk,
KwjKvZv, 1925 kKvã, c„. 206
14. ¸iæc` nvj`vi, e¨vKiY`k©‡bi BwZnvm, KwjKvZv, 1350, cÖvK&K_b, c„. 1
15. ax‡i›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm, wØZxq ms¯‥i‡Yi wØZxq gy`ªY, KwjKvZv, 2005,
c„. 508
16. ivRkÖx ivg‡gvnb ivq, †MŠoxq e¨vKiY (ms‡ÿc), gyRvcyi¯’ kÖxeªR‡gvnb PµewË©i cÖÁvh‡Zœ gy`ªvw¼Z,
wn›`y Kv‡jR, mb 1247, c„. 1
17. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, fvlv-cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY, cybgy©`ªY, KjKvZv, 1989, c„. 9
18. myKzgvi †mb, fvlvi BwZe„Ë, cÖv¸³, c„. 31
19. W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, e¨vKiY gÄix, cÖv¸³, c„. DcµgwYKv
20. ûgvqyb AvRv` m¤úvw`Z, evOjv fvlv, 1g LÐ, PZz_© gy`ªY, XvKv, 2015, c„. f~wgKv
21. †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx, evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, KjKvZv, 2001, c„. 21
22. W. ax‡i›`ªbv_ Zid`vi, •ew`K e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 2
23. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, fvlv-cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 9
24. myKzgvi †mb, fvlvi BwZe„Ë, cÖv¸³, c„. 31
25. W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&, ev½vjv e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 16
26. W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, e¨vKiY gÄix, cÖv¸³, c„. DcµgwYKv
27. †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx, evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 20
28. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, mij fvlvcÖKvk evOvjv e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. f~wgKv
7
cÖ_g Aa¨vq : •ew`K DcmM©
K. •ew`K fvlv I e¨vKiY
•ew`K fvlv I Zvi Kvj
fvlv n‡”Q fv‡ei evnb| •ew`K fvlvI Z`ªƒc| cÖvPxbKv‡j Avh©iv Zv‡`i wPšÍv -fvebv †h fvlvq e¨³ K‡i
mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡i‡Q GKK_vq †m fvlv‡KB •ew`K fvlv e‡j| •ew`K fvlvi BwZnvm LuyR‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i
K‡qK nvRvi eQi wcQb wd‡i ZvKv‡Z n‡e| •ew`K fvlvi FK&gš¿mg~n K‡e cÖ_g `„ó ev iwPZ nq Ges
Zvi KZw`b c‡i cÖ_g wjwce× nq Zv mwVKfv‡e ejv m¤¢e bq| ZvB †e‡`i A_©vr •ew`K fvlvi Kvj
wbY©‡q cvðvZ¨ I cÖvP¨ wewfbœ cwÐZ wewfbœ gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| †hgbÑ
cvðvZ¨ cwÐZ‡`i g‡ZÑ
1. Rvg©vb cwÐZ Maxmuller (g¨v·gyjvi) e‡j‡Qb, wLª. c~. 1000 kZ‡Ki c~‡e©B ÔF‡M¦`Õ iPbv m¤ú~Y©
n‡qwQj|
2. Rvg©vb gbxlx Jacobi (R¨v‡Kvwe)-i g‡Z cÖvPxb mswnZvi iPbvKvj wLª. c~. 4500 kZK|
3. Winternitz (DB›UviwbR) e‡j‡Qb, wLª. c~. 2000 ev 2500 ermi c~‡e© †e` cÖ_g iwPZ nq Ges
wLª. c~. 750-500 erm‡i •ew`K mvwn‡Z¨i ¯Íi m¤ú~Y© n‡q hvq|
4. Macdonell (g¨vK‡Wv‡bj) Maxmuller (g¨v·gyjvi)-Gi gZ ¯^xKvi K‡ib| Z‡e Zuvi g‡Z †e‡`i
cÖvPxbZg As‡ki Kvj wLª. c~. 1300 kZK|
5. Keith (Kx_)-Gi g‡Z F‡M¦‡`i cÖvPxb As‡ki iPbvKvj wLª. c~. 1200 kZK|
D‡jøL¨, Avwg •ew`K fvlvi Kvj wbY©‡q cvðvZ¨ cwÐZ‡`i g‡a¨ Rvg©vb gbxlx Jacobi (R¨v‡Kvwe)-i gZ
¯^xKvi Kwi| A_©vr cÖvPxb mswnZvi iPbvKvj wLª. c~. 4500 kZK|
cÖvP¨ cwÐZ‡`i g‡ZÑ
1. fviZ †jvKgvb¨ evjM½vai wZjK-Gi g‡Z wLª. c~. 6000 kZK F‡M¦‡`i Avwef©veKvj|
2. fvlvwe` W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z fvi‡Z Avh© AvMg‡bi mgq AvbygvwbK 1500 wLª.
c~.| wZwb Zuvi ÔThe Origin and Development of the Bengali LanguageÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb cÖvPxb
fviZxq Avh© fvlvi (•ew`K Dcfvlvmg~n) AvbygwbK Kvj 1200 wLª. c~.| Avi †e` msMÖ‡ni mgq
1000 wLª. c~.|
8
3. fvlvwe` W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& Zuvi Ôev½vjv fvlvi BwZe„ËÕ MÖ‡š’ mybxwZi gZ MÖnYxq g‡b K‡ib|
Z‡e Zuvi g‡Z cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlvi Kvj 1200-800 wLª. c~.|
4. myKzgvi †mb Zuvi Ôfvlvi BwZe„ËÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb F‡M¦‡`i g‡a¨ Avh©‡`i cÖvPxbZg mvwnZ¨iPbv
msKwjZ Av‡Q| F‡M¦‡`i me©v‡cÿv cÖvPxb KweZv¸wji iPbvKvj wLª. c~. 1200 A‡ãi KvQvKvwQ|
wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb F‡M¦‡`i KweZv¸wj hZ cÖvPxb F‡M¦`-mswnZvi A_©vr MÖš’vKv‡i msKj‡bi Kvj
ZZ cÖvPxb bq| Zuvi g‡Z m¤¢eZ 1000 wLª÷c~e©v‡ãi KvQvKvwQ mg‡q †e‡`i KweZv ev m~³¸wj
Ô†e`Õ iƒ‡c msKwjZ n‡qwQj|
5. ax‡i›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Zuvi Ôms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvmÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jb, fvlvZvwË¡K M‡Yi g‡Z •ew`K
mvwn‡Z¨i iPbvKvj 2000Ñ1500 wLª. c~.|
6. kÖxc‡ikP›`ª gRyg`vi Zuvi Ôms¯‹…Z I cÖvK…Z fvlvi µgweKvkÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb cÖvPxb •ew`K hy‡Mi
cÖvPxbZg iPbv n‡jv F‡M¦` mswnZv| Gi msKj‡bi mgqmxgv AvbygvwbK 1200-1000 wLª÷c~e©vã|
Avi Ae©vPxb •ew`K hy‡Mi iPbv F‡M¦‡`i `kg gÐj, mvg‡e`, hRy‡e©` I A_e©‡e` mswnZv| G¸wj
msKj‡bi mgqmxgv AvbygvwbK 1000-800 wLª÷c~e©vã|
D‡jøL¨, Avwg •ew`K fvlvi Kvj wbY©‡q cÖvP¨ cwÐZ‡`i (mybxwZ, knx`yjøvn&, myKzgvi cÖgyL) AwaKvsk gZ
mg_©b Kwi|
Z‡e W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&mn Ab¨vb¨ cÖvP¨ gbxlx‡`i g‡Z AvR †_‡K AvbygvwbK cuvP nvRvi eQi Av‡M (W.
K…òc` †Mv¯^vgxi g‡Z 5000 ev gZvšÍ‡i 3000 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã) GK `j gvbe ga¨ BD‡ivc †_‡K [ gZvšÍ‡i
1) `wÿY ivwkqvi Divj ce©‡Zi cv`‡`k †_‡K, 2) ga¨ Gwkqvi wKiwMR giæf~wg †_‡K I 3) UvBwMÖm I
BD‡d«wUm b`x؇qi ga¨eZ©x †`vqve AÂj †_‡K ] DËi-cwðg w`K n‡Z fvi‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i|1 GK mgq G
bevMZ gvbe‡Mvôx I g~j fviZxq gvbe‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK I ivR‣bwZK †ÿ‡Î cvi¯úwiK
wgjb N‡U| GB wgwjZ gvbe‡Mvôx ch©vqµ‡g ga¨ Gwkqvi GK wekvj f~LÐ (fviZ) Ges Biv‡bi GKvs‡k
emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i| †h `jwU fvi‡Z emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq B‡›`v-BD‡ivwcqvb (IndoEuropean A_©vr fviZ-BD‡ivcxq)| Avi †h `jwU Biv‡b emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq B‡›`v-
Bivbxqvb (Indo-Iranian A_©vr fviZ-Bivbxq)| ci¯úi wew”Qbœ GB `ywU `j‡K GKmgq GK‡Î ejv nq
Avh© (Ariyan)| Avi e¨vcK A‡_© GB †MvôxØq †_‡K D™~¢Z fvlvB GKmgq GK‡Î Avh©fvlv bv‡g AwfwnZ
nq| G cÖm‡½ ¯^qs g¨v·gyjv‡ii Dw³ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨Ñ “Aryan, in scientific language is utterly
inapplicable to race. It means language and nothing but language and if we speak of Aryan race
at all, we should know that it means no more than
9
+ Aryan-speech “.2
fviZe‡l© cÖ‡ekK…Z Avh© `jwU Zv‡`i hvhveiZ¡ Z¨vM K‡i m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c K…wlRxex n‡q hvq| Zv‡`i mvaviY
m¤ú‡`i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ak¦, Miæ I kw³kvjx fvlv Ges †m fvlvq iwPZ D”P †kÖwYi †`eMxwZg~jK
mvwnZ¨| fviZxq Avh©‡`i wbKU m¤úK©hy³ Dcfvlv¸wji GK mvwnwZ¨K iƒc mvayfvlv A_©vr •ew`K fvlv|3
G fvlv‡ZB Zviv †`eZv‡`i D‡Ï‡k ¯Íe iPbv K‡i| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc Avgiv F‡M¦‡`i K_v D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvwi|
†hgbÑ
ms M”QaŸs ms e`aŸs
ms †ev gbvswm RvbZvg&|
†`ev fvMs h_v c~‡e©
mÄvbvbv Dcvm‡Z \4 F‡M¦` mswnZv (F. ms.) 10 / 191 / 2
Ñ(•ew`K Fwl e‡jb) †n ¯ÍeKZ©vMY! †Zvgiv wgwjZ nI, GK‡Î ¯Íe D”PviY K‡iv, †Zvgv‡`i gb ci¯úi
GKgZ †nvK| †Kbbv AvaywbK †`eZvMY (HK¨gZ †`eZv) cÖvPxb †`eZv‡`i gZ GKgZ n‡q hÁ fvM
MÖnY Ki‡Qb|
myZivs GK K_vq Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi fviZxq Avh©iv mvwnwZ¨Kiƒ‡c †h fvlv e¨envi KiZ ZvB •ew`K
fvlv|
10
•ew`K fvlvi Drm
GK bR‡i •ew`K fvlvi Drm
cvwYwbc~e© cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlvi mvwnwZ¨Kiƒ‡ci AÂj I Dcfvlvmg~nÑ
DËi (North)
(L) D`xP¨
AÂj : DËi-cwðg
fviZ, DËi cvÄve
cÖf…wZ| eªvþY¨ a‡g©i
cÖwZwbwa cvwYwbi
gvZ„f~wg|
* D`xP¨ I cÖZxP¨ :
GB AÂj؇qi
Dcfvlvmg~‡ni
mvwnwZ¨K fvlvi bvg
•ew`K fvlv ev ÔQv›`m&Õ
(K) cÖvP¨
AÂj : c~e©
fvi‡Zi A‡hva¨v,
DËi fvi‡Zi
c~e©vÂj wenvi
cÖf…wZ|
cwðg
= cÖZxP¨ (West)
AvPvh© mybxwZKzgvi P‡Æcva¨v‡qi g‡Z,
`vwÿYvZ¨ A‡jI •ew`K fvlvi cÖ‡ek
N‡U|
(N) `vwÿYvZ¨
AÂj : gnvivóª
`wÿY (South)
[ D`xP¨ = DËiw`K¯’, cÖZxP¨ = cwðg †`kxq A_©vr cvðvZ¨, cÖvP¨ = c~e©‡`kxq A_©vr c~e©w`‡K w¯’Z ]
11
c~e© (East)
•ew`K fvlvi KzjRx
c„w_exi fvlv¸wj K‡qKwU Avw` Drm †_‡K Rb¥ jvf K‡i‡Q| GB Avw` Drm¸wj‡K c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg
fvlvesk ejv nq| fvlvZË¡we`‡`i g‡Z GB fvlves‡ki wefvM wb‡q gZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| kÖxc‡ikP›`ª
gRyg`vi Zuvi Ôms¯‹…Z I cÖvK…Z fvlvi KªgweKvkÕ MÖ‡š’ c„w_exi cÖvq wZb nvRvi fvlv‡K AvbygvwbK 25 /
26wU cwiev‡i fvM K‡ib|5 Ab¨w`‡K W. iv‡gk¦i kÕ Zuvi ÔmvaviY fvlvweÁvb I evsjv fvlvÕ MÖ‡š’ c„w_exi
cÖvq Pvi nvRvi fvlv‡K K‡qKwU cÖavb fvlves‡k fvM K‡ib|6Ñ
1. B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq ev Avh© (Indo-European / Aryan)
2. †mvgxq-nvgxq (Semito- Hamitic)
3. ev›Uz (Bantu)
4. wd‡bœv-DMÖxq (Finno-Ugrian)
5. ZzK©-†gv½j-gvÂz (Turko-Mongol-Manchu)
6. K‡Kkxq (Caucasian)
7. `ªvweo (Dravidian)
8. AwֻK& (Austric)
9. †fvU-Pxbxq (Tibeto-Chinese)
10. DËic~e© mxgvšÍxq (Hyperborean)
11. GmwK‡gv (Esquimo)
12. Av‡gwiKvb Avw`g fvlveM© (American Indian Languages)
W. iv‡gk¦i kÕ e‡jb DwjøwLZ cÖavb fvM¸wj QvovI fvlvZË¡we`‡`i g‡Z Av‡iv wKQz fvlvesk i‡q‡Q|
†hgbÑ †Kvixq-Rvcvbx (Korean and Japanese), AvB‡eixq-ev¯‥ (lbero-Basque), Av›`vgvbx
(Andamanese), cvcyqvb& (Papuan) cÖf…wZ|
12
Dch©y³ fvlvesk¸wji g‡a¨ B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlvesk Ab¨Zg| GB fvlvesk †_‡K Avevi `kwU cÖvPxb
kvLvi Rb¥ nq|7 Ñ
kZg& (satam)
:
1. B‡›`v-Bivbxq (Indo- Iranian)
2. evj‡Zv-¯øvweK& (Balto-Slavic)
3. Avj‡ebxq (Albanian)
4. Av‡g©bxq (Armenian)
†Kš‘g&
(centum) :
5. †KjwZK& (Celtic)
6. BZvwjK& (Italic)
7. Rvg©vwbK& (Germanic)
8. MÖxK& (Greek)
9. wnËxq / wnwÆ (Hittite)
10. †ZvLvixq (Tokharian)
GB `kwU kvLv‡K Avevi `ywU ¸‡”Q fvM Kiv nq|8Ñ
1. kZg& / mZg& [ g~j fvlvi cyitKɨ K& (k) aŸwb wkmaŸwb‡Z (k& l& m& )
A_©vr k&-Kvi A_ev m&-Kv‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q ]
2. †Kš‘g&
[ g~j fvlvi cyitKɨ K& (k) aŸwb ]
Dch©y³ B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq cÖvPxb kvLv¸wji cÖ_g PviwU mZg& ¸‡”Qi AšÍf©y³| Aewkó QqwU †Kš‘g& ¸‡”Qi
AšÍM©Z| mZg& ¸‡”Qi B‡›`v-Bivbxq cÖvPxb kvLvwU Avevi wZbwU fv‡M wef³|9Ñ
1. Bivbxq Avh© (Iranian Aryan)
2. `i`xq (Dardic)
3. cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh© (Old Indian Aryan)
GB wZbwU kvLvi ÔcÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©Õ kvLvwU `yfv‡M wef³|10Ñ
1. K_¨ iƒc
2. mvwnwZ¨K iƒc
D³ ÔmvwnwZ¨K iƒcÕ †_‡KB •ew`K fvlvi Rb¥|
13
Ô•ew`K fvlvi KzjRxÕ Q‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv :
c„w_exi g~j fvlveskmg~n
1. B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq ev Avh© (Av. 5000 wLª .c~.)
2. †mvgxq-nvgxq
3. ev›Uz
4. wd‡bœv-DMÖxq
5. ZzK©-†gv½j-gvÂz
6. K‡Kkxq
7. `ªvweo
8. AwֻK&
9. †fvU-Pxbxq
10. DËic~e© mxgvšÍxq
11. GmwK‡gv
12. Av‡gwiKvb Avw`g fvlveM©
1. B‡›`v-Bivbxq 2. evj‡Zv-¯øvweK& 3. Avj‡ebxq 4. Av‡g©bxq 5. †KjwZK& 6. BZvwjK& 7. Rvg©vwbK&
kZg& (Av. 3500 wLª .c~.)
1. Bivbxq Avh©
2. `i`xq
8. MÖxK& 9. wnËxq 10.†ZvLvixq
†Kš‘g& (1800 wLª .c~.)
3. fviZxq Avh©
(Av. 1200-800 wLª .c~.)
1. K_¨iƒc
2. mvwnwZ¨K iƒc
•ew`K fvlv :
wb`k©bÑ Qv›`m& (†e`)
D‡jøL¨, cÖ`Ë Q‡K e¨eüZ ÔKvjÕ W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&i gZvbymv‡i|11
14
•ew`K fvlvi •ewkó¨
•ew`K fvlv g~jZ GKwU cwiKwíZ fvlv| Gi g‡a¨ GKwU µwgK weeZ©b jÿ Kiv hvq| µwgK weeZ©bwU
n‡jv fvlvi GKwU cÖvPxb (cyivZb) iƒc AciwU Ae©vPxb (bexb) iƒc| Avgiv Rvwb •ew`K hy‡Mi cÖvPxbZg
iPbv F‡M¦`mswnZv| GB mswnZvi `kg gÐjwU‡K A‡b‡K Ae©vPxb (bexb) e‡jb| myZivs †mwU‡K ev` w`‡q
F‡M¦`mswnZvi Ab¨vb¨ gЇj Avgiv •ew`K fvlvi cÖvPxb (cyivZb) ¯Í‡ii cwiPq cvB| GQvov mvg, hRyt,
A_e© mswnZvq cÖvPxb eªvþY MÖš’¸wj‡Z Ges AviY¨K I Dcwbl` MÖ‡š’i cÖvPxb As‡k Ae©vPxb (bexb) •ew`K
fvlvi jÿY †`Lv hvq| •ew`K mvwn‡Z¨i AšÍM©Z AviI cieZ©xKvjxb m~Î ev †e`v½ RvZxq iPbv¸wj‡ZI
cÖvPxb iPbv‣kjxi Quv` e`‡ji ÿYwU jÿ Kiv hvq| 12
D³ mgMÖ •ew`K mvwn‡Z¨i g‡a¨ Avgiv †h •ew`K fvlvi cwiPq cvB Zvi cÖavb •ewkó¨ n‡”Q ¯^Ztù~Z©Zv
Ges e¨env‡i •ewPΨ| g‡b Kiv nq †Kv‡bv fvlvwbqš¿‡Ki Afv‡e •ew`K fvlv wQj wewÿß, †K›`ªvwZM,
¯^”Q›`Pvix GKwU fvlv‡¯ªvZ| GB fvlvq cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ GKvwaK weKíiƒ‡ci e¨envi Avgv‡`i `„wó
AvKl©Y K‡i| †hgbÑ •ew`K kãiƒ‡ci †ÿ‡Î A-KvivšÍ ÔbiÕ k‡ãi cÖ_gvi wØePb, eûePb; wØZxqvi
wØePb; Z…Zxqvi GKePb, eûePb; lôxi eûePb; m‡¤^va‡bi eûeP‡b GKvwaK iƒc (b‡i․/ biv, bivt/bivmt;
b‡i․/ biv; b‡iY/ biv, b‣it/b‡iwft; bivYvg& / bivg&; bivt / bivmt) †`Lv hvq| 13 Z`ªƒc •ew`K avZyiƒ‡ci
†ÿ‡ÎI GKB avZzi wfbœ wfbœ iƒc n‡Z †`Lv hvq| †hgb, K…-avZzÑ K…‡YvwZ, K‡ivwZ, Kwl©; f~-avZzÑ fewZ,
wefwË© BZ¨vw`|14 Giƒc weKíiƒc •ew`K fvlvi e¨vKi‡Yi Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡ÎI cwijwÿZ nq|
•ew`K e¨vKiY
fvlv me mgq me gvbyl GKBfv‡e e¨envi ev D”PviY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| gvby‡li wkÿv-`xÿv, AvPvi-AvPiY,
mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb, AvÂwjK cÖfve BZ¨vw` fvlv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i _v‡K| ZvB †`Lv hvq
GKB A‡ji GKB fvlv e¨enviKvix `ycÖv‡šÍi gvby‡li (ga¨ BD‡ivc †_‡K bevMZ gvbe‡Mvôx I g~j
fviZxq gvbe‡Mvôxi GK‡Î e¨eüZ Avh©fvlv ev •ew`K fvlv) fvlvi e¨env‡i wKQzUv n‡jI cv_©K¨ n‡q
_v‡K| G mg¯Í cv_©K¨ `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ ev fvlvi weï×Zv iÿvi Rb¨ wewa-weavb ev wbq‡gi wbM‡o fvlv‡K
k„•LwjZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB wbqg-k„•Ljv‡KB mvaviY fvlvq e¨vKiY e‡j| GK K_vq ejv hvq fvlv
15
cÖ‡qv‡Mi Kjv‡K․kj wkÿv`vb KivB e¨vKi‡Yi KvR| myZivs e¨vKiY ej‡Z Avgiv GKwU kv¯¿‡K eywS, hv
Øviv fvlv ï×iƒ‡c ej‡Z, co‡Z, wjL‡Z Ges eyS‡Z cviv hvq|
G‡ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i Av‡jvP¨ welq •ew`K e¨vKiY| ZvB †h kv‡¯¿ •ew`K fvlv e¨env‡ii wbqg-Kvbyb m¤^‡Ü
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges †e‡`i kã cÖ‡qvM, D”PviYwewa, kãiƒc, avZziƒc, cÖZ¨q, DcmM©, c`,
evK¨MVb, KviK-wefw³, mgvm cÖf…wZ wek`fv‡e e¨vL¨vZ n‡q‡Q ZvB •ew`K e¨vKiY| †hgbÑ cvwYwb
c~e©eZ©x gv‡nk e¨vKiY, B›`ª e¨vKiY, MvM©xq e¨vKiY cÖf„wZ| Z‡e Gme e¨vKi‡Yi bvgB Avgiv ïb‡Z
cvB| Gme MÖš’ GL‡bv Avgv‡`i nv‡Z G‡m †cu․Qvqwb| Z‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D`vniY n‡”Q cvwYwbi
ÔAóva¨vqxÕ| KviY GwU GKB mv‡_ •ew`K I ms¯‥…Z Dfq fvlvi e¨vKiY wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| cvwYwb Zuvi
ÔAóva¨vqxÕ-†Z 3996 (ÔcvwYbxq kãkv¯¿Õ) / 3983wU m~‡Îi g‡a¨ 592wU m~·K •ew`K c`mvab wn‡m‡e
e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©x mg‡q f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ Zuvi Ôwm×všÍ‡KŠgy`xÕ cÖYqb K‡i •ew`K cÖwµqvi m~θwj‡K
c„_Kfv‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| D‡jøL¨, cvwYwb Zuvi ÔAóva¨vqxÕ-i gva¨‡g ms¯‥…Z fvlvi GKwU cwikxwjZ
iƒc w`‡Z cvi‡jI •ew`K fvlv‡K wbq‡gi wbM‡o h_vh_fv‡e euva‡Z mÿg nbwb| Z_vwc wZwb •ew`K I
†j․wKK (ms¯‥…Z) `yfvlvi †hme wbqg cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb Zv Avgv‡`i •ew`Ke¨vKiY Rvbvi Ag~~j¨ m¤ú`|
GQvov cieZ©x mg‡q iwPZ KvZ¨vq‡bi ÔevwË©KÕ, cZÄwji Ôgnvfvl¨Õ Z_v wÎgywb e¨vKiY (c~Y©v½
ÔAóva¨vqxÕ) cÖf…wZ •ew`K fvlv Z_v e¨vKiY Rvbvi GKgvÎ Aej¤^b| wb‡¤œ wewfbœ MÖš’ I gbxlx KZ…©K
•ew`K e¨vKi‡Yi jÿY m¤ú‡K© hv D³ n‡q‡Q Zv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
1. ÔQv‡›`vM¨ Dcwbl`Õ-G e¨vKiY‡K ejv n‡q‡QÑ
†e`vbvs †e`g&|
Qv‡›`vM¨ Dcwbl` (Qv. D.), 7 / 1 / 2 ev 7 / 2 / 1
Ges
†e`vbvs †e`t|1
Qv. D. 7 / 1 / 4
A_©vr Dfq‡ÿ‡Î e¨vKiY‡KB †e`mg~‡ni †e` ejv n‡q‡Q|
2. ÔcvwYbxq-wkÿvÕ-q e¨vKiY‡K †e`cyiæ‡li gyL¯^iƒc ejv n‡q‡QÑ
wkÿv NªvYs Zz †e`m¨ gyLs e¨vKiYs ¯§„Zg&|
Z¯§vr mv½gax‣Z¨e eªþ‡jv‡K gnxq‡Z \16
cvwYbxq-wkÿv (cv. wk.), †køvKÑ42
A_©vr e¨vKiY †e`cyiæ‡li gyL|
16
3. gnvfvl¨Kvi cZÄwj Zuvi Ôgnvfv‡l¨Õ mKj †e`v‡½i g‡a¨ e¨vKiY‡K cÖavb e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i e‡j‡QbÑ
cÖavb lU&¯^‡½ly e¨vKiYg& |
cÖav‡b P K…‡Zv hZœt djevb& fewZ| 17
gnvfvl¨-6
A_©vr QqwU †e`v‡½i (wkÿv, Kí, e¨vKiY, wbiæ³, Q›` I †R¨vwZl) g‡a¨ e¨vKiYB cÖavb|
4. Avevi, gnvfvl¨Kvi cZÄwj Zuvi Ôgnvfvl¨Õ-G FK&mswnZvi 4 / 58 / 3 gš¿wU‡K e¨vKi‡Yi ¯^iƒc I
cÖksmv‡evaK iƒ‡c D×…Z I wee„Z K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Gi gva¨‡g e¨vKiYkv¯¿‡K ev e¨vKiYwb®úv`¨ kã‡K
e„lfiƒ‡c (luvoiƒ‡c) Kíbv K‡i e„l‡fi A½cÖZ¨‡½i eY©bv”Q‡j e¨vKi‡Yi welq e‡j‡Qb| Z‡e G e„lf
†j․wKK e„l‡fi g‡Zv bq| †hgbÑ
PZ¡vwi k„½v ·qv Am¨ cv`vt
†Ø kx‡l© mß n¯Ív‡mv Am¨|
wÎav e‡×v e„l‡fv †iviexwZ
g‡nv †`‡ev gZu¨v Av we‡ek \18
F.ms. 4 / 58 / 3
A_©vr cZÄwji g‡Z, e¨vKiYkv¯¿ ev e¨vKiYwb®úv`¨ kãe„lf ¯^iƒc cÖvYxi PviwU k„½ (A_©vr Pvi cÖKvi c`
bvg, AvL¨vZ, DcmM© I wbcvZ), wZbwU PiY (A_©vr wZbwU Kvj AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨r), `ywU g¯ÍK
(A_©vr wØwewa kã wbZ¨ = myešÍ I Kvh© = wZOšÍ), mvZwU n¯Í (A_©vr mvZwU wefw³ = mvZ cÖKvi myešÍ
wefw³) Ges wÎav e× (A_©vr wZbwU ¯’v‡b e×Ñ e‡ÿ, K‡É I g¯Í‡K)| Giƒc Kvgel©YKvix e„lf AZ¨šÍ
kã Kivq kãweeZ©cÖc‡Âi cÖmvi N‡U‡Q| Bwb (AwMœ A_ev Avw`Z¨) gnvb‡`e A_©vr kãeªþ| Bwb g‡Z©
gbyl¨M‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Qb| mg¯Í Rxe Zuvi †_‡K Awfbœ n‡jI wZwb gbyl¨M‡Yi g‡a¨ we‡klfv‡e
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Qb|
AZGe, cÖvgvY¨ MÖš’ I gbxlx‡`i Gme evYx ev Dw³ †_‡K ejv hvq e¨vKiY †e‡`i Dc‡i AwawôZ| Avi
e¨vKiY Qvov •ew`K fvlvi h_v_© Ávb AR©b Kiv m¤¢e bq| †e‡`i h_v_© A_©Áv‡bi Rb¨ e¨vKi‡Yi Ávb
Acwinvh©| G m¤ú‡K© cZÄwj Zuvi Ôgnvfvl¨Õ-G e‡j‡QbÑ
iÿv_©s †e`vbvg‡a¨qs e¨vKiYg&|19
A_©vr †e`mg~‡ni iÿvi Rb¨ e¨vKiY Aa¨qb Kiv DwPZ|
17
•ew`K e¨vKiY iPbvi c×wZ
fviZe‡l© e¨vKiY iPbvi GKwU we‡kl c×wZ Av‡Q| e¨vKi‡Yi wewfbœ welq (aŸwbZË¡, iƒcZË¡, evK¨ZË¡ I
A_©ZË¡) Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© KZ¸wj cwifvlv m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv †`qv nq| G cwifvlv¸wj fv‡jvfv‡e ey‡S
wb‡j e¨vKiY Aa¨qb mnR nq| Av‡jvP¨ Awfm›`‡f©i †ÿ‡ÎI †mB GKB c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv n‡jv|
e¨vKi‡Y mvaviYZ m~Î, e„wË, evwË©K, UxKv, wUàbx, b¨vm, cwÄKv, Xzw­Kv, P~wY© I fvl¨, _v‡K| 20 wb‡¤œ Gme
welq m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
1 m~Î : A_©vb& m~‡Z m~PqwZ ev BwZ m~Îg&|
A_©vr hv A_©‡K cÖKvk K‡i ev m~Pbv K‡i, Zv‡K m~Î e‡j|
cvwYwbB cÖ_g me‡P‡q Kg kãvewj‡Z †ewk A‡_©i †`¨vZbv K‡i m~Î cÖYqb K‡ib| ZvB Zv‡K m~ÎKvi ejv
nq| m~‡Îi me©Rbwew`Z jÿY m¤ú‡K© Ôweòza‡g©vËiÕ I Ôcivki Dccyiv‡YÕ D³ n‡q‡QÑ
¯^ívÿigmw›`»s mvie`& wek¦‡Zv gyLg&|
A‡¯Ívfgbe`¨s P m~Îs m~Îwe‡`v we`yt \
A_©vr Aí K_vq my¯úó, ب_©‡evaKZvnxb, cÖvÄj I e³e¨ wel‡qi c~Y© cÖKvk hv‡Z N‡U, m~Îwe`MY Zv‡K
m~Î e‡jb| †hgbÑ
cvwYwbi Aóva¨vqxi cÖ_g m~Î : e„w×iv‣`P& [ cvwYwb Aóva¨vqx (cv.), 1 / 1 / 1 ]|
f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ (`x.) : Av‣`”P e„w×msÁ m¨vr|
Av-Kvi, H-Kvi Ges J-Kvi e„w×msÁvcÖvß nq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvqÑ e„w× n‡”Q ¯^iaŸwb cwieZ©‡bi GKwU
wbqg| †hLv‡bÑ
A Av
BCG H
DEI J
F F„ Avi&
9 Avj& nq| †hgbÑ
kixi + VK = kvixwiK (wÎ / we-Y)
wewa + AY& = •ea (wÎ. / we-Y)
D`vi + hT& = J`vh©, J`vh© + myc& = J`vh©g&
kxZ + FZt (myc&) = kxZvZ©t (kxZ + Avi& Zt)
†nvZ„ + 9Kvit (myc&) = †nvZ…„Kvit c‡ÿ †nvZ&99Kvit [ †nvZ… = cy‡ivwnZ, F‡M¦`Á ]
18
jÿYxq †h, †nvZ&99KvitÑGi †ÿ‡Î ÔFwZ me‡Y© F ev (evwË©K), 9wZ me‡Y© 9 ev (evwË©K)ÕÑGB evwË©K
m~ÎØq Øviv GKevi F-Kvi ( „) Ges GKevi 9-Kvi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ †nvZ… + Kvi = †nvZ…Kvit,
†nvZ&9Kvit|
cvwYwb D³ m~‡Îi gva¨‡g ¯^iaŸwb cwieZ©‡bi GKwU `xN© cÖwµqv‡K Aí K_vq my¯úó, ب_©‡evaKZvnxb I
cÖvÄj fvlvq cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
D‡jøL¨, mwÜ I Zw×Z cÖZ¨q‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î e„w× weav‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
cwÐZ †MvqxP›`ª m~‡Îi QqwU jÿ‡Yi K_v e‡j‡Qb| G m¤ú‡K© D³ nqÑ
msÁv P cwifvlv P wewawbqg Ge P|
AwZ‡`‡kv ’ waKvið lo&weas m~ÎjÿYg& \
Ñ msÁv, cwifvlv, wewa, wbqg, AwZ‡`k I AwaKviÑ G QqwU m~‡Îi jÿY|
wb‡¤œ m~‡Îi G jÿY¸wj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
K. msÁv (mg&- Áv + AO& + w¯¿qvg& Avc&) : mg¨M& Ávq‡Z A‡bb BwZ msÁv|
A_©vr hvi Øviv †Kv‡bv e¯‘i ¯^iƒc mg¨Kiƒ‡c Rvbv hvq, Zv‡K msÁv e‡j| †hgbÑ
mwÜi msÁv :
cit mwbœKl©t mswnZv (cv. 1/4/109)|
cvwYwb cieZ©x mg‡q Ab¨ e¨vKi‡Y Kvi‡Ki msÁv †`Lv hvq :
wµqvš^wq KviKg&|
ev, mvaKs wbeZ©Ks KviKmsÁs feZxwZ e³e¨g&| (cZÄwj, gnvfvl¨)
mgv‡mi msÁv :
mg_©t c`wewat (cv. 2 / 1 / 1)|
ev, GKc`xfvet mgvmt| (cieZ©x e¨vKiY MÖ‡š’)
L. cwifvlv (cwiZt me©‡Zv fvl¨‡Z Abqv BwZ = cwi- fvl& + w¯¿qvg& Avc& = cwifvlv) : cwifvlvi
ey¨rcwËMZ A_©‡K wfwË K‡i A‡b‡K e‡jbÑ
cwi‡Zv e¨vc„Zvs fvlvs cwifvlv cÖPÿ‡Z|
Ñc`v_©wePviÁ kv¯¿we`M‡Yi cwi®‥„Z †h fvlY ZvB cwifvlv|
Avevi, Awbq‡g wbqgKvwiYx hv mv cwifvlv|
цhLv‡b wbqg wQj bv, †mLv‡b wbqg Kiv‡K cwifvlv e‡j|
Z‡e GK_vq ejv hvqÑ cwifvlv n‡”Q m~‡Îi A_© w¯’i Kivi kv¯¿Kw_Z bxwZ| †hgbÑ wewa, wbqg cÖf…wZ|
19
M. wewa (we- av + wK) : weaxq‡Z AÎ BwZ wewat| A_©vr †hLv‡b e¨vKiY kv‡¯¿ weavb †`Iqv nq, Zv‡K
wewa e‡j| m~‡Î wewa nq| `„óvšÍ : B‡Kv hYwP (cv. 6 / 1 / 77)| A_©vr hw` BK& (= B D F 9) Gi ci
Amgvb ev AmeY© ¯^ieY© _v‡K Zvn‡j BK& ¯’v‡b hY& (= h& e& i& j&) Av‡`k nq| †hgbÑ
`wa + AÎ = `a¨Î
Aby + Aqt = Aš^qt
wcZ… + AbygwZt = wcÎbygwZt
9 + AvK…wZ = jvK…wZ
myZivs †hLv‡b cÖvwß wQj bv, †mLv‡b cÖvwß NUv‡bvB wewai KvR|
N. wbqg [ wb- hg& + A (Ac&) ] : mvgvb¨cÖvßm¨ we‡klveaviYs wbqgt|
цhLv‡b mvgvb¨ wewai cÖvwßi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv †mLv‡b †h we‡kl wewa cÖewZ©Z nq, Zv‡K wbqg e‡j|
†hgbÑ
cwZt mgvm Ge (cv. 1 / 4 / 8)|
A_©vr mgv‡mi DËi c‡` hw` ÔcwZÕ kã _v‡K Z‡e Zvi wN msÁv nq| Zvi gv‡b ZLb †mB ÔcwZÕ k‡ãi
kãiƒc B-KvivšÍ ÔgywbÕ k‡ãi gZ iƒc n‡e|
kÖxcwZ + Uv = kÖxcwZ + bv = kÖxcwZbv (Uv = bv)
Giƒc, kÖxcwZ + †O = kÖxcwZ + G = kÖxcZ‡q
O. AwZ‡`k (AwZ- w`k& + Aj&) : Ab¨ag©m¨ Ab¨Îv‡ivcYg& AwZ‡`kt|
ÑGK ¯’v‡bi Rb¨ cÖYxZ †Kvb m~‡Îi Kvh© hw` Ab¨ m~‡ÎI cÖvwß nq, Z‡e Zv‡K AwZ‡`k e‡j| `„óvšÍ :
eªƒ‡Tv ewPt (cv. 2 / 4 / 53)| GB m~‡Îi Øviv ÔeªƒÕ-avZzi ¯’v‡b ÔeP&Õ Av‡`k n‡j ÔeªƒÕ-avZzi me KvRB eP&
avZz‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ
eªƒ (eP&) + Z…Y& = e³…
e³v
eªƒ (eP&) + Zzgyb& = e³zg&
eªƒ (eP&) + Ze¨ = e³e¨g&
eªƒ (eP&) + wjU&-G = e‡ÿ¨
eªƒ (eP&) + j„U&-m¨vwg = eÿ¨vwg cÖf…wZ|
[
AZGe ÔeªƒÕ avZzi Kvh© ÔeP& avZz‡ZI cÖ‡hvR¨| GwUB AwZ‡`k|
20
P. AwaKvi (Awa- K… + NT&) : c~e©m~ί’c`v‡`ib¨‡Îvcw¯’wZiwaKvit|
ÑA_© cwiùzU Kivi Rb¨ c~e©eZx© m~‡Îi A_© hw` cieZ©x m~‡Î AbyewZ©Z nq, Z‡e Zv‡K AwaKvi e‡j|
†hgbÑ
ÔAe¨qxfvetÕ (cv. 2 / 1 / 5)| m~‡Îi AwaKvi Ae¨qxfve mgvm cÖKi‡Yi ÔAb¨c`v‡_© P msÁvqvg&Õ (cv. 2 /
1 / 21)| m~Î ch©šÍ Awew”Qbœfv‡e Abye„Ë n‡q‡Q|
myZivs m~Î e¨vL¨v Kivi mgq G lo&wea jÿYhy³ e¨vL¨vi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q|
2. e„wË ( e„r + w³b&) : m~Îv_©cÖav‡bv MÖ‡š’v e„wËt|
Ñ m~‡Îi A_© †h MÖ‡š’ cÖavbfv‡e e¨³ nq Zv‡K e„wË e‡j| †hgbÑ
cvwYwbi m~ÎÑ ÔAKt me‡Y© `xN©tÕ (cv. 6 / 1 / 10)| GB m~‡Î wZbwU c` Av‡QÑ AKt, me‡Y© I `xN©t| wKš‘
f‡ÆvwR`xwÿ‡Zi e„wˇZ mvZwU c` Av‡QÑ ÔAKt me‡Y© AwP c‡i `xN© GK‡`kt m¨vr| AwP, c‡i, GK‡`kt
I m¨vrÑ G PviwU AwZwi³ c` Av‡Q e¨vL¨vi myweavi Rb¨| myZivs m~·K fv‡jvfv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ e„wË m~Î
A‡cÿv eo nq|
3. evwË©K (e„wË + VK&&) : e„wËs K‡ivZxwZ e„wËKvit|
Ñwhwb e„wË iPbv K‡ib, Zv‡K evwË©Kvi e‡j| cvwYwb m~‡Îi cÖ_g e„wË iPbv K‡ib KvZ¨vqb ev eiiæwP|
GRb¨ KvZ¨vqb ev eiiæwP‡K cÖ_g evwË©KKvi ejv nq|
evwË©‡Ki me©Rb wew`Z jÿY m¤ú‡K© Ôcivki Dccyiv‡YÕ ejv n‡q‡QÑ
D³vby³`yiæ³vbvs wPšÍv hÎ cÖeZ©‡Z|
Zs MÖš’s evwË©Ks cÖvû evwË©K‡Áv gbxwlYt \
A_©vr D³, Aby³ I `yiæ³ wel‡qi wPšÍv hv‡Z cÖewZ©Z n‡q, Zv‡K evwË©K ejv nq| †hgbÑ
cvwYwbi ÔGwO ciiƒcg&Õ (cv. 6 / 1 / 94)| m~‡Îi evwË©K m~Î n‡jvÑ ÔkKÜvw`ly ciiƒcg& evP¨g&|Õ
evwË©K m~‡Î cÖvqkB Ôe³e¨g&Õ, ÔevP¨g&Õ,Ô DcmsL¨vbg&Õ cÖf…wZ c‡`i cÖ‡qvM _v‡K|
4. UxKv [ UxK&-A (NT&) + w¯ªqvs Uvc& ] : UxK¨‡Z Mg¨‡Z eya¨‡Z ev Abqv BwZ|
Ñhvi Øviv g~j MÖ‡š’i A_© †evaMg¨ Kiv nq, Zv‡K UxKv e‡j| UxKv k‡ãi A_© we¯Í…Z e¨vL¨v ev wee„wZ|
ivR‡kLi e‡jb,
h_vm¤¢eg_©m¨ UxKbs UxKv|
Ñh_vm¤¢e A_©‡evaB n‡”Q UxKv|
†hgbÑ fË©„nwii `xwcKv, •Kq‡Ui cÖ`xc cÖf…wZ weL¨vZ UxKvMÖš’|
21
5. wUàbx ( wUc& +wK¡c& + cb& + K + w¯ªqvs Oxc&) : e³vi B”Qv‡K ejv nq Zvrch©| Avi Zvrc‡h©i
mswÿß e¨vL¨v‡K ejv nq wUàbx| wUàbx Avm‡j UxKviI e¨vL¨v ev UxKv| Z‡e UxKvi g‡Zv AZ e„nr
AvKv‡ii †jLv nq bv| fvlv cwi‡”Q‡` (15k kZvãx) ejv n‡q‡QÑ
hrc‡`b webv hm¨vbbyfveKZv f‡er|
mvKv•ÿv e³zwi”Qv Zz Zvrch©s cwiKxwZ©Zg& \
†hgbÑ Ô•RbwPšÍvgwYiÕ Dci mgšÍf‡`ªi wUàbx GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wUàbx MÖš’|
6. b¨vm [ wb- Am& + A (NT&) ] : b¨m¨‡Z ¯’vc¨‡Z `„pxµxq‡Z A‡b‡bwZ b¨vmt|
Ñhvi Øviv †Kvb gZev` mycÖwZwôZ nq, Zv‡K b¨vm e‡j|
†hgbÑ †`ebw›`cÖYxZ ÔÿcYKb¨vmÕ, wR‡b‡›`ªeyw×cÖYxZ ÔKvwkKvb¨vmÕ cÖf…wZ weL¨vZ b¨vmMÖš’|
7. cwÄKv ( cwÄ + K + w¯ªqvg& Avc&) : cwÄKvi jÿY m¤ú‡K© ivR‡kLi e‡jbÑ
welgc`fwÄKv cwÄKv|
Gi e¨vL¨vq ejv n‡q‡QÑ
cP¨‡šÍ e¨³xwµq‡šÍ ’ _©v Ab‡qwZ|
A_©vr hvi Øviv A_© e¨³xK…Z ev cÖKvwkZ nq Zv‡K cwÄKv e‡j| †hgbÑ
ÔmycÙweeiYcwÄKvÕ GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwÄKvMÖš’|
8. Xzw­Kv ( XzY&X& + Bb& + BK& + w¯ªqvg& Avc&) : m~ί’ c`mg~‡ni mvabµgvw` Ges mvwaZ c‡`i cÖ‡qvMwewa
hv‡Z †`Lvb nq, Zv‡K Xzw­Kv e‡j| †hgbÑ
†ngP‡›`ªi e¨vKi‡Yi Dci Ôe„n`&e„wËXzw−KvÕ, †gNi‡Zœi Ômvi¯^Ze¨vKviYXzw−KvÕ cÖf…wZ weL¨vZ Xzw­Kv MÖš’|
9. P‚wY© ( P~Y&© + wK) : P~Y©qwZ kZkt LÐqwZ wecÿKvbvs ZK©RvjwgwZ P‚wY©t|
Ñhv cÖwZcÿxq‡`i ZK©Rvj‡K P~Y© K‡i, Zv‡K ejv nq P~wY©| †KD †KD g‡b K‡ib cZÄwji Ôgnvfvl¨ÕI
GKai‡Yi P~wY©MÖš’| ÔUxKvme©¯^Õ MÖ‡š’ me©vb›` gnvfvl¨‡K P~wY© e‡j‡QbÑ
A‡bKcÖwZcÿP~Y©bv”P~wY©gn© vfvl¨g&|
A_©vr AmsL¨ cÖwZc‡ÿi gZev` P~Y© Kivq gnvfvl¨‡K P~wY© ejv nq|
10. fvl¨ ( fvl& + Y¨r) : cZÄwj cvwYwbK…Z m~Î I KvZ¨vqbK…Z evwË©‡Ki Dci fvl¨ cÖ`vb K‡ib| G
Kvi‡Y Zuv‡K fvl¨Kvi ejv nq| Zuvi fv‡l¨ Ab¨ fvl¨ A‡cÿv we‡kl •ejÿY ev wfbœZv _vKvq Zuvi fvl¨‡K
gnvfvl¨ (gnr-fvl& + Y¨r ) ejv nq| fv‡l¨i me©Rb wew`Z msÁv m¤ú‡K© Ôcivki Dccyiv‡YÕ D³ n‡q‡QÑ
22
m~ί’s c`gv`vq c‣`t m~Îvbymvwiwft|
¯^c`vwb P eY©‡šÍ fvl¨s fvl¨we‡`v we`yt \
A_©vr m~Îvbymvix evK¨ ev ¯^iwPZ c‡`i Øviv fvl¨Kvi †h e¨vL¨v K‡ib Zv‡K fvl¨ e‡j| †hgbÑ
KvZ¨vqb ev eiiæwPi GKwU evwË©K: h_v †j․wKK‣ew`‡Kly| 21
A_©vr †hgb †jv‡K (¯§„wZkv‡¯¿) I †e‡` wbqg Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Gi Dci cZÄwji fvl¨ :
wcÖqZw×Zv `vwÿYvZ¨vt, h_v †jv‡K †e‡` †PwZ cÖ‡hv³‡e¨ h_v †j․wKK‣ew`‡Kwl¦wZ cÖhyćZ|22
A_©vr `vwÿYv‡Z¨i †jv‡Kiv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q cQ›` K‡i| Ô†jv‡K Ges †e‡`ÕÑ Giƒc †hLv‡b cÖ‡qvM Kiv DwPZ,
†mLv‡b Ô†j․wK‡K Ges •ew`‡KÕÑ Giƒc cÖ‡qvM K‡i|
e¨vL¨v : `„óv‡šÍi Øviv D³ wm×všÍ mg_©‡bi Rb¨ evwË©KKvi (KvZ¨vqb) e‡j‡Qb †h, †Kej e¨vKi‡YB †h
wbqg Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zv bq| †j․wK‡K Ges •ew`‡KI wbqg Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Ôh_v †j․wKK‣ew`‡KlyÕ GB
evwË©K ev‡K¨i e¨vL¨vq fvl¨Kvi (cZÄwj) e‡jb, D³ evK¨wU mycÖhy³ nqwb| Ô†jvK I †e`Õ k‡ãi DËiÑ
ZÎ fet (cv. 4 / 3 / 54) A‡_© Zw×Z cÖZ¨q VK& cÖ‡qv‡M h_vµ‡g Ô†j․wKK I •ew`KÕ (†jv‡K fet =
†jvK + VK& = †j․wKKt; †e‡` fet = †e` + VK& = •ew`Kt) kã wb®úbœ nq| GLv‡b Zw×Z cÖZ¨qvšÍ kã
`ywUi cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| eis Ôh_v †j․wKK‣ew`‡KlyÕ
Ôh_v †jv‡K †e‡` PÕÑ Giƒc ej‡jB Bówmw×
n‡q †hZ| myZivs Ôh_v †jv‡K †e‡` PÕÑ Giƒc ej‡j †`vl n‡Zv bv| G‡ÿ‡Î fvl¨Kvi cZÄwj g‡b K‡ib
evwË©KKvi KvZ¨vqb `vwÿYvZ¨ e‡jB Zuvi ZwׇZ AwZcÖxwZ| Avi GB AwZcÖxwZi Rb¨B Ab_©K Zw×Z
cÖZ¨q cÖ‡qvM ¯^vfvweK| Gfv‡eB fvl¨Kvi cZÄwj (gnvfvl¨Kvi) Zuvi ¯^iwPZ ev‡K¨I (Ôh_v †jv‡K †e‡`
PÕ) Øviv evwË©‡Ki (Ôh_v †j․wKK•ew`‡KlyÕ) h_vh_ e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡ib|
D³ welq¸wj •ew`K e¨vKiY iPbvi c~‡e© mg¨Kfv‡e AbymiY Kiv nq|
•ew`K e¨vKi‡Yi •ewkó¨
c„w_exi cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi g‡Zv •ew`K fvlvi e¨vKi‡YI PviwU †g․wjK welq Av‡Q| h_vÑ aŸwb, kã, evK¨ I
A_© A_©vr aŸwbZË¡ (Phonology), kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡ (Morphology), evK¨ZË¡ (Syntax) I A_©ZË¡ ev
kãv_©ZË¡ (Semantics)| Gme †g․wjK •ewk‡ó¨i g‡a¨ Avevi i‡q‡Q ¯^Zš¿ •ewkó¨| Avi G ¯^Zš¿ •ewk‡ó¨i
Kvi‡Y G‡KK fvlv Aci fvlv †_‡K c„_K fvlv bv‡g AwfwnZ (ms¯‥…Z, evsjv cÖf…wZ)| Z‡e G‡`i
23
†g․wjKZ¡ •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y (A_©vr cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi PviwU †g․wjK •ewkó¨ aŸwb, kã, evK¨ I A_©) ci¯ú‡ii
Ici cÖfveI we`¨gvb| †hgb ms¯‥…‡Zi Ici •ew`K fvlvi e¨vKi‡Yi cÖfve i‡q‡Q †Zgwb evsjv fvlvi
Ici i‡q‡Q ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi cÖfve| A_©vr •ew`K fvlv Øviv ms¯‥…Z fvlv †hgb mg„× n‡q‡Q †Zgwb ms¯‥…Z
fvlv Øviv evsjv fvlvI mg„× n‡q‡Q|
GKmgq •ew`Kg‡š¿i D”PviY cÖ‡qvM I gš¿v_©Áv‡bi Rb¨ Qq cÖKvi mnvqK MÖš’ iwPZ n‡qwQj| GB
MÖš’¸wji bvg †e`v½, †e` GLv‡b A½x Ges †e`v½ Zvi DcKviK (mvnvh¨Kvix)| †e`v½ QqwUÑ wkÿv
(¯^ie‡Y©v”Pvi‡Yvc‡`kKs kv¯¿g& A_©vr aŸwbZË¡), Kí (†e`wewnZvbvs Kg©Yvgvbyc~‡e©Y Kíbvkv¯¿g& A_©vr
•ew`K hvMhÁ Av‡jvPbv, cvwievwiK Rxe‡b Abym„Z ms¯‥vivw`, mgvRRxe‡bi g~jbxwZ BZ¨vw`), wbiæ³
(c`wefvMgš¿v_©-†`eZv wbiƒcYv_©s kv¯¿g& A_©vr A_©ZË¡ I †`eZvwePvi), e¨vKiY (kãv_©ey¨rcwËKis kv¯¿g&
A_©vr kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡), Q›` (MvqΨv`xbvs Q›`mvs Ávbkv¯¿g& A_©vr •ew`K Q›`tmg~‡ni cwiPq) I
†R¨vwZl (KvjcwiÁvbv_©s kv¯¿g& A_©vr hvMK‡g©i wbwgË Kvj MYbv, bÿÎvw`i cwiPq)| cvwYbxq-wkÿv MÖ‡š’
QqwU †e`v½‡K †e‡`i (†e`cyiæ‡li) QqwU A½iƒ‡c (kixivsk iƒ‡c) eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ Q›`
†e`cyiæ‡li cv`Øq, Kí n¯ÍhyMj, †R¨vwZl Pÿz, wbiæ³ KY©, wkÿv bvwmKv Ges e¨vKiY gyL| ZvB D³
n‡q‡QÑ
Q›`t cv‡`․ Zz †e`m¨ n‡¯Í․ K‡ívn_ cV¨‡Z|
†R¨vwZlvgqbs Pÿzwb©iæ³s †kÖvÎgyP¨‡Z \
wkÿv NªvYs Zz †e`m¨ gyLs e¨vKiYs ¯§„Zg&|
Z¯§vr mv½gax‣Z¨e eªþ‡jv‡K gnxq‡Z \23
cv. wk. †køvKÑ 41-42
†køv‡K D³ †e`v½mg~‡ni wkÿvq †e‡`i aŸwbZË¡, e¨vKi‡Y kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡, wbi懳 A_©ZË¡ ev kãv_©ZË¡
wb‡q we¯Í…Z Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| Avi e¨vKi‡Yi evK¨Z‡Ë¡i Av‡jvPbv gxgvsmv (†e`evK¨v_©wePviYvq kv¯¿g)&
bvgK Aci GKwU evK¨kv‡¯¿ ev evK¨v_©kv‡¯¿ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|
ms‡ÿ‡c cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi e¨vKi‡Yi `„wóMÖvn¨ †g․wjK welq :
1. aŸwbZË¡ (Phonoloy)
2. kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡ (Morphology)
3. evK¨ZË¡ (Syntax)
4. A_©ZË¡ (Semantics)
24
•ew`K fvlvq lo& †e`v‡½i AbZ¨g †e`v½ e¨vKi‡Y (†e`cyiæ‡li gyL) kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|
k‡ãi ÿz`ªvsk‡K ejv nq iƒc| k‡ãi G iƒc wb‡q †hLv‡b we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq ZvB kãZË¡ ev
iƒcZË¡| kãZ‡Ë¡ fvlvi kãMVb c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| •ew`K fvlvqI kãZ‡Ë¡ •ew`K fvlvi
hveZxq kãMVb Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| •ew`K kãZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq DcmM©, cÖZ¨q, mgvm cÖf…wZ| •ew`K
fvlvq G kãZ‡Ë¡i GKwU Ab¨Zg welq DcmM©| •ew`K fvlvi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î Dcm‡M©i kãMVb, e¨envi I
¸iæZ¡ jÿYxq| g~jK_v n‡”Q •ew`K e¨vKi‡Y Dcm‡M©i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| GKvi‡Y DcmM©‡K Awfm›`‡f©i
welq wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
L) •ew`K DcmM©
•ew`K fvlvq †hme cÖwµqvq kã MwVZ nq †mm‡ei g‡a¨ DcmM© Øviv kãMVb Ab¨Zg| G fvlvq Dcm‡M©i
e¨envi we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© •ewkó¨ enb K‡i| lo& †e`v½ iPbvKvix‡`i g‡a¨ wbiæ³Kvi hv¯‥ •ew`K
c`mg~n‡K Pvifv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb| Pvifv‡Mi g‡a¨ DcmM©‡K Ab¨Zg e‡j‡Qb| G m¤ú‡K© Zuvi Ôwbiæ³Õ
MÖ‡š’ D³ nqÑ
PZ¡vwi c`RvZvwb, bvgvL¨v‡Z †PvcmM©wbcvZ‡ðwZ|24 wbiæ³ (wb.), 1 / 1
A_©vr bvg (cÖvwZcw`K), AvL¨vZ (wµqv), DcmM© I wbcvZ (Ae¨q) GB PZzwe©a c` •ew`K fvlvq we`¨gvb|
wefvMwU Q‡K cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv :
wbiæ³ g‡Z
c`
AvL¨vZ (wµqv)
bvg (cvwZcÖw`K)
DcmM© (Ae¨q)
[fvecÖavbg& AvL¨vZg&]
[mË¡cÖavbvwb bvgvwb]
[D”PvePvt c`v_©v fešÍxwZ]
wbcvZ (Ae¨q)
[D”Pve‡Pl¦‡_©ly wbcZwšÍ]
D‡jøL¨, fË…©nwi Zuvi ÔevK¨c`xqÕ MÖ‡š’ bvg, AvL¨vZ, DcmM© I wbcvZÑ GB Pvi c‡`i AwZwi³ GKwU
c‡`i K_v e‡j‡Qb| hvi bvg Kg©cÖePbxq| ¯§iYxq, Kg©cÖePbxq¸wj AvK…wZ‡Z wbcvZ| wKš‘ Giv cÖK…wZ‡Z
c„_K|
25
•ew`K Ae¨q
•ew`K DcmM© m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi c~‡e© Avgv‡`i •ew`K Ae¨q m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| †M․ix
ag©cvj Zuvi Ô†e‡`i fvlv I Q›`Õ MÖ‡š’ e‡jbÑ myešÍ, wZOšÍ I Ae¨q GB wZb cÖKvi c‡`i g‡a¨ Ae¨q
Ab¨Zg| cvwYwbi ÔmywßOšÍs c`gÕ& (cv. 1 / 4 / 14) m~Îvbymv‡i bvg ev cÖvwZcw`‡Ki m‡½ myc&-wefw³ hy³
n‡j †mwU nq myešÍ c`| avZzi m‡½ wZO&-wefw³ hy³ n‡j †mwU nq wZOšÍ c`| Ab¨w`‡K cvwYwbi
ÔAe¨qv`váyctÕ (cv. 2 / 4 / 82) m~Îvbymv‡i hv‡`i ¯¿xcÖZ¨q Avc& (=Uvc&, Wvc&, Pvc&) Ges myc&-wefw³ jyß
n‡q hvq Zv‡`i Ae¨q e‡j| A_v©r hv‡`i m‡½ wefw³ †hvM Ki‡Z nq bv Zv‡`i bvg Ae¨q| †hgbÑ
B›`ªv hvwn B›`ª Av hvwn (F. ms. 1 / 3 / 4)
Ñ †n B›`ª, GLv‡b G‡mv|
GLv‡b myešÍ c` = B›`ª (B›`ª + m‡¤^vab GKePb), wZOšÍ c` = hvwn ( hv + †jvU&-wn) Ges ÔAvÕ-Gi
mv‡_ †Kv‡bv wefw³ hy³ nqwb| AZGe GB ÔAvÕ-B wbcvZ ev Ae¨q|
GB Ae¨q `ycÖKvi| h_vÑ
1. Avw` Ges
2. K…wÎg
G‡`i Av‡iv wKQz DcwefvM i‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œ wefvMwU Q‡K cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv :
Ae¨q
Avw`
K…wÎg
(cÖZ¨q I mgvm Øviv m„ó)
Pvw`
¯^vivw`
wbcvZ
[ ¯^ivw`wbcvZge¨qg& (cv. 1 / 1 / 37)| ]
cÖvw`
MwZ
Kg©cÖePbxq
DcmM©mn
DcmM©wfbœ
26
Avw` Ae¨q : hv‡`i ey¨rcwË †bB Zviv Avw` Ae¨q| GB Avw` Ae¨q Avevi `ycÖKvi nq| h_vÑ
1.¯^ivw` Ges
2. wbcvZ
¯^ivw` : ¯^ivw`wbcvZge¨qg& (cv. 1 / 1 / 37)|
¯^i& cÖf…wZ kã Ges wbcvZ n‡jv Ae¨q| †hgbÑ
¯^i,& Avwet (cÖKvk) : MxY©t fzebs ZgmvcM~pg&
Avwet ¯^ife¾v‡Z A‡Mœ․| (F. ms. 10 / 8 / 2)
ÑAÜKvi fzeb‡K MÖvm K‡i| Zv‡Z fzeb AšÍa©vb cÖvß nq| AwMœ Rwb¥‡j mg¯Í fzeb cÖKvk cvq|
Ac : Ac ¯^myiæl‡mv bK&-wRnx‡Z
wiYw³ K…òxiiælvq cš’vg&| (F. ms. 7 / 71 / 1) BZ¨vw`|
ÑfwMbx Elvi wbKU n‡Z ivwÎ AcMZ nq, K„òeY© ivwÎ m~h©vk¦ Aiæ‡li Rb¨ c_ cÖ`vb K‡ib|
wbcvZ : cÖvMÖxk¦ivwbœcvZvt (cv. 1 / 4 / 56)|, Pv`‡qv ’m‡Ë¡ (cv. 1 / 4 / 57)|, Awaixk¦‡i (cv. 1 / 4 / 97)|
`ªe¨ bv eySv‡j (A`ªe¨evPx) P cÖf…wZ‡K wbcvZ e‡j| †hgbÑ
Pvw` :
P (mgy”Pq) :
Ans P Z¡vs P e„Înb& (F. ms. 8 / 62 / 11)
ÑAvwg Avi Zzwg, †n e„Înv !
b (Dcgv, cÖwZ‡la) : cK¡v kvLv b `vï‡l (F. ms. 1 / 8 / 8)
Ñne¨`vZvi c‡ÿ †m evK¨ cwicK¡ djc~Y© kvLvi b¨vq|
cÖ :
An‡ge evZ Be cÖ evwg (F. ms. 10 / 125 / 8) BZ¨vw`|
ÑAvwgB evqyi b¨vq engvb nB|
D‡jøL¨, hviv bvbv A‡_©i †hvMvb w`‡q evK¨‡K Mfxifv‡e A_©gwÐZ K‡i, ZvivB wbcvZ| wbcvZ m¤ú‡K© hv¯‥
e‡jbÑ ÔD”Pve‡Ply A‡_©ly wbcZwšÍÕ (wb. 1 / 2)| A_©vr bvbviKg A‡_© hviv ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ wbcwZZ nq,
ZvivB wbcvZ| Ab¨w`‡K cvwYwb Zuvi ÔAóva¨vqxÕ-†Z ÔcÖvMÖxk¦ivwbœcvZvtÕ (cv. 1 / 4 / 56) m~‡Îi cieZ©x
ÔPv`‡qv ’m‡Ë¡Õ (cv. 1 / 4 / 57) †_‡K A_©vr Pvw` †_‡K ïiæ K‡i ÔAwaixk¦‡iÕ (cv. 1 / 4 / 97) m~Î ch©šÍ
wbcv‡Zi weeiY w`‡q‡Qb|
27
wbcvZ| cÖvw` : cÖv`qt (cv. 1 / 4 / 58)|
cÖ cÖf…wZ 20wU wbcvZ‡K cÖvw` e‡j|
cÖvw`i wZb iKg cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq|
1.¯^vaxb wbcv‡Zi g‡ZvÑ
K) ev‡K¨Ñ
we eªZvwb Rbvbvg& (F. ms. 9 / 112 / 1)
ÑwewPÎ avÜv †jvK‡`i|
GLv‡b ÔweÕ wbcvZ ev‡K¨ ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| AZGe ÔweÕ cÖvw`|
L) mgv‡mÑ
AZ¨v`qt µvšÍv`¨‡_© wØZxqqv (ev.)|
ÔµvšÍÕ cÖf…wZ A‡_© wØZxqvšÍ c‡`i mv‡_ ÔAwZÕ cÖf…wZ wbcv‡Zi cÖvw` Zrcyiæl mgvm nq| †hgbÑ
myw`bvwb (F. ms. 4 / 4 / 6)
Ñmg¯Í myw`b
[ myMZt w`bg& / my w`bg& = myw`bg& (ïfw`b) ]
cwierm‡i (F. ms. 10 / 62 / 2)
ÑGK ermiKv‡j|
[ ch©vMZt ermit = cwiermit (GK ermi) ]
GLv‡b ÔmyÕ I ÔcwiÕ wbcv‡Zi m‡½ ÔµvšÍÕ A‡_© wØZxqvšÍ c‡`i cÖvw`Zrcyiæl mgvm n‡q‡Q| AZGe ÔmyÕ I
ÔcwiÕ cÖvw`|
2. ¯^vaxb wbcv‡Zi g‡Zv we‡kl 11wUi we‡kl A‡_© Kg©cÖePbxq iƒ‡cÑ
ÔKg©cÖePbxqvtÕ (cv. 1 / 4 / 83) m~Îvbymv‡i we‡kl A‡_© cÖhy³ wµqv‡hvMnxb Kg©cÖePbxq¸wj n‡jvÑ AwZ,
Awa, Aby, Ac, Awc, Awf, Av, Dc, cwi, cÖwZ, my GB 11wU wbcvZ| †hgbÑ
AwZ wek¦s eewÿ_ (F. ms. 1 / 81 / 5) BZ¨vw`|
Ñ(B›`ª) weivU Zzwg me Qvwc‡q, ex‡h© mevi eo|
[ AwZ †hv‡M wek¦g& wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
GLv‡b ÔAwZÕ ¯^vaxb wbcv‡Zi g‡Zv we‡kl A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| AZGe GwU Kg©cÖePbxq|
28
3. wµqvi m‡½ m¤úK© †i‡LÑ
DcmMv©t wµqv‡hv‡M (cv. 1 / 4 /58), MwZð (cv. 1 / 4 / 58), †Z cÖvM&av‡Zvt (cv.1 / 4 / 80)|
[ †Z = DcmM©vt ], Q›`wm c‡i ’ wc (cv. 1 / 4 / 81 )|, e¨ewnZvð (cv. 1 / 4 / 82 )|Ñ Gme m~Îvbymv‡i
wµqvi Av‡M, c‡i, e¨eav‡b, AcÖavbev‡K¨ mg¯Í n‡q (MwZ mgvm) e¨eüZ nq| †hgbÑ
giæw™¢iMœ Av Mwn (F. ms. 1 / 19 / 8) BZ¨vw`|
цn AwMœ ! giæ`&M‡Yi m‡½ G‡mv|
GLv‡b ÔAvÕ wµqvi m‡½ m¤úK© †i‡L e¨ewnZ n‡q e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| AZGe GwU DcmM©|
D‡jøL¨, Awfm›`‡f©i welq DcmM© weavq G‡`i e¨envi cieZ©x mg‡q we¯Í…Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
wbcvZ| MwZ (DcmM©mn) : MwZð (cv. 1 / 4 / 58), cÖv`qt (cv. 1 / 4 / 58)|
wµqvi m‡½ hy³ DcmM©mn (20wU) K‡qKwU we‡kl wbcv‡Zi (Ajg&, AšÍi,& cyit, Avwet, A¯Íg,& A”Q cÖf…wZ)
MwZ msÁv nq|
MwZi `yiKg cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq|
K) cÖavbev‡K¨ ¯^Zš¿
L) AcÖavbev‡K¨ wµqvbyMZ
`„óvšÍ¯^iƒc :
cÖavb I AcÖavbev‡K¨ DcmM©Ñ Z¡s we fvwm (F. ms. 2 / 1 / 10)
Ñ(†n AwMœ!) Zzwg we‡klfv‡e `xwß cv”Q|
hv wefvwm (F. ms. 2 / 1 / 10)
Ñ(†n Dlv!) †h Zzwg we‡klfv‡e `xwß cv”Q|
cÖavb I AcÖavbev‡K¨ wbcvZÑ Avwef©e (F. ms. 1 / 31 / 3)
Ñ(†n AwMœ!) cÖKvk nI|
D‡jøL¨, AcÖavbev‡K¨ DcmM©wfbœ wbcv‡Zi m‡½ wZO‡šÍi e¨envi `yj©f| Z‡e K…`‡šÍi m‡½ A‡bK e¨envi
nq| †hgbÑ
GZv Al©šÍ¨jjvfešÍxt (F. ms. 4 / 18 / 6)
ÑG RjeZx b`xMY nl©©aŸwb Ki‡Z Ki‡Z †a‡q Avm‡Q|
[ Ajjv + fešÍxt = AjjvfešÍxt ]
Glv †e¨bx fewZ wØen©v
Avwe®‥…Y¦vbv Zš^s cyi¯Ívr| (F. ms. 5 / 80 / 4)
ÑH c~e©w`K n‡Z wbRg~wZ© cÖKvwkZ K‡i wbiwZkq ïåvK…wZ Dlv m¤úªwZ eªþvЇK cÖ‡evwaZ
K‡i mg¨Kiƒ‡c Avw`‡Z¨i AbymiY Ki‡Qb|
[ Avwet-( K… + kvbP&) = Avwel& + K…Y¦vb = Avwe®‥…Y¦vb + Uvc& = Avwe®‥…Y¦vbv + myc& = Avwe®‥…Y¦vbv ]
29
wbcvZ| MwZ (DcmM©wfbœ) : MwZð (cv. 1 / 4 / 58)|, Eh©vw`wP¦WvPð (cv. 1 / 4 / 61)|Ñ
Rxwe‡Kvcwbl`v‡e․c‡g¨ (cv. 1 / 4 / 79)|
wµqvi m‡½ hy³ DcmM© wfbœ Eix cÖf…wZ wbcvZ (Ajg&, AšÍi,& cyit, Avwet, A¯Íg,& A”Q cÖf…wZ), wP¦ cÖZ¨qvšÍ [
Eq& (ixK&) + wP¦ + K… + j¨c& = EixK…Z¨ cÖf…wZ ] Ges WvP& cÖZ¨qvšÍ (cUr + WvP& +
cUcUvK…Z¨ cÖf…wZ) k‡ãi MwZ msÁv nq|
K… + j¨c& =
D‡jøL¨, cvwYwb ÔEh©vw`wP¦WvPðÕ (cv. 1 / 4 / 61) †_‡K ÔRxwe‡Kvcwbl`v‡e․c‡g¨Õ (cv. 1 / 4 / 79) m~Î
ch©šÍ Gai‡Yi MwZi weeiY w`‡q‡Qb|
MwZi e¨envi Dcm‡M©iB [ DcmMv©t wµqv‡hv‡M (cv. 1 / 4 /58), MwZð (cv. 1 / 4 / 58), †Z cÖvM&av‡Zvt
(cv.1 / 4 / 80)|, Q›`wm c‡i ’ wc (cv. 1 / 4 / 81 )|, e¨ewnZvð (cv. 1 / 4 / 82 )| ] g‡Zv| A_©vrÑ
K) ¯^vZš¿¨
L) wµqvi c~‡e©
M) wµqvi c‡i
N) e¨eav‡b e‡m
O) mgvm-wbqš¿Y
P) K¡wPr cÖZ¨qMÖnY
Q) ¯^i-wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw`|
`„óvšÍ¯^iƒc :
¯^vZš¿¨Ñ
we : we eªZvwb Rbvbvg& (F. ms. 1 / 4 / 80)
ÑwewPÎ avÜv †jvK‡`i|
avZzi c~‡e©Ñ
A”Q : A”Q hvwn (F. ms. 1 / 4 / 80)
Ñ(†n AwMœ! Avgv‡`i mvg‡b) G‡mv|
avZzi c‡iÑ
Av”Qv : AZ…l¨šÍxqc‡mv hšÍ¨”Qv (F. ms. 1 / 71 / 3)
ÑZ…òvwenxb Kg©wbô (hRgvb) AwMœi Awfgy‡L Mgb K‡ib|
e¨eav‡bÑ
Avwet : Avwewe©k¦vwb K…Yy‡Z gwnZ¡v (F. ms. 5 / 2 / 9)
ÑwZwb (AwMœ) Avcb gwngv w`‡q mewKQz cÖKvk K‡ib|
mgvm-wbqš¿YÑ
Ajjv : GZv Al©šÍ¨jjvfešÍxt (F. ms. 4 / 18 / 6)
ÑG RjeZx b`xMY nl©©aŸwb Ki‡Z Ki‡Z †a‡q Avm‡Q|
cÖZ¨qMÖnYÑ
Avwet : Avwe‡ó¨v ea©‡Z Pviæivmy (F. ms. 1 /95 / 5) BZ¨vw`|
ÑG‡`i g‡a¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡q AwMœ †kvfbxq `xwßi mv‡_ e„w× cÖvß nb|
30
[ ÔAe¨qvr Z¨c&Õ (cv. 4 / 2 / 104) m~Îvbymv‡i Avwet + Z¨c& =Avweó¨, Avweó¨ + myc& = Avweó¨t ]
D‡jøL¨, wµqv‡hvM bv n‡j GB wbcvZ¸wji MwZ msÁv n‡e bv| †hgbÑ
†h C•LqwZ ce©Zvb&
wZit mgy`ªgY©eg&| (F. ms. 1 / 19 / 7)
Ñhuviv ce©Zmgy`ª‡K mÂvjb K‡ib, Rjivwk mgy`ª‡K Drwÿß K‡ib|
GLv‡b, wZim& (wZit) wbcv‡Zi wµqv‡hvM †bB| AZGe GwU MwZ bq|
¯^i-wbqš¿YÑ cÖavbevK¨ : giæw™¢iMœ Av Mwn (F. ms. 1 / 19 / 8)
цn AwMœ ! giæ`&M‡Yi m‡½ G‡mv|
[ Mg& + †jvU&-wn = Mwn ]
[ D`vË = Av ]
wbcvZ| Kg©cÖePbxq : Kg©cÖePbxqvt (cv. 1 / 4 / 83)|, Kg©cÖePbxqhy‡³ wØZxqv (cv. 2 / 3 / 8)|
we‡kl A‡_© cÖhy³ wµqv‡hvMnxb AwZ, Awa, Aby, Ac, Awc, Awf, Av, Dc, cwi, cÖwZ, myÑ GB 11wU
DcmM©‡K Kg©cÖePbxq e‡j| Giv AvK…wZ‡Z Dcm‡M©i g‡Zv n‡jI Giv DcmM© bq, MwZI bq, ¯^vaxb
wbcvZ, Z_v Ae¨q| Kg©cÖePbxq‡hv‡M mvaviYZ wØZxqv wefw³ nq| Z‡e F‡Z, Avivr BZ¨vw` Ae¨‡qi
g‡Zv GivI k‡ãi cÂgx, lô Ges mßgx wefw³i KviY nq| †hgbÑ
AwZ : ivΨvwð`‡Üv AwZ †`e ck¨wm (F. ms. 1 / 94 / 7)
Ñ(†n †`e AwMœ!) Zzwg iv‡Zi AÜKvi †f` K‡i cÖKvwkZ nI|
[ AwZ †hv‡M AÜt wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
Awa : c„w_e¨vg& Awa (F. ms. 8 / 41 / 4) BZ¨vw`|
Ñc„w_exi Ic‡i|
[ Awa †hv‡M c„w_e¨vg& wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
GLv‡b AwZ I Awa Kg©cÖePbxq wefw³i KviY n‡q‡Q|
K…wÎg Ae¨q : cÖZ¨q ev mgv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ hv‡`i m„wó Kiv nq, Zviv K…wÎg Ae¨q| †hgbÑ Zzgyb& cÖf…wZ
cÖZ¨qvšÍ kã Ges Ae¨qxfve mgvm cÖf…wZ wb®úbœ kã BZ¨vw`| G‡ÿ‡Î GwU Avgv‡`i gyL¨ bq weavq we¯Í…Z
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv bv|
31
•ew`K Dcm‡M©i msÁv
•ew`K fvlvq Dcm‡M©i †Kv‡bv jÿY ev msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv nqwb| jÿYxq †h, hv¯‥ Zuvi Ôwbiæ³Õ MÖ‡š’ cÖ_‡g
Dcm‡M©i jÿY m¤ú‡K© wKQz bv e‡j DcmM© evPK (wbR¯^ A_©) bv †`¨vZK (A_© m„wó Kivi ÿgZv) †m
wel‡q K_v e‡j‡Qb| ZviciI Avgiv •ew`K fvlvq Dcm‡M©i e¨env‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i msÁv w`‡Z cvwi
Gfv‡eÑ •ew`K fvlvq DcmM© GK ai‡bi wbcvZ| ZvB †hme wbcvZ ev Ae¨q •ew`K fvlvq h‡_”Qfv‡e
(B”Qvg‡Zv) e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K •ew`K DcmM© e‡j| †hgbÑ
B›`ªv hvwn ZzZzRvbt
B›`ª Av hvwn ZzZzRvbt (F. ms. 1 / 3 / 6)
цn B›`ª! G‡mv G‡mv ZvovZvwo|
GLv‡b B›`ª = bvgc`, hvwn = wµqvc`, Av = wbcvZ ev Ae¨q Ges ZzZzRvbt = we‡klY| D³ gš¿vs‡k
B”Qvg‡Zv e¨eüZ ÔAvÕ-B •ew`K DcmM©| (cieZx© mg‡q h_v¯’v‡b Av‡iv •ewPΨ D`vniY cÖ`Ë n‡e|)
D‡jøL¨, cvwYwbI Zuvi ÔAóva¨vqxÕ MÖ‡š’ Dcm‡M©i †Kv‡bv jÿY cÖ`vb K‡ibwb| KviY Dcm‡M©i ey¨rcwË †_‡K
Gi msÁv wba©viY Kiv hvq| Dcm‡M©i ey¨rcwË n‡”QÑ Dc- m„R& + NT& = DcmM©t| ey¨rcwËMZ A_©
Abymv‡i ejv hvq †h, ÔDcm„RwZ weweavb& A_©vb& BwZ DcmM©tÕÑ hv wewea A‡_©i m„wó K‡i Zv‡K DcmM©
e‡j| †hgbÑ
[ DcmM© Øviv avZzi wfbœ wfbœ A_© jvf ]
ü-avZz = niY ev Pzwi Kiv
wKš‘
Av- ü + jU&-wZ = AvniwZ (Avnvi ev †fvRb K‡i)
we- ü + jU&-wZ = weniwZ (ågY K‡i)
Dc- ü + jU&-wZ = DcniwZ (Dcnvi †`q)
cÖ- ü + jU&-wZ = cÖniwZ (cÖnvi ev AvNvZ K‡i)
mg&- ü + jU&-wZ = msniwZ (msnvi ev nZ¨v K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
Z‡e g‡b nq cvwYwb wb‡¤œv³ m~‡Îi gva¨‡g Dcm‡M©i msÁv w`‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Gfv‡eÑ
DcmM©vt wµqv‡hv‡M (cv. 1 / 4 / 59)|
wµqv‡hv‡M ev avZzi c~‡e© hy³ n‡j KZ¸‡jv Ae¨q‡K DcmM© e‡j| †hgbÑ
cwi- ü (niY ev Pzwi Kiv) + jU&-wZ = cwiniwZ (cwinvi ev cwiZ¨vM K‡i)
32
D‡jøL¨, avZzi c~‡e© hy³ bv n‡j †Kv‡bv Ae¨qB ev kãvskB ms¯‥…Z fvlvq DcmM© wn‡m‡e M„nxZ nq bv|
†hgbÑ
Av-mgy`ªt = Avmgy`ªt (mgy`ª ch©šÍ)
GLv‡b ÔAvÕ avZzi c~‡e© hy³ nqwb| ZvB GwU DcmM© bq wKš‘ wbcvZ ev Ae¨q|
cvwYwb e¨vKi‡Yi †`vl`k©x KvZ¨vqb DcmM© m¤ú‡K© cvwYwbi G msÁv‡K ¯^xKvi K‡ibwb| Zuvi g‡Z DcmM©
n‡”QÑ
wµqvwe‡klKt DcmM©t|
hv wµqv‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i ZvB DcmM©| †hgbÑ
Ôbg&Õ-avZz = bg¯‥vi Kiv (avZzi AšÍwb©wnZ A_©)
bg& + jU&-wZ = bgwZ (bg¯‥vi K‡i)
wKš‘, cÖ- bg& + jU&-wZ = cÖYgwZ (we‡klfv‡e bg¯‥vi K‡i)
•ew`K Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v
•ew`K fvlvq Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gbxlx hv e‡j‡Qb wb‡¤œ Zv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
1. gnwl© kvKUvqb ÔFK&Zš¿Õ-Gi DcmM© m~‡Îi wee„wZfv‡M 20wU DcmM© D‡jøL K‡i‡QbÑ
cÖ Dc Ac Ae Av civ we wb my Dr
Awf cÖwZ cwi Awc AwZ Awa Aby wbt `yt mwgwZ|
2. †k․bK Zuvi ÔFK& cÖvwZkvL¨Õ-G GKwU KvwiKvqI 20wU Dcm‡M©i K_v e‡j‡QbÑ
cÖvf¨vciwb`©yibyey¨cvcmscwicÖwZb¨Z¨wam~`_vwc|
DcmM©weskwZi_©evPKvt m‡nZivf¨vwgZ‡i wbcvZvt \
cÖ, civ cÖf…wZ DcmM© hLb c„_Kfv‡e wKsev wµqvc` e¨ZxZ Ab¨ c‡`i (bvg cÖf…wZ) m‡½ hy³ _v‡K, ZLb
G‡`i wbcvZ e‡j| Avi hLb Giv avZzi c~‡e© hy³ nq, ZLb Zv‡`i DcmM© e‡j| G wel‡q ÔmycÙÕ e¨vKi‡Y
D³ n‡q‡QÑ
cÖv`y¨cmM©t cÖvM&av‡Zvt| (1 / 1 / 27)
3. cvwYwb Zuvi ÔAóva¨vqxÕ MÖ‡š’ Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v m¤ú‡K© wb¤œwjwLZ m~ÎwU D‡jøL K‡i‡QbÑ
cÖv`qt (cv. 1 / 4 / 58)|
A_©vr •ew`K fvlvq cÖvw` n‡jv cÖ, civ cÖf…wZ 20wU DcmM© ev wbcvZ|
33
4. ÔmycÙÕ e¨vKi‡Y †j․wKK ms¯‥…‡Z Av‡iKwU KwiKvi gva¨‡g 20wU DcmM© D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡QÑ
cÖ-civc-mgš^e-wb`y©iwf-e¨wa-m~`wZ-wb-cÖwZ-ch©cqt|
Dc AvwOwZ weskwZ‡il m‡L DcmM©wewat Kw_Zt Kwebv \25
A_©vr KwiKvq Kwe KZ…©K cÖ, civ cÖf…wZ 20wU DcmM© ev wbcvZ Kw_Z nq|
D‡jøL¨, Dch©y³ wewfbœ gbxlx KZ…©K Kw_Z wekwU DcmM©‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e mvwR‡q mn‡R g‡b ivLv hvq|
¯^ivw` DcmM© (10wU)
1. AwZ
2. Awa
3. Aby
4. Awc
5. Ac
6. Ae
7. Awf
8. Av
9. D`&
10. Dc
e¨Äbvw` DcmM© (10 wU)
11. `yi& (`yt)
12. wbi& (wbt)
13. wb
14. cÖ
15. civ
16. cwi
17. cÖwZ
18. we
19. my
20. mg&
myZivs •ew`K DcmM© = ¯^ivw` DcmM© (10wU) + e¨Äbvw` DcmM© (10 wU) = 20wU
•ew`K Dcm‡M©i †kÖwY
g¨vK‡Wv‡bj Zuvi ÔVEDIC GRAMMAR’ / ÔA VEDIC GRAMMAR FOR STUDENTS’ MÖ‡š’ `yB †kÖwYi
Dcm‡M©i K_v e‡j‡Qb|26 h_vÑ
1. cÖK…Z ev wµqvevPK DcmM© (Genuine or Adverbial Preposition) I
2. bvgevPK DcmM© (Nominal Preposition)
cÖK…Z ev wµqvevPK DcmM© : †hme DcmM© wµqvi A‡_© e¨eüZ nq, hviv ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q KviK
cÖKvk K‡i Ges hv‡`i †Kv‡bv ey¨rcwË nq bv, †mme DcmM©‡K cÖK…Z ev wµqvevPK DcmM© e‡j| •ew`K
fvlvq Gai‡bi 22wU DcmM© i‡q‡Q|
bvgevPK DcmM© : †hme DcmM© wµqvi mv‡_ hy³ nq bv, wKš‘ ïay KviK cÖKvk K‡i Ges KviK cÖKvk
Ki‡Z cÖvqB wµqvevPK cÖZ¨q (Adverbial Suffixes) wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, †mme DcmM©‡K bvgevPK DcmM©
e‡j| •ew`K fvlvq wµqvevPK Dcm‡M©i (14wU) bvgevPK DcmM© wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ QvovI Av‡iv 17wU
bvgevPK DcmM© i‡q‡Q| myZivs •ew`K fvlvq bvgevPK †gvU DcmM© = (14 + 17) = 31 wU|
34
wb‡¤œ g¨vK‡Wv‡b‡ji wefvMwU Q‡K cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv :
g¨vK‡Wv‡b‡ji g‡Z
DcmM©
cÖK…Z ev wµqvevPK DcmM©
eY©vbyµwgKfv‡eÑ
bvgevPK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq bv 8wU :
bvgevPK wn‡m‡e ev wbw`©ó wµqvi mv‡_
wµqvevPK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq 3wU :
wµqvevPK I bvgevPK
Dfq A‡_© e¨eüZ nq 11wU :
1. Ac (`~‡i)
2. D`& (Dc‡i)
3. wb (wbPz)
4. wbm& (evwn‡i)
5. civ (`~‡i)
6. ci (evwn‡i, m¤§y‡L)
7. wf (c„_Kfv‡e)
8. mg& (GK‡Î)
bvgevPK DcmM©
eY©vbyµwgKfv‡eÑ
1. Aam& (wb‡P)
2. AšÍiv (g‡a¨)
3. AwfZm& (Pvwiw`‡K)
4. Afm& (wbPz n‡Z)
5. Dcwi (Dc‡i)
6. F‡Z (Qvov)
7. cim& (`~‡i)
8. cyi¯Ír (m¤§y‡L)
9.A”Q (w`‡K)
10. wZim& (AwZµg)
11. cyim& (c~‡e©)
9. cyiv (c~‡e©)
10. ewna© (evwn‡i)
11. mPv (m‡½)
12. AwZ (`~‡i)
13. Awa (Dc‡i)
14. Aby (c‡i)
15. AšÍi& (wfZ‡i, g‡a¨)
16. Awc (Dc‡i)
17. Awf (wecixZ)
18. Ae (wbPz)
19. Av (wbK‡U)
20. Dc (Dc‡i)
21. cwi (Pvwiw`‡K)
22. cÖwZ (w`‡K)
12. mwbZzi& (cv‡k)
13. mbyZi& (`~‡i n‡Z)
14. mn (mv‡_)
15. mvKg& (mv‡_)
16. myg`& (mv‡_)
17. ¯§`& (mv‡_)
jÿYxq †h, cÖK…Z ev wµqvevPK 22wU Dcm‡M©i g‡a¨ (3 + 11) = 14wU A_©vr ÔA”QÕ †_‡K ÔcÖwZÕ DcmM©
bvgevPK DcmM© wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| g¨vK‡Wv‡bj Zuvi •ew`K e¨vKi‡Y GB 14wU DcmM©‡KB cÖK…Z DcmM©
(Genuine or Adverbial Preposition) e‡j‡Qb| AZGe †`Lv hvq •ew`K Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v I
bvg m¤ú‡K© •ew`K ev ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiYwe` I g¨vK‡Wv‡b‡ji g‡a¨ gZcv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|
D‡jøL¨, GLv‡b †Kej •ew`K I ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiYwe`MY (kvKUvqb, †k․bK, hv¯‥, cvwYwb cÖgyL) KZ…©K cÖ`Ë
•ew`K DcmM© m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
35
•ew`K Dcm‡M©i A_©wePvi
•ew`K fvlvq Dcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© Av‡Q wK †bB Zv wb‡q AvPvh©‡`i g‡a¨ gZ‡f` †`Lv hvq| GK`j
e‡j‡Qb Dcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© Av‡Q| Av‡iK `j e‡j‡Qb Dcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© †bB|
ÔDcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© †bBÕ `‡ji cÖavb n‡jbÑ AvPvh© kvKUvqb
ÔDcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© Av‡QÕ `‡ji cÖavb n‡jbÑ AvPvh© MvM¨©
Dcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© †bB
AvPvh© kvKUvqb I Zuvi gZvej¤^xiv ÔDcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© †bBÕÑGB K_vwUi mg_©‡b ev c‡ÿ †hme hyw³
Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb Zv n‡jv :
b wbe©×v DcmM©v A_©vwbœivûwiwZ kvKUvqbt \
bvgvL¨vZ‡qv¯‘ K‡g©vcms‡hvM‡`¨vZKv fewšÍ \27
(wbiæ³, 1 / 4 / 3Ñ4)
A_©vr AvPvh© kvKUvq‡bi AwfgZ n‡jv c„_K cÖhy³ DcmM© wbwðZiƒ‡c A_© e¨³ K‡i bv| Zuvi g‡Z
DcmM©mg~n bvg (cÖvwZcw`K) I AvL¨v‡ZiB (wµqv) A_©we‡k‡li Awfe¨ÄK n‡q _v‡K gvÎ| Zv‡`i wbR¯^
†Kv‡bv A_© †bB| †hgbÑ
Dc Z¡v‡Mœ w`‡ew`‡e (F. ms. 1 / 1 / 7)
Ñw`‡b w`‡b †Zvgvi (AwMœ) wbKU|
giæw™¢iMœ Av Mwn (F. ms. 1 / 19 / 8)
цn AwMœ! giæ`&M‡Yi m‡½ G‡mv|
hv Dc m~‡h© (F.ms. 1 / 23 / 17)
Ñhv (Rj) m~‡h©i mgx‡c Av‡Q|
GLv‡b Dc, Av DcmM© c„_K cÖhy³ nIqvq G‡`i wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv A_© †bB|
ÔDcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© †bBÕ welqwU `„óvšÍ w`‡q AvPvh© kvKUvqb gZvej¤^xiv Z_v e¨vL¨vKv‡iiv welqwU
eywS‡q‡Qb Gfv‡eÑ
1. DcmM© cÖ`x‡ci g‡Zv wbi_©K| A_©vr AÜKvi N‡i cÖ`xc Avb‡j †mB cÖ`xc N‡ii `ªe¨¸wji ¸Y‡KB
cÖKvk K‡i| ¸Y¸wj `ªe¨‡K AvkÖq K‡i _v‡K| cÖ`x‡ci m‡½ ¸‡Yi †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| †Zgwb DcmM© bvg
(cÖvwZcw`K) I AvL¨v‡Zi (wµqv) m‡½ AvkÖq K‡i _vKv A_©‡K cÖKvk K‡i| Zvi (=Dcm‡M©i) wbR¯^
†Kv‡bv A_© †bB| wb‡¤œ welqwU wP‡Î cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv28 :
36
wPÎÑ 1 : eû `ªe¨ _vKv AÜKvi M„‡n cÖ¾¡wjZ cÖ`xc
GLv‡b
avZz = AÜKvi M„‡n _vKv eû `ªe¨
DcmM© = cÖ¾¡wjZ cÖ`xc
2. eY© †hgb c‡`i †ÿ‡Î wbi_©K, †Zgwb DcmM©I wbi_©K| A_©vr kvKUvqb e‡j‡Qb, c` †_‡K wew”Qbœ
e‡Y©i b¨vq bvg I AvL¨vZ †_‡K wew”Qbœ Dcm‡M©i †Kvb A_© _v‡K bv| †hgbÑ
bvg (cÖvwZcw`K)-Gi †ÿ‡Î :
B›`ªt (†`eivR) = B + b& + `& + i& + At (A_©nxb eY©mg~n)
[ B›`ª + myc& = B›`ªt ]
myeªvþYt (cÖk¯ÍeªvþY / †kªô eªvþY) = m& + D + e& + i& + Av + n& + g& + A + Y& + At
(DcmM© ÔmyÕ mn A_©nxb eY©mg~n) [ my-eªvþY + myc& = myeªvþYt ]
AvL¨vZ (wµqv)-Gi †ÿ‡Î :
weRq‡Z (we‡klfv‡e Rq K‡i) = e& + B + R& + A +q&& + A + Z& + G
(DcmM© ÔweÕ mn A_©nxb eY©mg~n) [ we- wR + jU&-†Z = weRq‡Z ]
GLv‡b myeªvþYt, weRq‡Z c‡` DcmM© my I we e¨ZxZ eY©mg~n †hgb wbi_©K †Zgwb G‡`i †_‡K wew”Qbœ
DcmM© ÔmyÕ (= m& + D ) Ges ÔweÕ(= e& + B) wbi_©K A_©vr G‡`i wbR¯^ †Kvb A_© †bB|
myZivs kvKUvq‡bi g‡Z, eY© †hgb c‡`i †ÿ‡Î wbi_©K, †Zgwb DcmM©I wbi_©K|
37
Dcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© Av‡Q
AvPvh© MvM¨© I Zuvi Abymvixiv ÔDcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© Av‡QÕÑGB K_vwUi c‡ÿ †hme hyw³ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb Zv
n‡jv :
D”PvePvt c`v_©v fešÍxwZ MvM©¨t|29
(wbiæ³, 1 / 4 / 5)
ÑMvM©¨ g‡b K‡ib †h DcmM© bvgK c‡`i bvbvcÖKvi A_© n‡q _v‡K|
`„óvšÍ :
bvg (cÖvwZcw`K)-Gi †ÿ‡Î : my-eªvþYt (†R¨ôeY©, wecÖ)
myeªvþYt (cÖK…ó ev †kªô eªvþY)
GLv‡b ÔmyÕ DcmM©wU cÖK…ó ev †kÖô eySv‡Z e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
AvL¨vZ (wµqv)-Gi †ÿ‡Î : cÖ- if& (ïiæ Kiv) + jU&-†Z = cÖvif‡Z (mg¨Kfv‡e ïiæ K‡i)
cÖ- åb&k& (bó Kiv) + ³ = cÖåóg& (mg¨K cwZZ ev bó)
cÖ- K…l& (Pvl Kiv) + ³ = cÖK…óg& (†kÖô) BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b ÔcÖÕ DcmM©wU mg¨K I †kÖô †evSv‡Z e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
D`vniY¸wj‡Z my I cÖ DcmM© bvg I AvL¨v‡Zi m‡½ hy³ n‡q G‡`i bvbvcÖKvi A_© cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q|
myZivs ejv hvq DcmM© bvgK c‡`i bvbvcÖKvi A_© Av‡Q|
wZwb (MvM©¨) Av‡iv Rvbv‡jbÑ bvg (cÖvwZcw`K) I AvL¨vZ (wµqv) †_‡K c„_Kfv‡e cÖhy³ n‡jI Dcm‡M©i
A_© _v‡K| wb‡¤œ †e` †_‡K Dchy³ D`vniY wb‡q welqwU ¯úó K‡i Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
Av Zz b B›`ª (F.ms. 1 / 10 / 11)
цn B›`ª ! kxNª Avgv‡`i wbK‡U G‡mv|
GLv‡b ÔAvÕ DcmM©wU bvg (B›`ª) I AvL¨vZ (Aby³ wµqv; AvM”QwZ) †_‡K c„_K cÖhy³ n‡q ÔmwbœKUÕ A‡_©
cÖ_‡g e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
Z`ªƒc,
hv Dc m~‡h© (F.ms. 1 / 23 / 17)
Ñhv (Rj) m~‡h©i mgx‡c Av‡Q|
GLv‡bI ÔDcÕ DcmM©wU bvg (m~h©) I AvL¨vZ (Aby³ wµqv; Aw¯Í) †_‡K c„_K cÖhy³ n‡q Ômgx‡cÕ A‡_©
g‡a¨ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
Z`ªƒc,
B‡›`ªv Mv Ave„‡Yv`c B‡›`ªv Mv Ave„‡Yvr Ac ( F.ms. 8 / 63 / 3)
ÑB›`ª †MvmKj Acve„Z K‡iwQ‡jb|
GLv‡bI ÔAcÕ DcmM©wU bvg (B›`ªt) I AvL¨vZ (Ave„‡Yvr) †_‡K c„_K cÖhy³ n‡q ÔAcve„ZÕ(Abve„Z) A‡_©
A‡šÍ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
38
D`vniY¸wj‡Z Av, Dc I Ac DcmM© bvg (cÖvwZcw`K) I AvL¨vZ (wµqv) †_‡K c„_Kfv‡e cÖhy³ n‡qI
A_© cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| myZivs ejv hvq c„_Kfv‡e cÖhy³ Dcm‡M©i A_© Av‡Q|
ÔDcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© Av‡QÕ welqwU `„óvšÍ w`‡q MvM©¨gZvej¤^xiv Z_v e¨vL¨vKv‡iiv eywS‡q‡Qb Gfv‡eÑ
1. cÖ`xc AÜKvi N‡ii e¯‘‡K †hgb cÖKvwkZ K‡i †Zgwb wb‡R‡KI cÖKvwkZ K‡i| cÖ`xc‡K cÖKvk Kivi
Rb¨ Avi GKUv cÖ`xc Avb‡Z nq bv| †Zgwb Dcm‡M©i wb‡Ri A_© cÖKvk Kivi ÿgZv Av‡Q| †mB ÿgZv
cÖKvwkZ nq, hLb DcmM© bvg (cÖvwZcw`K) I AvL¨v‡Zi (wµqv) A_© •ewkó¨ †evSvq| hw` Dcm‡M©i wbR¯^
†Kv‡bv A_© •ewkó¨ bv _vKZ, Zvn‡j bvg I AvL¨vZ c` A_© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Dcm‡M©i A‡cÿv KiZ bv
(Dch©y³ D`vniYmg~n Zvi cÖgvY)| avZzi A_© wµqvmvgvb¨, DcmM© Zvi wb‡Ri A‡_©i Øviv wµqvi we‡kl
iƒc A_© cÖKvk K‡i| wb‡¤œ welqwU wP‡Î cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv30 :
wPÎÑ 2 : eû e¯‘ _vKv AÜKvi M„‡n cÖ¾¡wjZ cÖ`xc
GLv‡b
avZz = AÜKvi M„‡n _vKv eû e¯‘
DcmM© = cÖ¾¡wjZ cÖ`xc
2. DcmM©¸wj e‡Y©i g‡Zv| Zviv e‡jb e‡Y©i g‡a¨ A_© cÖKvkbvi kw³ i‡q‡Q (A = weòz, eªþv; L =
AvKvk cÖf…wZ)| A‡bK eY© wgwjZ n‡q hLb A_©hy³ c` m„wó K‡i ZLb †evSv hvq †h e‡Y©i g‡a¨ †mB
we‡kl A_© cÖKvk Kivi ÿgZv wQj| A_©nxb e‡Y©i ms‡hv‡M A_©hy³ c` m„wó n‡Z cv‡i bv| †hgbÑ Kv‡jv
my‡Zv w`‡q mv`v Kvco nq bv, Kv‡jv KvcoB nq, †Zgwb A_©nxb eY© w`‡q A_©hy³ c` MwVZ nq bv|
†hgbÑ
39
B (=A_©hy³ ¯^ie‡Y©i 3q eY©) + (b& + `& + i& + A) [= A_©hy³ e¨ÄbeY© I ¯^ieY© ] = B›`ª + myc&
B›`ªt (A_© †`eivR)
B (¯^ie‡Y©i 3q eY©)
b& (e¨ÄbeY©)
B›`ª + myc&
`& (e¨ÄbeY©)
B›`ªt (A_© †`eivR)
i (e¨ÄbeY©)
A (¯^ie‡Y©i 1g eY©)
eY©
c`
,
Kv‡jv myZv
K‡jv Kvco
wPÎ : 2
mv`v Kvco
[ my-eªvþYt (†R¨ôeY©, wecÖ) myeªvþYt (cÖK…ó ev †kªô eªvþY)
GLv‡b ÔmyÕ DcmM©wU cÖK…ó ev †kÖô †evSv‡Z e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
cÖ- if& (ïiæ Kiv) + jU&-†Z = cÖvif‡Z (mg¨Kfv‡e ïiæ K‡i)
GLv‡b ÔcÖÕ DcmM©wU mg¨K †evSv‡Z e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| ]
GLv‡b Kv‡jv myZv w`‡q †hgb Kv‡jv Kvco n‡q‡Q †Zgwb A_©hy³ eY© w`‡q A_©hy³ c` [ B›`ªt (†`eivR) ]
m„wó n‡q‡Q| myZivs DcmM© A_©hy³ e‡Y©i g‡Zv| A_©vr Dcm‡M©i A_© Av‡Q|
3. DcmM©¸wj gvwUi †Xjvi g‡Zv| gvwUi †Xjv w`‡q hLb NU cÖ¯‘Z nq ZLb †evSv hvq †h gvwUi g‡a¨ NU
•Zwii ÿgZv Av‡Q| Z`ªƒc DcmM© w`‡q hLb c` m„wó Kiv nq ZLb †evSv hvq †h Dcm‡M©i g‡a¨ c` m„wói
ÿgZv Av‡Q| myZivs Dcm‡M©i A_© Av‡Q| wb‡¤œ welqwU wP‡Î cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv 31:
40
gvwUi †Xjv
NU
wPÎÑ 3 : gvwUi †Xjv †_‡K NU cÖ¯‘Z
[ cÖ- if& (ïiæ Kiv) + jU&-†Z = cÖvif‡Z (mg¨Kfv‡e ïiæ K‡i)
GLv‡b ÔcÖÕ DcmM©wU mg¨K †evSv‡Z e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|]
GLv‡b N‡Ui g‡a¨ gvwUi †Xjvi ÿgZv †hgb we`¨gvb †Zgwb DcmM©hy³ c‡`i g‡a¨ Dcm‡M©i ÿgZv
we`¨gvb| myZivs Dcm‡M©i A_© Av‡Q|
4. e¨vL¨vKv‡iiv (MvM©¨ gZvej¤^xiv) Av‡iv e‡jb, Aeqex (= c~Y©vsk) Aeq‡ei (= Ac~Y©vsk) ag©msµvšÍ
n‡eÑ A_©vr Dch©y³ Aeqex Ôc`Õ(= B›`ªt),ÔKv‡jv KvcoÕ,ÔNUÕ Aeqe ÔeY©Õ,ÔKv‡jvmy‡ZvÕ ÔgvwUi †XjvÕ-i
ag©msµvšÍ n‡eÑ GUvB wbqg| ZvB DcmM©hy³ c`I Aeqe Dcm‡M©i ag©msµvšÍ n‡e G‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n
†bB| wb‡¤œ welqwU wP‡Î cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv :
41
B›`ªt
B + b& + `& + i
eY©
c`
Kv‡jv myZv
Kv‡jv Kvco
gvwUi †Xjv
NU
[ Aeqe ]
[ Aeqex ]
[ my-eªvþYt (†R¨ôeY©, eªvþY) = myeªvþYt (†kÖô eªvþY), we- wR (Rq Kiv ) + jU&-†Z = weRq‡Z
(we‡klfv‡e Rq K‡i) ]
wPÎÑ 4 : Aeqe †_‡K Aeqex •Zwi
42
•ew`K Dcm‡M©i A_©wePv‡i hv¯‹ cÖ`Ë e³e¨
Dcm‡M©i A_©eËv Av‡Q bv †bB GB wel‡q cÖvPxb fvi‡Z kvKUvqb I MvM©¨ bvgK AvPvh©Øq ci¯úi we‡ivax
gZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| Aciw`‡K AvPvh© hv¯‥ kvKUvqb I Mv‡M©¨i gZev‡`i g‡a¨ Mv‡M©¨i gZev`‡KB mg_©b
K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr Dcm‡M©i c„_K A_©eËv Av‡Q Zv wZwb (hv¯‥) ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| wZwb µgk kvKUvqb I
Mv‡M©¨i e³e¨‡K wewfbœ hyw³i gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, DcmM©¸wji g‡a¨ bvg (cÖvwZcw`K) I
AvL¨v‡Zi (wµqv) weK…wZ NUvevi A_© eZ©gvb Av‡Q| †mB A_©‡K DcmM©B cÖKvk K‡i| ZvB wZwb e‡jbÑ
Z`& h Gly c`v_©t cÖvûwi‡g Zr bvgvL¨vZ‡qvi_©weKiYg& \32 (wbiæ³, 1 / 4 / 7)
Dcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_©cÖKvk ÿgZv Av‡Q e‡jB bvg I AvL¨v‡Zi A_©‡K Zviv wecixZ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb
Dcm‡M©i Kx A_© Ges Zv Kxfv‡e bvg I AvL¨v‡Zi A_©‡K cv‡ë †`q Zv hv¯‥ Zuvi Ôwbiæ³Õ MÖ‡š’ 1 / 4 /
8 m~Î †_‡K 1 / 4 / 22 ch©šÍ 15wU m~‡Îi gva¨‡g (ÔAvÕ †_‡K ÔAwaÕ ch©šÍ 20wU Dcm‡M©i A_©) cÖ`k©b
K‡i‡Qb|33 D‡jøL¨ †h, Dcm‡M©i bvbv_© †hgb Av‡Q, †Zgwb GKwU K‡i A_©I (cÖavb A_©) Av‡Q| cÖvq
cÖ‡Z¨KwU Dcm‡M©i GKwU ev cÖavb A_©wU m~θwj‡Z Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ
1. Av BZ¨e©vM‡_© \ 1 / 4 / 8
ÔAvÕ GB DcmM©wU mwbœKU A_© eySv‡Z e¨eüZ nq| †hgbÑ
hv + †jvU&-wn = hvwn (hvI)
wKš‘ Av- hv + †jvU&-wn = Avhvwn (mwbœK‡U ev Kv‡Q G‡mv)
2. cÖcivZ¨m¨ cÖvwZ‡jvg¨g& \ 1 / 4 / 9
cÖ Ges civ GB DcmM© `ywU ÔAvÕ GB Dcm‡M©i wecixZ A_© A_©vr wecÖK…ó ev `~‡i P‡j hvIqv eySvq|
†hgbÑ
Mg& + ³ = MZ +myc& = MZt (wM‡q‡Q)
wKš‘ cÖ / civ- Mg& + ³ = cÖMZ / civMZ + myc& = cÖMZt / civMZt ( `~is MZt = `~‡i wM‡q‡Q)
3. AfxZ¨vwfgyL¨g& \ 1 / 4 / 10
ÔAwfÕ DcmM©wU AvwfgyL¨ A_©vr m¤§yL A_© cÖKvk K‡i| †hgbÑ
Mg& + ³ = MZ + myc& = MZt (wM‡q‡Q)
wKš‘ Awf- Mg& + ³ = AwfMZ + myc& = AwfMZt (m¤§y‡L / mgxceZ©x wM‡q‡Q)
43
4. cÖZx‡Z¨Zm¨ cÖvwZ‡jvg¨g& \ 1 / 4 / 11
ÔcÖwZÕ DcmM©wU ÔAwfÕ Dcm‡M©i wecixZ A_© A_©vr wd‡i `~‡i P‡j hvIqv A_© cÖKvk K‡i| †hgbÑ
Mg& + ³ = MZ + myc& = MZt (wM‡q‡Q)
wKš‘ cÖwZ- Mg& + ³ = cÖwZMZ + myc& = cÖwZMZt (wd‡i `~‡i P‡j †M‡Q)
5. AwZ my BZ¨wfc~Rv‡_© \ 1 / 4 / 12
ÔAwZÕ Ges ÔmyÕ GB DcmM© `ywU Awfc~wRZ A_©vr cÖk¯Í¨ ev AvwaK¨ A_© eySv‡Z e¨eüZ nq| †hgbÑ
abg& (weË, m¤úwË)
[ ab + myc& = abg& ]
wKš‘ AwZ-abg& = AwZabg& (cÖk¯Íab, †kÖô abhy³)
eªvþYt (†R¨ôeY©, wecÖ)
[ eªvþY + myc& = eªvþYt ]
wKš‘ my-eªvþYt = myeªvþYt (c~wRZ eªvþY ev cÖk¯ÍeªvþY ev †kÖôeªvþY)
my-¯’t = my¯t’ (bx‡ivM)
[ my- ¯’v + W = my¯t’ (bx‡ivM)]
6. wb`©ywi‡Z¨Z‡qvt cÖvwZ‡jvg¨g& \ 1 / 4 / 13
Ôwbi& Õ Ges Ô`yi&Õ GB DcmM© `ywU h_vµ‡g AwZ I my GB DcmM© `ywUi wecixZ A_© A_©vr cÖvk‡¯Í¨i ev
Avwa‡K¨i nxbZv‡K cÖKvk K‡i| †hgbÑ
abg& (weË, m¤úwË)
wKš‘ wbi&-abg& = wba©bg& (hvi me ab bó n‡q †M‡Q)
eªvþYt (†R¨ôeY©, wecÖ)
wKš‘ `yi-& eªvþYt = `ye©ªvþYt (ev‡R wecÖ ev wbK…ó eªvþY)
`yi-& ¯’t = `yt¯’t (hvi wKQz †bB) [ `yi& - ¯’v + W = `y¯t’ , `yt¯’t (`wi`ª) ]
GLv‡b jÿYxq, AwZ, my , wbi&, `yi& cÖf…wZ DcmM©¸wj bvg (cÖvwZcw`K )ÑGi c~‡e©I e¨eüZ nq|
7. b¨‡ewZ wewbMÖnv_©x‡q․ \ 1 / 4 / 14
ÔwbÕ Ges ÔAeÕ DcmM© `ywU wewbMÖnv_©K ev wb‡ivav_©K ev eÜbv_©K ev bx‡Pi w`‡K A_© cÖKvk K‡i|
†hgbÑ
MÖn& + jU&-wZ = M„nèvwZ (MÖnY K‡i)
wKš‘ wb- MÖn& + jU&-wZ = wbM„nvè wZ (bx‡Pi w`‡K)
Ae- MÖn&+ jU&-wZ = AeM„nèvwZ (bx‡Pi w`‡K)
8. Dw`‡Z¨Z‡qvt cÖvwZ‡jvg¨g& \ 1 / 4 / 15
ÔD`&Õ GB DcmM©wU wb Ges Ae DcmM© `ywUi wecixZ A_© A_©vr Dc‡ii w`‡K DV‡Q eySvq| †hgbÑ
Mg& + ³ = MZ + myc& = MZt (wM‡q‡Q)
D`&- Mg& + ³ = D`MZ + myc& = D`&MZt (Dc‡ii w`‡K DV‡Q)
44
9. mwg‡Z¨Kxfveg& \ 1 / 4/ 16
Ômg&Õ GB DcmM©wU wgjb ev wgkÖY ev GKxfve A_© cÖKvk K‡i| †hgbÑ
MÖn& + jU&-wZ = M„nèvwZ (MÖnY K‡i)
wKš‘ mg&- MÖn& + jU&-wZ = msM„nèvwZ (GK‡Î MÖnY K‡i )
10. e¨‡c‡Z¨Zm¨ cÖvwZ‡jvg¨g& \ 1 / 4/ 17
ÔweÕ Ges ÔAcÕ DcmM© `ywU mg& Dcm‡M©i wecixZ A_© A_©vr Awgjb ev AwgkÖY A_© cÖKvk K‡i| †hgbÑ
MÖn& + jU&-wZ = M„nèvwZ (MÖnY K‡i)
wKš‘ we / Ac- MÖn& + jU&-wZ = weM„nèvwZ / AcM„nèvwZ (wewQbœ K‡i)
11. Awš^wZ mv`„k¨vcifveg& \ 1 / 4/ 18
ÔAbyÕ GB DcmM©wU mv`„k¨ A_© Ges cðv`&fve A_©‡K cÖKvk K‡i| †hgbÑ
Mg& + jU&-wZ = M”QwZ (hvq / hv‡”Q)
wKš‘ Aby- Mg& + jU&-wZ = AbyM”QwZ (wcQ‡b wcQ‡b hv‡”Q)
iƒcg& (¯^iƒc ev ¯^fve)
[ iƒc + myc& = iƒcg& ]
Aby-iƒcg& = Abyiƒcg& (iƒ‡ci m`„k)
12. AcxwZ msmM©g& \ 1 / 4/ 19
ÔAwcÕ GB DcmM©wU msmM© A_©vr m¤^Ü ev mgy”Pq eySvq| †hgbÑ
m¤^Ü : mwc©‡lv ’ wc m¨vr|
ÑN„‡Zi we›`yI _vK‡Z cv‡i|
[ mwc©lt + Awc = mwc©‡lv ’ wc ]
mgy”Pq : Awc wm Awc ¯‘wn|
ÑwmÂbI K‡iv ¯ÍeI K‡iv|
[ Awc- wmP& + †jvU&-wn = Awc wmÂ; Awc- ¯‘ + †jvU&-wn = Awc ¯‘wn ]
GLv‡b cÖ_g D`vni‡Y N„Z `yj©f e‡j Zvi m‡½ m¤^Ü eySv‡Z ÔAwcÕ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Avi wØZxq D`vni‡Y
ÔAwcÕ wm I ¯‘wn c` `ywUi mgy”Pq eySv‡”Q|
13. D‡cZz¨cRbg& \ 1 / 4/ 20
ÔDcÕ GB DcmM©wU AvwaK¨ ev mgyrcwË A_© eySvq| †hgbÑ
Rb& + jU&-†Z = Rvq‡Z (Drcbœ nq / n‡”Q)
wKš‘ Dc- Rb& + jU&-†Z = DcRvq‡Z (†ewk K‡i Drcbœ n‡”Q)
14. cixwZ me©‡Zvfveg& \ 1 / 4/ 21
ÔcwiÕ GB DcmM©wU Pviw`‡K ev mew`‡K eySvq| †hgbÑ
ave& + jU&-wZ = avewZ (†`․ov‡”Q)
wKš‘ cwi- ave& + jU&-wZ = cwiavewZ (Pvwiw`‡K †`․ov‡”Q)
45
15. AaxZz¨cwifve‣gk¦h©s ev \ 1 / 4/ 22
ÔAwaÕ GB DcmM©wU Dc‡i Aew¯’Z ev AvwacZ¨ eySvq| †hgbÑ
¯’v + jU&-wZ = wZôwZ (Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q)
wKš‘ Awa- ¯’v + jU&-wZ = AwawZôwZ (Dc‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q)
G Av‡jvPbv †k‡l wbiæ³Kvi hv¯‥ e‡j‡Qb GKwU Dcm‡M©i bvbv A_© n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ wZwb G‡ÿ‡Î mg¯Í
cÖKvi A_© bv †`wL‡q †Kej GKwU K‡i A_© (cÖavb A_©) Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi KviY Dcm‡M©i A_© Av‡Q
GUzKz †`Lv‡bvB Zuvi D‡Ïk¨| Z‡e wZwb m~Îv‡šÍ e‡j‡Qb, DcmM©¸wji bvbv A_© _vK‡jI †mB A_© eyw× w`‡q
wePvi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| ZvB D³ nqÑ
Gegy”PvePvb_©vb&Ñ cÖvû¯Í D‡cwÿZe¨vt \34 (wbiæ³, 1 / 4 / 23)
GK bR‡i hv¯‥ cÖ`Ë Dcm‡M©i cÖavb A_©
1. Av (mwbœKU)
4. Awf (m¤§yL)
6. AwZ
7. my
(cÖk¯Í¨ ev AvwaK¨)
10. wb
11. Ae (wewbMÖn)
13. mg& (wgjb ev wgkÖY)
16. Aby (mv`„k¨ Ges cðv`&fve)
18. Dc (AvwaK¨ ev mgyrcwË )
20. Awa (Aew¯’Z ev AvwacZ¨)
2. cÖ
3. civ (wecÖK…ó)
5. cÖwZ (`~‡i P‡j hvIqv)
8. wbi&
9. `yi& (cÖk¯Í¨ ev Avwa‡K¨i nxbZv)
12. D`& (Dc‡ii w`‡K DV‡Q)
14. we
15. Ac (Awgjb ev AwgkÖY)
17. Awc (m¤^Ü ev mgy”Pq)
19. cwi (Pviw`‡K ev mew`‡K)
G Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi MvM©¨ kvKUvq‡bi AwfgZ ÔDcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© †bBÕÑG K_v hyw³hy³
g‡b K‡ib bv| wZwb †m․Rb¨mnKv‡i c‡ivÿfv‡e Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib| wZwb Dchy³ hyw³mnKv‡i Zv LÐb
K‡i m¤ú~Y© bZzb cš’vq ÔDcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© Av‡QÕ Zv Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| cieZ©x mg‡q hv¯‥ Mv‡M©¨i Abym„Z
AwfgZ‡K Av‡iv kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ m¤ú~Y© weÁvb-m¤§Z cš’vq ÔDcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© Av‡QÕ Zv Dc¯’vcb
K‡i myax-mgv‡Ri `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î AvwgI AvPvh© MvM©¨ I wbiæ³Kvi hv‡¯‥i ÔDcm‡M©i wbR¯^
A_© Av‡QÕ m¤úwK©Z gZev`‡K hyw³hy³ g‡b Kwi Ges mg_©b Kwi | A_©vr Dcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© Av‡Q Ges
Giv avZzi A_©‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
46
•ew`K DcmM© e¨env‡ii wbqg
•ew`K fvlvq Dcm‡M©i •ewPΨc~Y© e¨envi †`Lv hvq| GLv‡b DcmM©¸wj wµqvi m‡½ m¤úK© †i‡L
h‡_”Qfv‡e (B”Qvg‡Zv) e¨eüZ nq| A_©vr †Kv‡bv aiveuvav wbq‡g e¨eüZ nq bv| •ew`‡K DcmM©¸wj avZzi
c~‡e© ev c‡i ev mshy³fv‡e A_ev wehy³fv‡e A_ev Ab¨c` ev c`mg~‡ni e¨eav‡b e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| 35
†e‡` Dcm‡M©i e¨envi‡K wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e mvRv‡bv hvqÑ
K) ¯^vZš¿¨
i) wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©
ii) wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c‡i
iii) e¨eav‡b e‡m
L) Dcm‡M©i cÖZ¨qMÖnY (ev avZzi A_© cÖKvk)
M) Dcm‡M©i Av‡¤ªob (ev Dcm‡M©i wØZ¡ ev wØiæw³)
N) Dcm‡M©i Ave„wË
O) Dcm‡M©i mgy”Pq ev mgevq
P) cÖavbev‡K¨ Dcm‡M©i mgvm
Q) AcÖavbev‡K¨ Dcm‡M©i mgvm
R) DcmM© Øviv wµqvi A_© Bw½Zjf¨ (DcmM©‡hv‡M †hvM¨wµqva¨vnvit|)
S) DcmM© Øviv †hvM¨wµqvi A_© Aa¨vnvi (DcmM©kÖæ‡Z‡h©vM¨wµqva¨vnvit|)
wb‡¤œ †e‡` DcmM© e¨env‡ii wbqgmg~n Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
K) ¯^vZš¿¨
i) wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©
1. †Z cÖvM&av‡Zvt (cv.1 / 4 / 80)|
[ †Z = DcmM©vt ]
†e‡` MwZ Z_v DcmM© avZzi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© wehy³ (we”Qbœ) I mshy³ (wgwjZ) Ae¯’vq e‡m| †hgbÑ
giæw™¢iMœ Av Mwn (F. ms. 1 / 19 / 8)
цn AwMœ ! giæ`&M‡Yi m‡½ G‡mv|
[ Av + Mwn = Av Mwn ]
b‡gv fišÍ Ggwm (F. ms. 1 / 1 / 7)
цZvgvi Kv‡Q Avgiv bg¯‥vi wb‡q Avwm|
[ Av + Bgwm = Ggwm ]
AbyiƒcÑ
An‡ge evZ Be cÖ evwg (F. ms. 10 / 125 / 8)
ÑAvwgB mKj fzeb wbg©vY Ki‡Z Ki‡Z evqyi b¨vq engvb nB|
[ cÖ + evwg = cÖ evwg ]
47
g‡l©v b †hvlvg‡f¨wZ cðvr (F. ms. 10 / 125 / 8)
ÑZiæY †hiƒc ZiæYxi cðvr Mgb K‡i, †miƒc `xwßgvb m~h© Dlvi cðv‡Z Avm‡Qb|
[ Awf + GwZ = A‡f¨wZ ]
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k Av, cÖ I Awf DcmM© wµqvi m‡½ m¤úK© †i‡L Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© wehy³ I mshy³ Ae¯’vq
e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q (mwÜ n‡q‡Q, mgvm bq)|
D‡jøL¨, †j․wKK ms¯‥…‡Z (we‡kl †ÿÎ Qvov) DcmM© †Kej avZzi Ae¨ewnZ (e¨eavbnxb, msjMœ) c~‡e©
e¨eüZ n‡q avZzi A_©‡K cwieZ©b K‡i| †m‡ÿ‡ÎI D³ m~ÎwU e¨eüZ nq| wØZxq Aa¨v‡q we¯Í…Z Av‡jvwPZ
n‡e|
ii) wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c‡i
2. Q›`wm c‡i ’ wc (cv. 1 / 4 / 81 )|
†e‡` MwZ Z_v DcmM© avZzi Ae¨ewnZ c‡i wehy³ (we”Qbœ) I mshy³ (wgwjZ) Ae¯’vq e‡m| †hgbÑ
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq DcmM©¸wj avZzi c‡iI e‡m| †hgbÑ
R‡qg ms hywa ¯ú„a©t (F. ms. 1 / 8 / 3 )
Ñ(B›`ª) ¯úwa©Z‡`i cy‡iv wR‡Z †be hy‡×| / hy‡× ¯úa©vhy³ kÎæ‡K Rq Kie|
[ R‡qg mg& = R‡qg mg& ]
gv †bv †Nv‡iY PiZvwf a„òz (F. ms. 10 / 34 / 14) [ PiZ Awf = Awf-PiZ ]
цn AwfPvi (`~¨ZKvi) ! †Rvi K‡i †Nvi †Kv‡iv bv|
[ PiZ + Awf = PiZvwf ]
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k mg& I Awf DcmM© wµqvi m‡½ m¤úK© †i‡L Ae¨ewnZ c‡i wehy³ I mshy³ Ae¯’vq
e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
iii) e¨eav‡b e‡m
3. e¨ewnZvð (cv. 1 / 4 / 82 )|
A‡bK mgq DcmM© I avZzi g‡a¨ Ab¨ c‡`i ev c`mg~‡ni e¨eavb _v‡K| †hgbÑ
Dc Z¡v‡Mœ w`‡ew`‡e
†`vlve¯Í wa©qv eqg&|
b‡gv fišÍ Ggwm \ (F. ms. 1 / 1 / 7)
цn AwMœ ! Avgiv w`‡b w`‡b w`bivZ g‡bi mv‡_ bg¯‥vi m¤úv`b K‡i †Zvgvi mgx‡c AvmwQ|
[ Dc-Av-Bgwm = Dc-Ggwm = D‣cgwm ]
A_ev,
ms †ev gbvswm RvbZvg& (F. ms. 10 / 191 / 2)
цZvgv‡`i (¯ÍeKZ©vMY) gb ci¯úi GKgZ †nvK|
[ mg&-RvbZvg& = msRvbZvg& ]
GLv‡b mswnZv I mswnZvs‡k Dc I mg& DcmM© wµqvi m‡½ m¤úK© †i‡L e¨eavbwewkó n‡q e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
48
AbyiƒcÑ
c‡i| e¨ewnZ (e¨eavbwewkó)
mP Gly me‡bly Av (F. ms. 10 / 191 / 1)
ÑGme me‡b (†mvgim cv‡b) G‡mv|
[ Av mP ]
we †R¨vwZlv e„nZv fvZ¨wMœt
Avwewe©k¦vwb KzYy‡Z gwnZ¡v| (F. ms. 5 / 2 / 9)
ÑAwMœ gnr †ZR Øviv `xwß cv‡”Qb| wZwb gwngve‡j c`v_©mg~n‡K cÖKvwkZ K‡ib|
[ we fvwZ ]
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k Av I we DcmM© wµqvi m‡½ m¤úK© †i‡L e¨eavbwewkó n‡q e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
L) Dcm‡M©i cÖZ¨qMÖnY (ev avZzi A_© cÖKvk)
1. DcmM©v”Q›`wm avZ¡‡_© (cv. 5 / 1 / 118)|
wµqvwenxb DcmM© avZzi A_© cÖKvk Ki‡j †mB Dcm‡M©i DËi ¯^v‡_© ÔewZÕ (= er) cÖZ¨q nq| †hgbÑ
hvwZ †`et cÖeZv hvZz¨ØZv
Av †`‡ev hvwZ mweZv civeZt| (F. ms. 1 / 35 / 3)
Ñmy`~i †_‡K Avm‡Qb †`e mweZv P‡j‡Qb PovB DrovB †e‡q|
[ cÖMZv Ge = cÖ + ewZ = cÖer, cÖeZv (cÖMZ A‡_©)
D˜MZv Ge = D`& + ewZ = DØr, DØZv (D`&MZ A‡_©)
civMZv Ge = civ + ewZ = civer, civeZt (civMZ A‡_©) ]
h`y؇Zv wbe‡Zv hvwm eár (F. ms. 10 / 142 / 4)
= h`& D؇Zv wbe‡Zv hvwm ec&mr|
Ñ(AwMœ) PovB DrovB †e‡q DuPy-wbPz me †cvov‡Z-†cvov‡Z hLb P‡jv|
[ D˜MZv Ge = D`& + ewZ = DØr, DØZt (D`&MZ A‡_©)
wbMZv Ge = wb + ewZ = wber, wbeZt (wbM©Z A‡_©) ]
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k cÖ ,D`&, civ I wb wµqvwenxb DcmM© avZzi A_© (cÖMZ, D˜MZ, civMZ I wbM©Z) cÖKvk
Kivq G‡`i DËi ¯^v‡_© ÔewZÕ (= er) cÖZ¨q n‡q‡Q|
M) Dcm‡M©i Av‡¤ªob (ev Dcm‡M©i wØZ¡ ev wØiæw³)
1. cÖmgy‡cv`t cv`c~i‡Y (cv. 8 / 1 / 6)|
cv`c~i‡Yi Rb¨ †e‡` †KejgvÎ cÖ, mg&, Dc Ges D`&Ñ GB PviwU Dcm‡M©i wØZ¡ ev wØiæw³ cÖ‡qvM nq|
†hgbÑ
cÖ : cÖcÖvqgwMœf©iZm¨ k„‡Y¦ (F. ms. 7 / 8 / 4)
= cÖ-cÖ-Aqg& AwMœt fiZm¨ k„‡Y¦
ÑwZwb (AwMœ) fiZKZ…©K cÖw_Z nb|
49
mg& : msmwg`&hye‡m e„lY& (F. ms. 10 / 191 / 1)
= ms mg& B`& hye‡m e„lY&
ÑZzwg (AwMœ) mKj cÖvYxi mv‡_ we‡kliƒ‡c wgwkÖZ AvQ|
Dc : D‡cvc‡g civg„k gv †g `åvwY gb¨_vt (F. ms. 1 / 126 / 7 )
= Dc-Dc †g civg„k gv †g `åvwY gb¨_vt
ÑwbK‡U G‡m we‡kliƒ‡c ¯úk© K‡iv| Avgvi (†jvgkv Fwl) A‡½ †jvg Aí
g‡b K‡iv bv|
D`& : wKs †bv`y`y nl©‡m `vZev D (F. ms. 4 / 21 / 9)
= wKs b-D`&-D`&-D nl©‡m `vZev D
цKb Zzwg (B›`ª) Avgv‡`i ab `vb Ki‡Z üó n”Q bv ?
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k cv`c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ, mg&, Dc Ges D`&Ñ GB PviwU Dcm‡M©i wØZ¡ ev wØiæw³ cÖ‡qvM
n‡q‡Q|
N) Dcm‡M©i Ave„wË
†e‡` A‡bK mgq GKB Dcm‡M©i cybive„wË nq| †hgbÑ
wb MÖvgv‡mv AweÿZ
wb c؇šÍv wb cwÿYt|
wb †k¨bvmwð`w_©bt \ (F. ms. 10 / 127 / 5)
ÑMÖvgmg~n wb¯Íä n‡q‡Q, cv`Pvixiv, cÿxiv, kxNªMvgx †k¨biv mKjB wb¯Íä n‡q kqb K‡i‡Q|
A`¨v †`ev Dw`Zv m~h©m¨
wbisnmt wcc„Zv wbie`¨vr (F. ms. 1 / 115 /6)
= A`¨v †`ev Dw`Zv m~h©m¨ wbi& Asnmt wcc„Zv wbi& Ae`¨vr
цn †`eMY ! A`¨ m~‡h©i D`‡q Avgv‡`i cvc n‡Z gy³ K‡iv|
ms M”Q¯^ wcZ…wft ms h‡gb (F. ms. 10 / 14 / 8)
ÑwgwjZ nI wcZ…M‡Yi m‡½, h‡gi m‡½|
GLv‡b mswnZv I mswnZvs‡k wb, wbi& I mg& GKB Dcm‡M©i GKvwaKevi Ave„wË n‡q‡Q|
O) Dcm‡M©i mgy”Pq ev mgevq
†e‡` A‡bK mgq GKwU DcmM© Øviv mgy”Pq ev mgevq cÖKvk cvq| †hgbÑ
†hv wek¦vwf weck¨wZ [ Awf ]
fzebv ms P ck¨wZ| [ mg& ]
m bt c~lvweZv fzer \ (F. ms. 3 / 62 / 9)
цh c~lv wek¦RMr we‡kliƒ‡c `k©b K‡ib, †m c~lv Avgv‡`i iÿK †nvb|
GLv‡b mswnZvq Awf I mg& DcmM©Øq Øviv mgy”Pq ev mgevq cÖKvk cvq|
50
Avevi,
Pÿz‡b©v †awn Pÿz‡l
Pÿzwe©‣L Zb~f¨t|
ms †P`s we P c‡k¨g \ (F. ms. 10 / 158 / 4) [ mg& I we ]
Ñ (m~h©) †PvL‡K †PvL `vI †`Lvi †`wL wewPÎ G-GK‡K| Zby‡Z Zby‡Z †PvL-†`Lvi|
GLv‡bI mswnZvq mg& I we DcmM©Øq Øviv mgy”Pq ev mgevq eySvq|
P) cÖavbev‡K¨ Dcm‡M©i mgvm
cÖavbev‡K¨ K…`‡šÍi m‡½ Dcm‡M©i A‡bK mgvm nq| †hgbÑ
¯§q‡Z wefvZx (F. ms. 1 / 92 / 6 )
ÑdzU‡Z dzU‡Z (Dlv / Elv) nvm‡Qb|
[ we- fv + kZ… + Oxc& = wefvZx ]
b `yiæ³vq ¯ú„n‡qr (F. ms. 1 / 41 / 9)
ÑhRgvb c‡ii wb›`v Ki‡Z fq K‡i|
[ `yt- eP& + ³ = `yiæ³, `yiæ³ + PZz_©xi GKePb (†O) = `yiæ³vq ]
m~‣³iwf M„Yxgwm (F. ms. 1 / 42 / 10) BZ¨vw`|
ÑAvgiv m~³ (mr ePb / †e`gš¿) Øviv ¯‘wZ Kwi|
[ my- eP& + ³ =m~³, m~³ + Z„Zxqvi eûePb (wfm&) = m~‣³t ]
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k cÖavbev‡K¨ we, `yi& I my Dcm‡M©i m‡½ K…`‡šÍi mgvm n‡q‡Q|
D‡jøL¨, cÖavbev‡K¨ wZO‡šÍi m‡½ Dcm‡M©i mgvm nq bv| †hgbÑ
giæw™¢iMœ Av Mwn (F. ms. 1 / 19 / 8) BZ¨vw`|
цn AwMœ ! giæ`&M‡Yi m‡½ G‡mv|
[ Mg& + †jvU&-wn = Mwn ]
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k cÖavbev‡K¨ Av Dcm‡M©i m‡½ wZO‡šÍi (Mwn) mgvm nqwb|
jÿYxq, wZO& ev K…r †hv‡Mi Av‡MB Dcm‡M©i m‡½ avZzi mgvm nq|
Q) AcÖavbev‡K¨ Dcm‡M©i mgvm
AcÖavbev‡K¨ Dcm‡M©i m‡½ wZO‡šÍi mgvm nq| †hgbÑ
hÎv bt c~‡e© wcZit c‡iqyt (F. ms. 10 / 14 / 2 )
цh c_ w`‡q †M‡Q †gv‡`i wcZ…cyiæl|
[ civ Cqyt = c‡iqyt ]
51
h¯§vbœ F‡Z weRq‡šÍ Rbvmt (F. ms. 2 / 12 / 9)
Ñhuv‡K (B›`ª) Qvov †jv‡K weRqx nq bv|
[ we- wR + jU&-A‡šÍ = we-Rq‡šÍ = weRq‡šÍ ]
hv wefvwm (F. ms. 1 / 92 / 8)
Ñ(†n Dlv !) †h-Zzwg we‡klfv‡e `xwß cv”Q|
[ we- fv + jU&-wm = we-fvwm = wefvwm ]
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k AcÖavbev‡K¨ civ I we Dcm‡M©i m‡½ wZO‡šÍi mgvm n‡q‡Q|
D‡jøL¨, AcÖavbev‡K¨ DcmM©wfbœ MwZi m‡½ wZO‡šÍi mgvm `yj©f| Z‡e K…`‡šÍi m‡½ DcmM©wfbœ MwZi
A‡bK mgvm nq| †hgbÑ
AwMœgx‡j cy‡ivwnZg& (F. ms. 1 / 1 / 1)
ÑAwMœ h‡Ái cy‡ivwnZ|
[ cyit (m¤§y‡L)- av + ³ cyit + wnZ = cy‡ivwnZ, cy‡ivwnZ + myc& = cy‡ivwnZg& ]
Glv †e¨bx fewZ wØen©v
Avwe®‥…Y¦vbv Zš^s cyi¯Ívr| (F. ms. 5 / 80 / 4)
Ñc~e©w`K n‡Z wbRg~wZ© cÖKvwkZ K‡i wbiwZkq ïåvK…wZ Elv m¤úªwZ eªþvЇK cÖ‡evwaZ K‡i|
[ Avwet (cÖKv‡k¨)- K… + kvbP& = Avwel& + K…Y¦vb = Avwe®‥…Y¦vb + Uvc& = Avwe®‥…Y¦vbv, Avwe®‥…Y¦vbv + myc& =
Avwe®‥…Y¦vbv ]
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k AcÖavbev‡K¨ DcmM©wfbœ MwZ cyit, Avwet-Gi m‡½ K…`‡šÍi mgvm n‡q‡Q|
R) DcmM© Øviv wµqvi A_© Bw½Zjf¨
†e‡` GgbI cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq †hLv‡b wµqv †bB A_P DcmM© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| wµqvi A_© †mLv‡b
Bw½Zjf¨| [ ¯§iYxq, ÔDcmM©‡hv‡M †hvM¨wµqva¨vnvit|Õ ] †hgbÑ
Av Zz b B›`ª †K․wkK g›`mvbt myZs wce (F. ms. 1 / 10 / 11)
цn B›`ª ! kxNª Avgv‡`i wbK‡U G‡mv| †n KzwkK cyÎ ! üó n‡q AwflyZ †mvg cvb K‡iv|
[ Av Dcm‡M©i A_©Ñ AvM”Q (= G‡mv) ]
hv Dc m~‡h© (F. ms. 1 / 23 / 17)
Ñhv (Rj) m~‡h©i mgx‡c Av‡Q|
[ Dc Dcm‡M©i A_©Ñ mgx‡c Av‡Q ]
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k Av I Dc DcmM© wµqvwfbœ Ae¯’vq e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| G‡`i Øviv wµqvi A_© Bw½Zjf¨|
52
S) DcmM© Øviv †hvM¨wµqvi A_© Aa¨vnvi
†e‡` KL‡bv ev DcmM© we‡kl †Kv‡bv avZzi m‡½ GKevi e¨eüZ nq, wKš‘ c‡i †Kej Dcm‡M©i D‡jøL †`Lv
hvq, avZz Avi e¨envi Kiv nq bv| cÖm½ †_‡K †mLv‡b †hvM¨wµqvi A_© Aa¨vnvi K‡i wb‡Z nq|[ ¯§iYxq,
ÔDcmM©kÖæ‡Z‡h©vM¨wµqva¨vnvit|Õ ] †hgbÑ
wb MÖvg‡mv AweÿZ
wb c؇šÍv wb cwÿYt|
wb †k¨bvmwð`w_©bt\ (F. ms. 10 / 127 / 5)
Ñ(†n ivwÎ! †Zvgvi †Kv‡j) MÖvgmg~n wb¯Íä n‡q‡Q, cv`Pvixiv, cÿxiv, kxNªMvgx †k¨biv
mK‡jB wb¯Íä n‡q kqb K‡i‡Q|
[ Ae- Cÿ& + ³ = AweÿZ, AweÿZ + myc& = AweÿZt ]
wbisnmt wcc„Zv wbie`¨vr (F. ms. 1 / 115 / 6)
Ñ(m~h©) Avgv‡`i cvc n‡Z gy³ K‡iv|
[ wbi&-e`& + Avkxwj©O&-hvr = wbie`¨vr ]
GLv‡b mswnZv I mswnZvs‡k wb / Ae I wbi& DcmM© GKevi avZzi m‡½ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ c‡i †Kej
Dcm‡M©i D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| avZz Avi e¨envi Kiv nqwb| cÖm½ †_‡K †hvM¨wµqvi A_© Aa¨vnvi Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
Dcm‡M©i Av‡iv wKQz we‡kl e¨envi
cÖ-cÖf…wZ wbcvZ GKw`‡K †hgb Dcm‡M©i KvR K‡i Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb MwZiI KvR K‡i| G wbcvZ‡K
DcmM© I MwZ msÁv wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ G‡`i gva¨‡g †hme Kvh© mvwaZ nq †m¸wj n‡jv36 :
K) DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q
L) DcmM© Øviv mwÜ-wbqš¿Y
M) MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y
N) DcmM© wefw³i KviY
O) MwZ Øviv •ew`K-¯^‡ii wbqš¿Y
K) DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q
†e‡` cÖ-cÖf…wZ wbcvZ ev Ae¨q‡K DcmM© msÁv Kivi Rb¨ hZ¸wj cÖwµqv Av‡Q †mm‡ei ga¨ DcmM© Øviv
YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q Ab¨Zg| wb‡¤œ DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q Zz‡j aiv n‡jv37:
53
YZ¡-weavb
1. DcmM©v`mmgv‡m ’wc †Yvc‡`km¨ (cv. 8 / 4 / 14)|
DcmM©¯’ wbwg‡Ëi cieZ©x Dc‡`‡k b&-Kvi Av‡Q Ggb avZzi b&
Y& nq| †hgbÑ
wbi& : wbi&-wbK& = wbwY©K&
cÖ : cÖ- bx + jU&-wZ = cÖ + bxwZ = cÖYxwZ
cÖ- bg& + jU&-wZ = cÖ + bgwZ = cÖYgwZ
cÖ- bx + YK& = cÖYvqKt
GLv‡b wbi&, cÖ DcmM© YZ¡-weavb wbY©q Ki‡Q|
2. bð avZz‡¯’viælyf¨t (cv. 8 / 4 / 27)|, DcmM©vØûjg& (cv. 8 / 4 / 28)|
†e‡` avZz¯’ ev DcmM©¯’ Y‡Z¡i KviY (F F„ i& l&) eZ©gvb _vK‡j ÔEiæÕ kã Ges my (
Ôbm&Õ-Gi b& Y& nq| †hgbÑ
ly) Gi ciw¯’Z
my-Gi †ÿ‡Î :
my : †gv ly Yt (F. ms. 1 / 38 / 6)
[ bm& = bt ]
цhb bv Avgv‡`i †c‡o †d‡j|
Afx ly Yt (F. ms. 4 / 31 / 3)
[ Awf Afx ]
ÑZzwg (B›`ª) Avgv‡`i wbKU G‡mv|
D‡jøL¨, myT& (my) wbcvZ c‡i _vK‡j FK& wel‡q BK& (B D F 9) A‡šÍi `xN© nq| †hgbÑ Awfmybt
AfxlyYt|
A‡Mœ iÿv Yt (F. ms. 7 / 15 / 13)
цn AwMœ! Zzwg Avgv‡`i cvc n‡Z iÿv K‡iv|
wkÿv †Yv Aw¯§b& (F. ms. 7 / 32 / 26) BZ¨vw`|
ÑZzwg (B›`ª) Avgv‡`i GB wkÿv `vb K‡iv|
lZ¡-weavb
1. DcmM©vr my‡bvwZ-myewZ-m¨wZ-†¯Í․wZ-†¯ÍvfwZ-¯’v-†mbq-†ma-wmP&-mÄ-¯^Ävg& (cv. 8 / 3 / 65)|,
mw`icÖ‡Zt (cv. 8 / 3 / 66)|
Dcm‡M©i wbwg‡Ëi (BY&) cieZ©x my-cÖf…wZ avZzi m& l& nq| †hgbÑ
my : my- m~ + ³ = my + m~Zg& = myl~Zg& (my-†cÖwiZ)
Aby : Aby- ¯‘f& = Abyózf&
[ Ôózbv óztÕ (cv. 8 / 4 / 41) m~Îvbymv‡i Z&
Awf : Awf- ¯‘ + ³ = Awf + ¯‘Zt = AwfózZt
wbm& : wbm&- Zc& + ³ = wbl& + Zßg& = wbóßg&
wb : wb- m`& + jU&-wZ = wb + mx`wZ = wblx`wZ
54
U& ]
D‡jøL¨, ÔcÖwZÕ wfbœ Dcm‡M©i wbwg‡Ëi cieZ©x m`&-avZz m&
l& nq| Z‡e cÖwZ-i †ÿ‡Î m&-B nq| †hgbÑ
cÖwZ- m`& + jU&-wZ = cÖwZ + mx`wZ = cÖwZmx`wZ|
2. wbm¯ÍcZvebv‡me‡b (cv. 8 / 3 / 102)|
wbm& Dcm‡M©i ci Zc&-avZz _vK‡j Ges †c․bt cyb¨ (ev‡i ev‡i) A_© bv eySv‡j m&
l& nq| †hgbÑ
wbm& : wbm&- Zc& + jU&-wZ = wbl& + ZcwZ = wbócwZ (gvÎ GKevi AwMœ‡Z ¯úk© Ki‡Q)
wbm&- Zc& + ³ = wbl& + Zß = wbóß, wbóß + myc& = wbóßg& (gvÎ GKevi AwMœ‡Z ¯úk© K‡iwQj)
D‡jøL¨, ev‡i ev‡i AwMœ¯úk© Ki‡Q (cybt cybt ZcwZ) eySv‡j m&-B n‡e| †hgbÑ
wbm&- Zc& + jU&-wZ = wbm& + ZcwZ = wb¯ÍcwZ (evi evi AwMœ ¯úk© Ki‡Q)
3. myTt (8 / 3 / 107)|
†e`wel‡q c~e©c‡` we`¨gvb wbwg‡Ëi c~e©eZ©x myT& (wbcvZ)-Gi g~a©b¨ Av‡`k nq| †hgbÑ
Afx ly Yt (F. ms. 4 / 31 / 3) BZ¨vw`|
[ Awf Afx ]
ÑZzwg (B›`ª) Avgv‡`i wbKU G‡mv|
Ea٩ E ly Yt (F. ms. 1 / 36 / 13)
ÑAvgv‡`i iÿ‡Yi Rb¨ DbœZ nI|
D‡jøL¨, myT& (my) wbcvZ c‡i _vK‡j FK& wel‡q BK& (B D F 9) A‡šÍi `xN© nq| †hgbÑ Awfmybt
AfxlyYt, E‡aŸ©vmybt E‡aŸ©vlyYt|
4. wbe¨wf‡f¨v W
’ &e¨ev‡q ev Q›`wm (cv. 8 / 3 / 119)|
†e‡` wb, we, AwfÑ GB wZbwU Dcm‡M©i ci m&-Kv‡ii AU&-Gi e¨eavb _vK‡jI weK‡í l&-Kvi Av‡`k nq
bv| A_©vr wbZ¨ l&-Kvi Av‡`k nq| †hgbÑ
wb- m`& + jO& / jyO&-`& = wb + Amx`r = b¨lx`r
we- m`& + jO& / jyO&-` = we + Amx`r = e¨lx`r
Awf- m`& + jO& / jyO&-` = Awf + Amx`r = Af¨lx`r
D‡jøL¨, jO& I jyO& (AZxZ) wefw³‡Z avZzi c~‡e© †h A-Kv‡ii AvMg nq, Zv Dcm‡M©i c‡i em‡e, c~‡e©
emv‡j fzj n‡e|
L) DcmM© Øviv mwÜ-wbqš¿Y
•ew`K fvlvq mwÜi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK •ewPΨ †`Lv hvq| †h‡ÿ‡Î mwÜ cÖZ¨vwkZ †m‡ÿ‡Î mwÜ Kiv nqwb|
Avevi †hLv‡b mwÜ AcÖZ¨vwkZ †mLv‡b mwÜ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î DcmM© Øviv A‡bK †ÿ‡Î mwÜwbqš¿Y †`Lv hvq|38 `„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
55
¯^imwÜ
1. Av‡Ov ’bybvwmKð›`wm (cv. 6 / 1 / 126)|
†e‡` ¯^ieY© (AP&) c‡i _vK‡j AvO& (=Av) Ae¨‡qi (DcmM©) ¯’v‡b AvbybvwmK Av-Kvi (Avu) nq Ges
Zvici Avi mwÜ nq bv| †hgbÑ
Aå Avu Act (F. ms. 5 / 48 / 1)
ÑAšÍix‡ÿ †gN mK‡ji Dci evwiel©Y K‡i|
[ AvO& + Act = Avu Act ]
Mfxi Avu DMÖcy‡Î (F. ms. 8 / 67 / 11)
ÑÿxY DMÖcyÎwewkó R‡j|
[ AvO& + DMÖcy‡Î = Avu DMÖcy‡Î ]
Geuv AwMœs em~qet (F. ms. 5 / 25 / 9)
ÑGiƒ‡c Avgiv em~MY|
[ AvO& AwMœg& = Avu AwMœg& ]
GLv‡b cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î AvO& (Av) Ae¨‡qi ¯’v‡b AvbybvwmK Avu n‡q‡Q Ges Zvici mwÜ nqwb| A_©vr Av wbcvZ
mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
2. B‡Kv hYwP (cv. 6 / 1 / 77)|
BK& (B D F 9)-Gi c‡i AmeY© AP& (¯^ieY©) _vK‡j BK& (B D F 9)
B
hY& (h& e& i& j&) nq| †hgbÑ
h&
Awf : Af¨veZ©x Pvqgv‡bv ``vwZ (F. ms. 6 / 27 / 8)
ÑAf¨veZ©x Pvqgvb (ivRv) w`‡q‡Qb|
[ Awf + AveZ©x = Af¨veZ©x ]
we : wniY¨iƒcg~l‡mv ey¨‡ó․ (F. ms. 5 / 62 / 8)
цn wgÎ I eiæY ! †Zvgiv †fv‡i m~‡h©v`q n‡j myeY© NwUZ i‡_ Av‡ivnY K‡iv|
wb : n«`s b wn Z¡v b„¨lšÍ~¨g©qt (F. ms. 1 / 52 / 7)
ÑEwg©mg~n †hiƒc n«` cÖvß nq|
[ wb + FlwšÍ + Eg©qt = b„¨lšÍ~¨g©qt ]
GLv‡b Awf, we I wb DcmM© mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
D
e&
Aby : bv‡b¨b †¯Ív‡gv ewmôv A‡š^Z‡e et (F. ms. 7 / 33 / 8)
Ñewm‡ôi cyÎMY, Ab¨ †KD †Zvgv‡`i Mv‡bi AbyKiY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
[ Aby + GZ‡e = A‡š^Z‡e ]
GLv‡b, Aby DcmM© mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
56
e¨ÄbmwÜ
1. †Q P (cv. 6 / 1 / 73)|
n«¯^¯^‡ii (A B D F 9) ci Q&-Kvi _vK‡j n«¯^¯^i P& (ZzK = Z& P&) nq| †hgbÑ
Dc : Dc”Qvqvwge N„‡Yi& (F. ms. 6 / 16 / 38)
Ñ(†n AwMœ !) †Zvgvi AvkÖq Avgiv Qvqvi b¨vq MÖnY KiwQ|
[ Dc + Qvqvg& = Dc”Qvqvg& ]
GLv‡b Dc mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
2. O‡gv n«¯v^ `wP OgywYœZ¨g& (cv. 8 / 3 / 32)
n«¯^¯^‡ii ci O& I b& _vK‡j O& I b& -Gi wØZ¡ nq| †hgbÑ
c~lYœby cÖ Mv Bwn (F. ms. 6 / 54 / 6)
цn c~lv ! †abyM‡Yi AbymiY K‡iv|
[ c~lb& + Aby = c~lYœby ]
GLv‡b Aby DcmM© mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
3. †gv ’ bymvit (cv. 8 / 3 / 23)|, ev c`všÍm¨ (cv. 8 / 4 / 59)|
g& + eM©xq aŸwb (K& Ñ g&) = g > s nq| †hgbÑ
ms c~lwš^`ylv bq (F. ms. 6 / 54 / 1)
цn c~lv ! Zzwg Avgv‡`i wePÿY e¨w³i m‡½ m½Z K‡iv|
[ mg& + c~lb& = msc~lb& ]
ms M”QaŸs ms e`aŸg& (F. ms. 10 / 191 / 2)
Ñ(†n ¯ÍeKZ©vMY !) †Zvgiv wgwjZ nI, GK‡Î ¯Íe D”PviY K‡iv|
[ mg& + M”QaŸg& = ms M”QaŸg&, mg& + e`aŸg& = ms e`aŸg& ]
GLv‡b mg& DcmM© mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
wemM©mwÜ
1. †ivwi (cv. 8 / 3 / 14)|, Xª‡jv‡c c~e©m¨ `x‡N©v ’Yt (cv. 6 / 3 / 111)|
t + i = ÔtÕ †jvc Ges wem‡M©i c~eeZ©x ¯^i n«¯^ n‡j †mwU `xN© nq| †hgbÑ
cÖvZv iZœs cÖvZwiZ¡v `avwZ (F. ms. 1 / 125 / 1)
цfv‡i G‡m †fv‡iB iZœ †`b|
[ cÖvZt + iZœg& = cÖvZv iZœg& ]
GLv‡b cÖvZt wbcvZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
57
2. wemR©bxqm¨ mt (cv. 8 / 3 / 34)
t + Li& (e‡M©i 1g, 2q eY© I 3wU m) = t g& nq| †hgbÑ
Av †h Zš^wšÍ iwk¥wft
wZit mgy`ª‡gvRm¨ (F. ms. 1 / 19 /8)
Ñhuviv m~h©wKi‡Yi mv‡_ e¨vß nb, hvi ejØviv mgy`ª‡K Drwÿß K‡ib|
[ iwk¥wft + wZit = iwk¥wfw¯Íit ]
GLv‡b wZit wbcvZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
3. wemR©bxqm¨ mt (cv. 8 / 3 / 34)|, ózbv ózt (cv. 8 / 4 / 41)|
t + Li& = t m nq| Avi m& / Z eM© + l& / U eM© = m& l& Ges Z eM©
U eM© nq| †hgbÑ
Kt w¯^Ø„‡ÿv wbwô‡Zv g‡a¨ AY©mt (F. ms. 1 / 182 / 7)
ÑKx †m MvQ wQj AK~j mvq‡i †cuvZv|
[ wbt + w¯’Zt = wbwôZt ]
wbt ówbwn `~wiZ (F. ms. 6 / 47 / 30)
Ñ(†n `y›`ywf !) Zywg Zv‡`i wbt‡k‡l `~ixf~Z K‡iv|
[ wbt + ¯Íwbwn = wbówbwn ]
GLv‡b wbt DcmM© mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
4. kwi (cv. 8 / 3 / 36)|, ózbv ózt (cv. 8 / 4 / 41)|
t + ki& (3wU m = k& l& m&) = t weK‡í t nq| Avi m& / Z eM© + l& / U eM© = m&
nq| †hgbÑ
l& Ges Z eM©
U eM©
`yt + ¯ÍwZ = `yózwZ, `yt ¯ÍwZ
wbt +¯^ig& = wb¯^ig&, wbt ¯^ig&
GLv‡b `yt I wbt DcmM© mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
5. mt Ac`v‡`․ (cv. 8 / 3 / 38)|, BYt mt (cv. 8 / 3 / 39)|
BY& (B D) + Ac`vw` K-eM© wKsev c-eM© = BY&-Gi DËieZ©x t l& nq| ms‡ÿ‡c BY& (B D)-Gi cieZ©x
t l& nq| †hgbÑ
A‡_v h~qs ¯’ wb®‥…Zxt (F. ms. 10 / 97 / 9)
ÑZvB †Zvgiv n‡j wb®‥…wZ (†n IlwaMY !)
[ wbt + K…Zxt = wb®‥…Zxt ]
wek¦¯§v‡bœv Ans‡mv wbw®úcZ©b (F. ms. 1 / 106 / 1Ñ6)
[ wbt + wccZ©b = wbwÿccZ©b ]
Ñ(†`eMY) wbt‡k‡l mKj •`b¨ ev cvc n‡Z Avgv‡`i cvi K‡iv|
58
6. B`y`ycam¨ PvcÖZ¨qm¨ (cv. 8 / 3 / 41)|
†h wem‡M©i c~‡e© B ev D Av‡Q, Ges †hwU cÖZ¨q bq, †mwU l& n‡e| †hgbÑ
Avwe®‥„Y¦š‘¨l‡mv wefvZxt (F. ms. 1 / 123 / 6)
ÑwewPÎ cÖfveZx Dlv Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Qb|
[ Avwet + K…Y¦wšÍ = Avwe®‥…Y¦wšÍ ]
avgvnin wb®‥…ZgvPišÍx (F. ms. 1 / 123 / 9)
ÑwZwb (Dlv) Avw`‡Z¨i av‡g wgwkÖZ nb|
[ wbt + K…Zg& = wb®‥…Zg& ]
h`vgqwZ wb®‥…Z (F. ms. 10 / 97 / 9)
ÑAmy¯’ K‡i hv, Zv‡K †Lw`‡q `vI|
[ wbt + K…Z = wb®‥…Z ]
GLv‡b Avwet, wbt wbcvZ ev Ae¨q mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
7. cÂg¨vt civea¨‡_©| (cv. 8 / 3 / 51)|
†e‡` Awa (Dcwifve, AvwaK¨, AwaKiY, Acv`vb, cÖfzZ¡)-i A‡_© cwi (AwaKiY) c‡i _vK‡j A-Kv‡ii
cieZ©x cÂgx wefw³i wemM© m& nq| †hgbÑ
w`e¯úwi cÖ_gs h‡Á AwMœt (F. ms. 10 / 45 / 1)
ÑAwMœ cÖ_g `y¨‡jv‡K R‡b¥wQ‡jb|
[ w`et + cwi = w`e¯úwi ]
m †bv e„wós w`e¯úwi (F. ms. 2 / 6 / 5))
ÑwZwb (AwMœ) Av‡jv‡jvK n‡Z Avgv‡`i e„wó cÖ`vb K‡ib|
[ w`et + cwi =w`e¯úwi ]
Av †bv hvZs w`e¯úwi (F. ms. 8 / 8 / 4)
Ñ(Awk¦Øq) Av‡jv‡jvK n‡Z Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q G‡mv|
D‡jøL¨, DeU g‡Z, cv`v‡šÍ Ges A-KvivšÍ bv n‡j nq bv| †hgbÑ
h‡`vlaxf¨t cwi Rvq‡Z welg& (F. ms. 7 /50 /3)
цh wel Ilwa †_‡K Drcbœ nq|
[ Ilaxf¨t + cwi = Ilaxf¨¯úwi n‡jv bv ]
`ÿv`& D Aw`wZt cwi (F. ms. 10 / 72 / 4)
Ñ`ÿ †_‡K Aw`wZ Rwb¥‡jb|
[ Aw`wZt + cwi Aw`wZ¯úwi n‡jv bv ]
59
8. mscwif¨vs K‡iv‡Z․ f~l‡Y (cv. 6/1/ 117)|, mgt mywU (cv. 8 / 3 /5)|, mscysKvbvs †mv e³e¨t (ev.)|
mg& I cwi DcmM© + K…-avZz wb®úbœ c` = mg&-Gi g&
Amgvm Dfq‡ÿ‡Î cwiÑGi ci myU&
m&
s nq Ges m& (myU&)-Gi AvMg nq| Avi mgvm I
l& Av‡m| †hgbÑ
mg& : b ms¯‥…Zs cÖ wggxZt (F. ms. 5 / 76 / 2)
Ñ(†n Awk¦Øq !) †Zvgiv ms¯‥…Z h‡Ái wnsmv K‡iv bv|
[ mg&- (myU&) + K…Zg& = ms¯‥…Zg& ]
cwi : cwi®‥…Y¦bœwb®‥…Zg& (F. ms. 9 / 39 / 2)
ÑAms¯‥…Z ¯’vb‡K ms¯‥vi K‡i|
[ cwi + K…Y¦b& = cwi®‥…Y¦b& ]
cwi®‥…Y¦wšÍ †eamt| (F. ms. 9 / 64 / 23)
Ñ(†mvg‡K) cwiPiYKvixiv ms¯‥…Z K‡i‡Qb|
[ cwi + K…Y¦wšÍ = cwi®‥…Y¦wšÍ ]
GLv‡b mg&, cwi DcmM© mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
M) MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y
†e‡` cÖ-cÖf…wZ wbcvZ‡K MwZ msÁv Kivi Rb¨ †hme gva¨g i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y
Ab¨Zg| MwZi e¨envi Dcm‡M©iB g‡Zv| A_©vr ¯^vZš¿¨, wµqvi Av‡M, c‡i, e¨eav‡b emv, mgvm BZ¨vw`|
Gme e¨env‡ii Rb¨ cvwYwbi AbymiYxq m~Îmg~nÑ 1. †Z cÖvM&av‡Zvt (cv.1 / 4 / 80)|, 2. Q›`wm c‡i ’
wc (cv. 1 / 4 / 81 )|, 3. e¨ewnZvð (cv. 1 / 4 / 82 )| mgv‡mi †ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ Ae¨qxfve, Zrcyiæl
(MwZ, cÖvw`) I eûeªxwn mgv‡m MwZi G mgvm-wbqš¿Y †`Lv hvq|39 `„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
Ae¨qxfve mgvm
Ae¨q c` c~‡e© e‡m Ges mg¯Í c`wUI Ae¨q n‡q hvq, Zv‡K Ae¨qxfve mgvm e‡j| †hgbÑ
AbyKvgg& (F. ms. 1 / 17 / 3)
[ Kvgm¨ cðvr / Kv‡g Kv‡g = AbyKvgg& ]
GLv‡b Ae¨q c` Aby (cðvr ev exáv) c~‡e© e‡m‡Q Ges mg¯Í c`wUI Ae¨q n‡q‡Q| AZGe Aby Ae¨q
mgvm-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
cÖwZKvgg& (F. ms. 10 / 15 / 8)
[ Kvgs Kvgs = cÖwZKvgg& ]
GLv‡b Ae¨q c` cÖwZ (exáv) c~‡e© e‡m‡Q Ges mg¯Í c`wUI Ae¨q n‡q‡Q| AZGe cÖwZ Ae¨q mgvmwbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
60
Zrcyiæl mgvm
Zrcyiæl mgvm A‡bK| Gi g‡a¨ MwZ I cÖvw`i †ÿ‡Î wbcvZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y †`Lv hvq| Z‡e G `yB‡qi
g‡a¨ †e‡` MwZi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK `„óvšÍ cvIqv hvq|
MwZ-Zrcyiæl
1. KzMwZcÖv`qt (cv. 2 / 2 / 28)|
MwZ A_©vr cÖ-cÖf…wZ DcmM© Ges cyit, Avwet, wZit, bgt, A”Q BZ¨vw` Ab¨vb¨ MwZi m‡½ avZzi mgvm n‡j
•ew`‡K MwZ Zrcyiæl nq| †hgbÑ
[ †e‡` MwZ¸wj cÖavbev‡K¨ ¯^vaxb| G¸wj wZOšÍ wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© ev c‡i ev e¨ewnZfv‡e †hLv‡b Lywk
em‡Z cv‡i| ZLb G¸wj mgvm n‡e bv| wKš‘ AcÖavbev‡K¨ wZO‡šÍi c~‡e© _vK‡j Gi m‡½ mg¯Í n‡e|
K…`‡šÍi m‡½ me©Î mg¯Í n‡e| ]
K) cÖavbev‡K¨ Dcm‡M©i m‡½ wZO‡šÍi Amgvm :
Z¡s we fvwm (F. ms. 2 / 1 / 10)
Ñ(†n AwMœ !) Zzwg we‡klfv‡e `xwß cv”Q|
GLv‡b, ÔweÕ DcmM© ÔfvwmÕ ( fv+ jU&-wm = fvwm) wZOšÍ wµqvi c~‡e© ¯^vaxbfv‡e e‡m‡Q| AZGe GwU
MwZ|
L) AcÖavbev‡K¨ Dcm‡M©i m‡½ wZO‡šÍi mgvm :
hv wefvwm (F. ms. 1 / 92 / 8)
Ñ(†n Dlv !) †h-Zzwg we‡klfv‡e `xwß cv”Q|
GLv‡b, ÔweÕ DcmM© ÔwefvwmÕ (we- fv+ jU&-wm = wefvwm) wZO‡šÍi mv‡_ mg¯Í n‡q‡Q| AZGe GwU MwZ|
M) cÖavbev‡K¨ DcmM©wfbœ MwZi m‡½ wZO‡šÍi Amgvm :
¯ú„n©v em~wb Zgmvc¸pv
Avwe®‥…Y¦wšÍ-Dl‡mv wefvZxt \ (F. ms. 1 / 123 / 6)
ÑwewPÎ cÖfveZx Dlv AÜvKvive„Z ¯ú„nYxq emy Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Qb|
GLv‡b ÔAvwet (cÖKv‡k¨)Õ DcmM©wfbœ MwZi m‡½ [ Avwet- K… + jU&-AwšÍ = Avwel& + K…Y¦wšÍ = Avwe®‥…Y¦wšÍ ]
wZO‡šÍi mwÜ n‡q‡Q, mgvm bq| AZGe GwU MwZ|
Z`ªƒc,
Avwef©e (F. ms. 1 / 31 / 3)
Ñ(†n AwMœ!) cÖKvk nI|
GLv‡b ÔAvwet (cÖKv‡k¨)Õ DcmM©wfbœ MwZi m‡½ [ Avwet- f~ + †jvU&-wn = Avwet + fe = Avwef©e ]
wZO‡šÍi mwÜ n‡q‡Q, mgvm bq| AZGe GwU MwZ|
61
N) AcÖavbev‡K¨ DcmM©wfbœ MwZi m‡½ wZO‡šÍi mgvm :
B®‥Z©v wen«~Zs cybt (F. ms. 8 / 20 / 26)
Ñ(†n giærMY !) †ivMxi †h A½‣eKj¨ n‡q‡Q, Zv Avevi wVK K‡i `vI|
[ wbm&
Bl&- K… + Z…P& = B®‥Z…©
B®‥Z©v| ]
[ mvqY g‡Z, wbm&
B®‥…YyaŸs ikbv (F. ms. 10 / 53 / 7)
ÑjvMvg¸wj‡K wVKVvK K‡iv, ¸wQ‡q bvI|
B®‥…YyaŸg& Avqyavig& (F. ms. 10 / 100 / 2)
ѸwQ‡q bvI †n hÁ-Avqya¸wj (A¯¿¸wj)|
[ wbm& Bl&- K… + †jvU&-aŸg& = B®‥…YyaŸg& ]
GLv‡b, D`vniY؇q wbm&
Bl& DcmM©wfbœ wZO‡šÍi mgvm n‡q‡Q| AZGe GwU MwZ|
O) Dcm‡M©i m‡½ K…`‡šÍi mgvm :
¯§q‡Z wefvZx (F. ms. 1 / 92 / 6)
Ñ(Elv) dzU‡Z dzU‡Z nvm‡Qb|
[ we- fv + kZ… + Oxc& = wefvZx, wefvZx + myc& = wefvZx]
we‡k¦ ck¨wšÍ Dlms wefvZxg& (F. ms.7 / 78 / 4)
ÑmKv‡j cÖfvZKvweYx Elv‡K dzU‡Z †`L‡Q|
[ we- fv + kZ… + Oxc& = wefvZx, wefvZx + Ag& = wefvZxg ]
GLv‡b, D`vniY؇q ÔweÕ Dcm‡M©i m‡½ K…`‡šÍi mgvm n‡q‡Q| AZGe GwU MwZ|
Abyiƒc D`vniYÑ
AwcwnZg& (F.ms. 1 / 32 / 11)
ÑLy‡j w`j
[ Awc- av + ³ = AwcwnZ, AwcwnZ +myc& = AwcwnZg& ]
DcbxZg& (F. ms. 1 / 121 / 9)
ÑAvbxZ / G‡bwQj
[ Dc- bx + ³ = DcbxZ, DcbxZ + myc& = DcbxZg& ]
`yiæ³ `yiæ³vq (F. ms. 1 / 41 / 9)
Ñwb›`v Ki‡Z
[ `yt- eP& + ³ = `yiæ³, `yiæ³ + PZz_©xi GKePb (†O) = `yiæ³vq ]
62
Bl& n‡q‡Q ]
m~³ m~‣³t (F. ms. 1 / 42 / 10)
Ñmr ePb / †e`gš¿ Øviv
[ my- eP& + ³ = m~³, m~³ + Z„Zxqvi eûePb (wfm&) = m~‣³t ]
Awaôvb Awaôvbg& (F. ms. 10 / 81 / 2)
ÑAvkÖq¯’j
[ Awa- ¯’v + jy¨U& = Awaôvb, Awaôvb + myc& = Awaôvbg& ]
Aby`„k¨ (F. ms. 10 / 130 / 7) BZ¨vw`|
Ñ`„wó †i‡L
[ Aby- `„k& + j¨c& = Aby`„k¨ ]
GLv‡b D`vniY¸wj‡Z Awc, Dc, `yt, my, Awa, Aby Dcm‡M©i m‡½ K…`‡šÍi mgvm n‡q‡Q| AZGe G¸wj
MwZ|
P) DcmM©wfbœ MwZi m‡½ K…`‡šÍi mgvm :
cy‡ivwnZg& (F. ms. 1 / 1 / 1)
Ñcy‡ivwnZ
[ cyit (m¤§y‡L)- av + ³ cyit + wnZ = cy‡ivwnZ, cy‡ivwnZ + myc& = cy‡ivwnZg& ]
wZ‡ivwnZg& (F. ms. 3 / 9 /5)
ÑwZ‡ivwnZ
[ wZit (cÖ”Qbœ)- av + ³ = wZit + wnZ = wZ‡ivwnZ, wZ‡ivwnZ + myc& = wZ‡ivwnZg& ]
Avwe®‥…Y¦vbv (F. ms. 5 / 80 / 4)
ÑcÖKvwkZ K‡i
[ Avwet (cÖKv‡k¨)- K… + kvbP& = Avwel& + K…Y¦vb = Avwe®‥…Y¦vb + Uvc& = Avwe®‥…Y¦vbv,
Avwe®‥…Y¦vbv + myc& = Avwe®‥…Y¦vbv ]
GLv‡b cyit, wZit, Avwet DcmM©wfbœ MwZi m‡½ K…`‡šÍi mgvm n‡q‡Q| AZGe G¸wj MwZ|
cÖvw`-Zrcyiæl
1. KzMwZcÖv`q (cv. 2 / 2 / 18)|, cÖv`qt (cv. 1 / 4 / 58)|
cÖ-cÖf…wZ wbcvZ †hvM¨ mye‡šÍi m‡½ mg¯Í n‡j •ew`‡K cÖvw` Zrcyiæl nq| †hgbÑ
AwZiv‡Î (F. ms. 7 / 103 / 7)
ÑAwZivÎ
GLv‡b, ÔAwZÕ wbcv‡Zi m‡½ [ AwZ : ivwÎg& AwZµvšÍt = AwZivÎ (ivÎ-fi) ] mye‡šÍi mgvm n‡q‡Q|
AZGe GwU cÖvw`|
63
AZ¨v`qt µvšÍv`¨‡_© wØZxqqv (ev.)|
ÔµvšÍÕ cÖf…wZ A‡_© wØZxqvšÍ c‡`i mv‡_ ÔAwZÕ cÖf…wZ wbcv‡Zi cÖvw` Zrcyiæl mgvm nq| †hgbÑ
my`wÿYg& (F. ms. 7 / 32 / 3)
Ñmy›`i `vbwewkó
[ myMZt `wÿYg& / my `wÿYg& = my`wÿYg& (AZ¨šÍ `vbkxj) ]
myw`bvwb (F. ms. 4 / 4 / 6)
Ñmg¯Í myw`b
[ myMZt w`bg& / my w`bg& = myw`bg& (ïfw`b) ]
GLv‡b D`vniY؇q ÔmyÕ wbcv‡Zi m‡½ ÔµvšÍÕ A‡_© wØZxqvšÍ c‡`i mgvm n‡q‡Q| AZGe ÔmyÕ cÖvw`|
D‡jøL¨, Kg©cÖePbxqvbvs cÖwZ‡l‡av e³e¨t (ev.)| GB evwË©K Abymv‡i cÖ-cÖf…wZ Kg©cÖePbxq n‡j mg¯Í nq
bv| A_©vr cÖvw` Zrcyiæl nq bv| †hgbÑ
m bt cl©`& AwZ wØlt (F. ms. 10 / 187 / 1)
ÑwZwb (AwMœ) Avgv‡`i kÎæn¯Í n‡Z D×vi Kiæb|
A`×t my cyi GZv fev bt (F. ms. 1 / 76 / 2)
ÑZzwg (AwMœ) Avgv‡`i cy‡ivMvgx nI|
GLv‡b D`vniY؇q AwZ I my Kg©cÖePbxq| ZvB mg¯Í A_©vr mgvm nqwb|
eûeªxwn mgvm
eûeªxwn mgvmI A‡bK| Gi g‡a¨ wb¤œwjwLZ †ÿ‡Î cÖ-cÖf…wZ wbcv‡Zi Øviv mgvmÑwbqwš¿Z nq|
cÖvw`-c~e©
1. A‡bKgb¨c`v‡_© (cv. 2 / 2/ 24)|, cÖvw`‡f¨v avZzRm¨ DËic`m¨ †jvcð ev eûeªxwne©³e¨t (ev.)|
cÖ-cÖf…wZ Dcm‡M©i c‡i avZzwb®úbœ c` _vK‡j cieZ©x myešÍ c‡`i m‡½ Zvi eûeªxwn mgvm nq| †hbÑ
weeªZv (F. ms. 1 / 63 / 2)
Ñwewea eªZ ev Kg© hv‡`i|
[ weweas eªZs Kg© ؇qv = weeªZv ]
A‡cv`K (F. ms. 1 / 116 / 3)
ÑAcMZ n‡q‡Q D`K hvi †_‡K, Rjk~b¨|
[ AcMZg& D`Ks h¯§vr = AcM‡Zv`K Ac‡`vK ]
e¨sm (F. ms 1 / 101 / 2)
ÑweMZ-Asm, ¯‥Ünxb, KÜ-KvUv|
[ weMZt Asm h¯§vr = e¨sm ]
GLv‡b we I Ac Dcm‡M©i c‡i avZz wb®úbœ c` i‡q‡Q Ges cieZ©x myešÍ c‡`i m‡½ Zvi eûeªxwn mgvm
n‡q‡Q| AZGe G `ywU cÖvw`|
64
2. my-c~e©
ÔmyÕ DcmM© hw`I cÖvw`i g‡a¨ c‡o, wKš‘ my-c~e© eûeªxwni mgvm nq| †hgbÑ
myeªZt (F. ms. 1 / 180 / 6)
ÑmyKg©v
[ my cÖk¯Ís eªZs, Kg© hm¨ = myeªZ, myeªZ + myc& = myeªZt ]
GLv‡b my-c~e© eûeªxwni mgvm n‡q‡Q| AZGe GwU cÖvw`|
N) DcmM© wefw³i KviY
cvwYwbi ÔKg©cÖePbxqvtÕ (cv. 1 / 4 / 83) m~Îvbymv‡i we‡kl A‡_© cÖhy³ wµqv‡hvMnxb Kg©cÖePbxq¸wj
n‡jvÑ AwZ, Awa, Aby, Ac, Awc, Awf, Av, Dc, cwi, cÖwZ, my GB 11wU wbcvZ| G¸wj AvK…wZ‡Z
Dcm‡M©i g‡Zv n‡jI Giv DcmM© bq, MwZI bq, ¯^vaxb wbcvZ, Z_v Ae¨q| F‡Z, Avivr BZ¨vw` Ae¨‡qi
[ Ab¨vivw`Zi‡Z©w`K&kãvÂzËic`vRvwnhy‡³ (cv. 2 / 3 / 29) ] g‡Zv GivI mwbœwnZ c‡`i wefw³i KviY
nq| ÔKg©cÖePbxqhy‡³ wØZxqvÕ (cv. 2 / 3 / 8) m~Îvbymv‡i Kg©cÖePbxq‡hv‡M mvaviYZ wØZxqv wefw³ nq|
Z‡e G‡`i Øviv †e‡` cÂgx, lóx, Ges mßgx wefw³I †`Lv hvq|40 `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc :
1. AwZiwZµg‡Y P (cv. 1 / 4 / 95)|
AwZµgY I c~Rv_© eySv‡j AwZ Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
m Yt cl©`wZ w`lt (F. ms. 10 / 187 / 1)
ÑwZwb (AwMœ †`eZv) Avgv‡`i kÎæn¯Í n‡Z D×vi Kiæb|
[ AwZ †hv‡M w`lt wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
AwZ wek¦s eewÿ_ (F. ms. 1 / 81 / 5)
Ñ(B›`ª) weivU Zzwg me Qvwc‡q, ex‡h© mevi eo|
[ AwZ †hv‡M wek¦g& wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
GLv‡b AwZ Kg©cÖePbxq wefw³i KviY n‡q‡Q|
2. Awacix Ab_©‡K․ (cv. 1 / 4 / 93)|, Awaixk¦‡i (cv. 1 / 4 / 97)
Ab_©K Awa I cwiÑ GB `ywU Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
Awa : c„w_e¨vgwa (F. ms. 8 / 41 / 4)
Ñc„w_exi Ic‡i|
Av Mwn w`‡ev ev †ivPbv`wa (F. ms. 1 / 6 / 9)
ÑwKsev `xc¨gvb Avw`Z¨gÐj n‡Z G‡mv|
[ Awa †hv‡M c„w_e¨vg& I †ivPbv`& mßgx I cÂgx n‡q‡Q ]
65
cwi : m †bv e„wó w`e¯úwi (F. ms. 2 / 6 / 5)
ÑwZwb (AwMœ) Avgv‡`i Av‡jvK n‡Z e„wó cÖ`vb K‡ib|
Ae©vM&Rx‡ef¨¯úwi (F. ms. 8 / 8 / 23)
[ Rx‡ef¨t
Ñ(Awk¦Øq †`eZv) Rxe‡jv‡K †kÖô n‡q‡Qb|
[ cwi †hv‡M w`em& I Rx‡ef¨t Dfq cÂgx n‡q‡Q ]
ÔRx‡elyÕ n‡Z cv‡i ]
GLv‡b Awa I cwi Kg©cÖePbxq wefw³i KviY n‡q‡Q|
3. Abyj©ÿ‡Y (cv. 1 / 4 / 84)|, Z…Zxqv‡_© (cv. 1 / 4 / 85)|, nx‡b (cv. 1 / 4 / 86)|,
jÿ‡YÌsf~ZvL¨vbfvMexávmy cÖwZch©bet (cv. 1 / 4 / 90)|
jÿY, Z…Zxqv_©, nxbZv, BÌsf~ZvL¨vb (hv N‡U‡Q Zv ejv) fvM, exáv A‡_© Aby Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
jÿ‡Y : Mv‡ev b Me~¨Zxiby (F. ms. 1 / 25 / 16)
ÑMvfx †hiƒc †Mv‡ôi (†MvqvjNi) w`‡K hvq|
[ Aby †hv‡M Me~¨Zxt wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
Z…Zxqv_© : Gbv RÁvbvt c_¨v Aby ¯^vt (F. ms. 10 / 14 / 2)
ÑmKj RxeB wbR wbR Kg© Abymv‡i †m c‡_ hv‡eb|
[ Aby †hv‡M c_¨v Z…Zxqv n‡q‡Q ]
nxbZv : we‡k¦`by (wek¦v-B`& Aby) †ivabv Am¨ †c․smvg& (F. ms. 2 / 13 / 10)
ÑZvi †c․iæ‡li Kv‡Q wbPz n‡jv me b`xK~j|
[ Aby †hv‡M wek¦v ( wek¦vwb) wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
[ wek¦vwb
wek¦v ]
BÌsf~ZvL¨vb : weòzs Aby f³t|
Ñf³ weòzi cÖwZ Abyi³|
[ Aby †hv‡M weòzg& wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
[ ms¯‥…Z †_‡K ]
fvM : Z‡e`by (Ze-B`& Aby) cÖw`et †mvg‡cqg& (F. ms. 3 / 43 / 1)
Ñ(B›`ª) †mvgcvb cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z †ZvgviB|
[ Aby †hv‡M Ze lôx n‡q‡Q ]
ebv Aby (F. ms. 3 / 5 / 54)
ÑKv‡V Kv‡V|
[ Aby †hv‡M ebv (= Kv‡ôly) mßgx n‡q‡Q ]
[ ebv
exáv : b‡gv ev `vkv`yk‡Zv Aby `~¨b& (F. ms. 1 / 71 6)
ÑA_ev DZjv †Zvgv‡K bg¯‥vi w`‡e cÖwZw`b|
[ Aby †hv‡M `~¨b& wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
GLv‡b Aby Kg©cÖePbxq wefw³i KviY n‡q‡Q|
66
ÔKv‡ôlyÕ n‡Z cv‡i ]
[ `~¨b& `~¨b& = Aby `~¨b& ]
4. AccixeR©‡b (cv. 1 / 4 / 88)
eR©b A_© eySv‡j Ac I cwi Kg©cÖePbxq msÁv nq| †hgbÑ
Ac : Acv¯§vr‡cÖqvbœ Z‡`v‡Kv Aw¯Í (F. ms. 10 / 117 / 4)
цm M„n M„nB bq, eR©b K‡i P‡j †hI|
[ Ac †hv‡M A¯§vr cÂgx n‡q‡Q ]
cwi : †g‡›`ªv †bv weòzg©iæZt cwi L¨b& (F. ms. 7 / 93 / 8)
ÑB›`ª, weòz I giæZMY Avgv‡`i cwiZ¨vM K‡i Ab¨‡K †hb bv †`‡Lb|
[ cwi †hv‡M L¨b& cÂgx n‡q‡Q ]
GLv‡b Ac, cwi Kg©cÖePbxq wefw³i KviY n‡q‡Q|
5. Awct c`v_©m¤¢vebvš^emM© Mn©vmgy”P‡qly (cv. 1 / 4 / 96)
c`v_© (Aby³ c‡`i A_©), m¤¢vebv, Aš^emM© (B”Qg‡Zv Kivi AbygwZ), Mn©v (wb›`v) mgy”Pq (Ges)Ñ GB
mKj A_© cÖKvwkZ n‡j Awc k‡ãi Kg©cÖePbxq msÁv nq|
c`v_© : †Z¡ Awc µZzgg© (F. ms. 7 / 31 / 5)
ÑAvgvi †¯ÍvÎ †Zvgv‡ZB Mgb KiæK|
[ Awc †hv‡M †Z¡ mßgx n‡q‡Q ]
m¤¢vebv : Zs hÁmvagwc evZvqvgwm (F. ms. 1 / 128 / 2)
ÑhÁvmvab AwMœi Kwi †meb mm¤§v‡b|
[ Awc †hv‡M hÁmvag& wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
Aš^emM© : Awc h_v hyev‡bv grmLv bt (F. ms. 1 / 186 / 1)
ÑAvgv‡`i hw` PvI, hye‡Ki g‡Zv Avb›` `vI|
[ Awc †hv‡M bt (Avgv‡`i) lôx n‡q‡Q ]
Mn©v : waM& †`e`Ëgwc ¯‘qv`& e„ljg&|
ц`e`ˇK waK&, †m e„l‡ji (k~‡`ªi) ¯‘wZ Ki‡Q|
[ Awc †hv‡M †`e`Ëg& wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
mgy”Pq : Awc f‡`ª †m․gb‡m m¨vg (F. ms. 3 / 1 / 21)
ÑAvgiv †hb Zuvi (AwMœ) g½j KiæYvq _vwK|
[ Awc †hv‡M f‡`ª mßgx n‡q‡Q ]
6. Awfifv‡M (cv. 1 / 4 / 91)|
fvM Qvov jÿY, exáv, BÌsf~ZvL¨vb A‡_© Awf Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
67
[ms¯‥…Z †_‡K]
jÿY : Awf Z¡v c~Z©cxZ‡q m„Rvwg †mvg¨s gay (F. ms. 1 / 19 / 9)
Ñ(†n AwMœ!) †Zvgvi cÖ_g cvbv‡_© †mvg, gay, cÖ`vb KiwQ|
[ Awf †hv‡M Z¡v wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
exáv : IwR‡ób nb¥bvnbœwf `~¨b& (F. ms. 1 / 33 / 11)
ÑcÖvYmsnviK A¯¿Øviv Zv‡K (e„·K) w`‡bi ci w`b nbb Ki‡jb|
[ Awf †hv‡M `~¨b& wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
[ `~¨b& `~¨b& = Awf `~¨b& ]
BÌsf~ZvL¨vb : cÖv¸³
7. AvO& gh©v`veP‡b (cv. 1 / 4 / 89)|
gh©v`v (ch©šÍ) eySv‡j AvO& (Av) Gi Kg©cÖePbxq msÁv nq| †hgbÑ
AvšÍv`v civKvr (F. ms. 1 / 33 / 21)
= Av AšÍvr Av civKvr
ÑwbKU I `~i n‡Z|
[ Av †hv‡M AšÍvr / civKvr cÂgx n‡q‡Q ]
8. D‡cv ’wa‡K P (cv. 1 / 4 / 87)
AwaK wKsev nxb A_© †`¨vwZZ n‡j Dc Kg©cÖePbxq nq| Z‡e F‡M¦‡` G cÖ‡qvM `yj©f| †ewki fvM mvgxc¨
A_©| †hgbÑ
mvgxc¨ : Dc Z¡v‡Mœ w`‡ew`‡e (F. ms. 1 / 1 / 7)
Ñ(†n AwMœ!) w`‡b w`‡b †Zvgvi mgx‡c AvmwQ|
[ Awc †hv‡M Z¡v wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
Ag~h©v Dc m~‡h© (F. ms. 1 / 23 / 17)
ÑGB †h mg¯Í Rj m~‡h©i mgx‡c Av‡Q|
[ Dc †hv‡M m~‡h© mßgx n‡q‡Q ]
9. Accix eR©‡b (cv. 1 / 4 / 88)|, jÿ‡YÌsf~ZvL¨vbfvMexávmy cÖwZch©bet (cv. 1 / 4 / 90)|,
Awacix Ab_©‡K․ (cv. 1 / 4 / 93)|, cÂg¨vt civea¨‡_© (cv. 8 / 3 / 51)|
eR©b, jÿY cÖf…wZ, Ab_©K, Aa¨_© (Awa-i A‡_© cwi) eySv‡j cwi Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
eR©b : †g‡›`ªv †bv weòzg©iæZt cwi L¨b& (F. ms. 7 / 93 / 8)
ÑB›`ª, weòz I giærMY Avgv‡`i cwiZ¨vM K‡i Ab¨‡K †hb bv †`‡Lb|
[cwi †hv‡M L¨b& cÂgx n‡q‡Q ]
jÿY : kÖ×vs ga¨w›`ªs cwi (F. ms. 10. 151 / 5)
ÑkÖ×v‡KB ga¨výKv‡j WvwK|
[ cwi †hv‡M ga¨w›`ªg& wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
68
Ab_©K : m †bv e„wós w`e¯úwi (F. ms. 2 / 6 / 5)
ÑwZwb (AwMœ) Avgv‡`i Av‡jvK n‡Z e„wó cÖ`vb K‡ib|
[ cwi †hv‡M w`et (w`em&) cÂgx n‡q‡Q ]
Aa¨_© : Ae©vM&Rx‡ef¨¯úwi (F. ms. 8 / 8 / 23)
ÑRxe‡jv‡K †kÖô n‡q‡Qb|
[ cwi †hv‡M Rx‡ef¨t cÂgx n‡q‡Q ]
[ Rx‡ef¨t
ÔRx‡elyÕ n‡Z cv‡i ]
10. jÿ‡YÌsf~ZvL¨vbfvMexávmy cÖwZch©bet (cv. 1 / 4 / 90)|, cÖwZt cÖwZwbwacÖwZ`vb‡qvt (cv. 1 / 4 /92)|
jÿY cÖf…wZ; cÖwZwbwa, cÖwZ`vb A_© eySv‡j cÖwZ Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
jÿY : cÖwZ Z¨s PviægaŸig& (F. ms. 1 / 19 / 1)
Ñ(†n AwMœ !) GB Pviæ h‡Ái j‡ÿ¨ (†Zvgv‡K AvnŸvb Kwi)|
[ cÖwZ †hv‡M Z¨s wØZxqv n‡q‡Q ]
cÖwZwbwa : B›`ª bwKó¦v cÖ‡Z¨‡¯Í¨lvg& (F. ms. 6 / 25 / 5)
цn B›`ª! G‡`i g‡a¨ †KDB †Zvgvi cÖwZwbwa †bB|
[ cÖwZ †hv‡M †Zlvg& lôx n‡q‡Q ]
11. myt c~Rvqvg& (cv. 1 / 4 / 94)|
c~Rv A_©vr m¤§vb ev cÖksmv eySv‡j my Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
c~Rv : B‡g †h †Z my ev‡qv DÿYt (F. ms 1 / 135 / 9)
Ñ(†n c~R¨ evqy !) GB †h †Zvgvi my›`i e„l‡fiv|
[ my †hv‡M †Z lôx n‡q‡Q ]
O) MwZ Øviv •ew`K-¯^‡ii wbqš¿Y
•ew`K fvlvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv ¯^‡ii mwVK D”PviY| gš¿cv‡Vi mgq g‡š¿i c` I e‡Y©i web¨v‡mi
†hgb †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv, †mBiKg ¯^i I e‡Y©i D”PviYI kv‡¯¿v³ wbqg Abymv‡i Kiv nq| ¯^i wbqš¿‡Y •ew`K Dcm‡M©i e¨envi jÿYxq| Z‡e cÖ_‡g Avgv‡`i ¯^‡ii jÿY I ¯^‡ii †kÖwYwefvM m¤ú‡K©
Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb|
¯^i : ¯^i k‡ãi cÖPwjZ A_© ¯^iaŸwb| †mB ¯^‡ii GKwU we‡kl a‡g©i bvgI ¯^i| Zv nj myiÑ D”Pvi‡Yi
mgq wZbwU my‡i IVv-bvgv nq| ¯§iYxq, ¯^ie‡Y©iB ¯^i nq, e¨Ä‡bi bq| ¯^iwe‡a․ e¨Äbgwe`¨gvber|41
¯^iwewa‡Z e¨Äb aZ©e¨ bq| A_©vr e¨Äb Zvi Avkªqf~Z ¯^ie‡Y©i m‡½ IVvbvgv K‡i Zvi wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv ¯^i
bvB| D”PviY‡f‡` •ew`‡K ¯^i wZb cÖKvi| h_vÑ
69
1. D`vË
2. Aby`vË Ges
3. ¯^wiZ
1. D`vË : D‣”Piæ`vË (cv. 1 / 2 / 29)| [ DuPz ¯^i‡K e‡j D`vË|]
f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ (`x.) : Zvj¦vw`ly mfv‡Mly ¯’v‡bl~aŸ©fv‡M wb®ú‡bœv ’ Rby`vËmsÁt m¨vr|
fvMhy³ Zvjy cÖf…wZ D”PviY¯’v‡bi EaŸ©fvM †_‡K wb®úbœ †h AP& (¯^ieY©) Zv‡K D`vË e‡j| †hgbÑ
[ D`v‡Ë myi Dc‡i I‡V| cÖ‡Z¨K c‡` mvaviYZ GKwUgvÎ ¯^i D`vË nq| hw` c‡`i cÖ_g ¯^i D`vË nq
Zvn‡j H c`‡K ejv nq Av`y¨`vË| Avi hw` †kl ¯^i D`vË nq Zvn‡j ejv nq A‡šÍ¨v`vË| †e‡` D`vË ¯^i
eySv‡Z †Kv‡bv wPý cÖ‡qvM nq bv|]
Av †h Zš^wšÍ iwk¥wft (F. ms. 1 / 19 / 8)
Ñhuviv m~h©wKi‡Yi mv‡_ e¨ß nb|
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k Av (AvO&) GKwU wbcvZ ev Ae¨q (= DcmM©)| GwU D`vË| †Kbbv ÔwbcvZv Av`y¨`vËt [
wdU&m~Î (wd. m~.) 80 ] m~Îvbymv‡i wbcv‡Zi cÖ_g Aÿi D`vË nq|
2. Aby`vË : bx‣Piby`vËt (cv. 1 / 2 / 30)|
[ bxPz ¯^i‡K e‡j Aby`vË|]
`x : Zvj¦vw`ly mfv‡Mly ¯’v‡bly A‡avfv‡M wb®ú‡bœv ’ Rby`vËmsÁt m¨vr|
Zvjy cÖf…wZ D”PviY¯’v‡bi wb¤œfvM †_‡K wb®úbœ †h AP& (¯^ieY©) Zv‡K Aby`vË e‡j| †hgbÑ
[ Aby`vË myi I‡V bv ev bv‡gI bv| hw` c‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU ¯^iB Aby`vË nq Zvn‡j ejv nq c`wU me©vby`vË ev
ms‡ÿ‡c ejv nq wbNvZ (Aby`vË) n‡q‡Q| †e‡` Aby`vË ¯^i eyS‡Z Aÿ‡ii wb‡P †iLvwPý (ÔÑÕ) cÖ‡qvM
Kiv nq| ]
AwMœgx‡j cy‡ivwnZg& (F. ms. 1 / 1 / 1)
ÑAwMœ h‡Ái cy‡ivwnZ|
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k †j, cy-Gi ¯^iØq Aby`vË| ÔPv`‡qvby`vËtÕ (wd. m~. 84) m~Îvbymv‡ii P, ev cÖf…wZ k‡ãi
wbcv‡Zi Aby`vË ¯^i nq|
3. ¯^wiZ : mgvnvit ¯^wiZt (cv. 1 / 2 / 31)|
[ DuPz-bxPzi mgvnvi‡K e‡j ¯^wiZ|]
`x : D`vËvby`vˇZ¡ eY©a‡g©․ mgvwn«‡q‡Z hw¯§b& †mv ’ P& ¯^wiZmsÁt m¨vr|
D`vË Ges Aby`vË Df‡qi eY©a‡g©i mgvnvi D”Pvi‡Y wb®úbœ †h AP& (¯^ieY©) Zv‡K ¯^wiZ e‡j| †hgbÑ
70
[ ¯^wi‡Z myi D‡V bvg‡Z _v‡K| Gi wVK cieZ©x Aby`v˸wj‡K cÖwPZ ev cÖPq (mg~n, RgvU) e‡j Ges
D`v‡Ëi g‡ZvB GB cÖPq Aÿi¸wj‡Z †Kv‡bv wPý cÖ‡qvM nq bv| †e‡` ¯^wiZ ¯^i eySv‡Z Aÿ‡ii gv_vq
`ÐwPý (Ô|Õ) cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| ]
AwMœgx‡j cy‡ivwnZg& (F. ms. 1 / 1 / 1)
ÑAwMœ h‡Ái cy‡ivwnZ|
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k gx, wn-Gi ¯^iØq ¯^wiZ| †Kbbv Ôb¨O&¯^‡i․ ¯^wi‡Z․Õ (wd.m~. 74) m~Îvbymv‡i Ôb¨O&Õ Ges
¯^i (A-B cÖf…wZ eY©) kã ¯^wiZ|
D‡jøL¨, ¯^wiZ `yB cÖKviÑ RvZ¨ I ARvZ¨| †h ¯^wi‡Zi c~‡e© wKQzB _v‡K bv, wKsev Aby`vË _v‡K, Zv‡K
RvZ¨ ¯^wiZ e‡j| †hgbÑ
ÔK¡Õ, ÔKb¨vÕ BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b ÔK¡Õ k‡ãi ¯^wi‡Zi c~‡e© wKQzB bvB A_©vr GUv A-c~e© Ges ÔKb¨vÕ k‡ãi ¯^wi‡Zi c~‡e© Aby`vË Av‡Q
†mRb¨ Giv RvZ¨ ¯^wiZ|
Avi †h ¯^wi‡Zi c~‡e© (Avw`‡Z) D`vË _v‡K, Zv‡K ARvZ¨ ¯^wiZ e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq D`vË ¯^‡ii
cieZ©x Aby`vË ¯^iwU ¯^wiZ n‡h hvq [ Aby`vËs c`‡gKeR©g& (cv. 6 / 1 / 158), D`vËv`by`vËm¨ ¯^wiZt
(cv. 8 / 4 / 63) ]| GB cÖKvi D`v‡Ëi bvg ARvZ¨ ¯^wiZ| †hgbÑ
ÔB›`ªtÕ, Ô†nvZvÕ BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b B›`ª I †nvZv kã Av`y¨`vË| A_©vr D`vË ¯^‡ii cieZ©x Aby`vË ¯^iwU ¯^wiZ n‡q‡Q ZvB Giv ARvZ¨
¯^wiZ|
Dcm‡M©i ¯^i-wbqš¿Y
•ew`K c`mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wefvM n‡jv DcmM©| GB DcmM© g~jZ GKai‡bi wbcvZ ev Ae¨q| DcmM©
m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Av‡M Avgv‡`i wbcvZ ev Ae¨q m¤ú‡K© Rvbv KZ©e¨| cvwYwbi ÔAóva¨vqxÕ-i ÔPv`‡qv ’m‡ËÕ¡
(cv. 1 / 4 / 57) †_‡K ÔAwaixk¦‡iÕ (cv. 1 / 4 / 97) m~Î ch©šÍ †hme kã (PÑAwa) cvV Kiv n‡q‡Q
†m¸wj‡K wbcvZ e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq A`ªe¨evPx PÑcÖf…wZ Ae¨q Ges cÖÑcÖf„wZ DcmM©‡K GK‡Î
wbcvZ e‡j| Avevi, cvwYwbi Ô¯^ivw`wbcvZve¨qg&Õ (cv. 1 / 1 / 37) Ges ÔPv`‡qv ’m‡ËÕ¡ (cv. 1 / 4 / 57)
m~Îvbymv‡i A`ªe¨evPx eySv‡j ¯^i& (¯^t = mM©), AšÍi&, cÖvËi, cybi& cÖf…wZ KZ¸wj kã Ges wbcvZ¸wj (PcÖf„wZ)-†K Ae¨q e‡j| wdU&m~Î (cÖvwZcw`K‡K wdU& ejv nq| ZvB cÖvwZcÖw`K‡K Aej¤^b K‡i †hme m~Î
iwPZ nq Zv‡K wdU&m~Î|) Abymv‡i Gme wbcvZ ev Ae¨‡qi ¯^i-wbqwš¿Z nq|42 wb‡¤œ wbcvZ ev Ae¨q A_©vr
Dcm‡M©i Øviv ¯^i-wbqš¿Y Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
71
1. wbcvZv Av`y¨`vËvt (wd. m~. 80)|
wbcvZ mg~‡ni Avw`¯^i D`vË nq| †hgbÑ
¯^vnv
A”Q
wn
Zbv BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b wbcvZ ¯^vnv, A”Q, wb, Zbv BZ¨vw`i Avw`¯^i h_vµ‡g Av, A, B, A D`vË|
2. DcmM©vðvwfeR©g& (wd. m~. 81)|
ÔAwfÕ wfbœ Ab¨ mg¯Í Dcm‡M©i Avw`¯^i D`vË nq| †hgbÑ
cÖ
civ
Aby BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b Awf wfbœ DcmM© cÖ, civ, Aby BZ¨vw`i Avw`¯^i h_vµ‡g A, A, A D`vË|
D‡jøL¨, ÔGev`xbvgšÍt (wd.m~. 82) m~Îvbymv‡i ÔAwfÕ Dcm‡M©i †kl ¯^i D`vË nq|
FK& mswnZv †_‡K `„óvšÍ :
Dc : Dc Z¡v‡Mœ w`‡ew`‡e
†`vlve¯Íwaq©v eqg&|
b‡gv fišÍ Ggwm \ (F.ms. 1 / 1 / 7)
[цn AwMœ! Avgiv w`‡b w`‡b w`bivZ g‡bi mv‡_ bg¯‥vi m¤úv`b K‡i †Zvgvi mgx‡c AvmwQ|]
GLv‡b ÔDcÕ Dcm‡M©i Avw`¯^i ÔDÕ D`vË Ges †kl ¯^i ÔAÕ ¯^wiZ |
cwi : cwi c~lv ci¯Ívr
n¯Ís `avZz `wÿYg&|
cyb‡b©v bógvRZz \ (F.ms. 6 / 54 / 10)
[ Ñcylv †hb wbR `wÿY n¯ÍØviv Avgv‡`i †Mvab‡K wec_ Mgb n‡Z wbeviY K‡ib| wZwb †hb Avgv‡`i
bó †Mvab‡K cybivbqb K‡ib| ]
GLv‡b ÔcwiÕ Dcm‡M©i Avw`¯^i ÔAÕ D`vË Ges †kl ¯^i ÔBÕ ¯^wiZ |
Awf / Av : Awf Z¡v c~e©cxZ‡q
m„Rvwg †mvg¨s gay|
giæw™¢iMœ Av Mwn \ (F.ms. 1 / 19 / 9)
[ цn AwMœ! †Zvgvi cÖ_g cvbv‡_© †mvg, gay cÖ`vb KiwQ| †n AwMœ! giærM‡Yi mv‡_ G‡mv| ]
GLv‡b ÔAwfÕ Dcm‡M©i †kl ¯^i ÔBÕ D`vË Ges Avw` ¯^i ÔAÕ Aby`vË|
72
3. Gev`xbvgšÍt (wd.m~. 82), cvVvšÍi : Gegv`xbvgšÍt|
Ge A_ev Geg& cÖf…wZ wKQz Ae¨q c‡`i AšÍ (†kl) ¯^i D`vË nq| †hgbÑ
Ge
Geg&
b~bg& cÖf„wZ|
GLv‡b Ge, Geg&, b~bg& cÖf…wZ Ae¨‡qi AšÍ¯^i h_vµ‡g A, A, A D`vË|
4. Pv`‡qvby`vËvt (wd.m~. 84)
P, ev cÖf…wZ k‡ãi Aby`vË nq| †hgbÑ
P
ev
D
Be cÖf…wZ|
5. b¨O&¯^‡i․ ¯^wi‡Z․Õ (wd.m~. 74)
Ôb¨O&Õ I Ô¯^iÕ (A-B cÖf…wZ) kã ¯^wiZ nq|
b¨O&OzËvbt| e¨Pÿqr¯^t|
GLv‡b h&-Kvi hy³ Ôb¨Õ Ges Ôe¨Õ-Gi A-Kvi ¯^wiZ|
Z`ªƒc,
K‡b¨e (Kb¨v + Be) Zzbœv | K¡ RMZx P|
GLv‡b h&-Kvi I e&-Kvi hy³ Ô†b¨Õ Ges ÔK¡Õ-Gi h_vµ‡g G-Kvi I A-Kvi ¯^wiZ|
†e‡`i g‡š¿ ev ev‡K¨ mKj Dcm‡M©i cÖ‡qvM
•ew`K fvlvq Avgiv Dcm‡M©i •ewPΨc~Y© e¨envi †`Ljvg| Dcm‡M©i A‡_©i †ÿ‡Î hv¯‥ e‡j‡Qb Dcm‡M©i
GKwU ev cÖavb A_©wU †Zv [ Z`& h Gly c`v_©t cÖvûwi‡g Zr bvgvL¨vZ‡qvi_©weKiYg& \ (wbiæ³, 1 / 4 / 7 )]
Av‡QB hv wZwb Zuvi wbR¯^ wbiæ³ m~Îmg~‡n (1 / 4 / 8 Ñ 1 / 4 / 22 ch©šÍ 15wU wbiæ³ m~‡Î) †`wL‡q‡Qb|
Avevi wZwb GI e‡j‡Qb, Dcm‡M©i bvbv_© _vK‡jI †mB A_©‡K eyw× w`‡q wePvi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e
[Gegy”PvePvb_©vb&Ñ cÖvû¯Í D‡cwÿZe¨vt \ (wbiæ³, 1 / 4 / 23) ]| Avevi Dcm‡M©i Ae¯’v‡bi †ÿ‡Î †e‡`
DcmM© wµqvi c~‡e© hy³ Ae¯’vq †Zv †`Lv hvqB| ZvQvov wµqvi Av‡M, c‡i, wehy³ Ae¯’vq, e¨eav‡b,
cÖf…wZ Ae¯’v‡b Dcm‡M©i e¨envi †`Lv hvq| Dcm‡M©i Giƒc Ae¯’vb †`‡L cvwYwb Zuvi Aóva¨vqx‡Z c„_Kc„_K m~Î [ •ew`‡KÑ †Z cÖvM&av‡Zvt (cv. 1 / 4 / 80), Q›`wm c‡i ’wc (cv. 1 / 4 / 81), e¨ewnZvð (cv.
1 / 4 / 82) cÖf…wZ Ges †j․wKK fvlvq (ms¯‥…Z)Ñ DcmM©vt wµqv‡hv‡M (cv. 1 / 4 / 59), †Z cÖvM&av‡Zvt
73
(cv. 1 / 4 / 80) cÖf…wZ|] cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Dcm‡M©i Gme welq mwZ¨B •ew`K e¨vKiY RM‡Z Avgv‡`i
wPšÍv-†PZbv‡K we¯§q K‡i †Zv‡j| Giƒc e¨envi wbtm‡›`‡n Ab¨ fvlvq `yj©f| Dc‡i m~‡Îi gva¨‡g •ew`K
me Dcm‡M©i (20wU) e¨envi †e‡`i gš¿ A_©vr ev‡K¨ Av‡jvPbv m¤¢e nqwb| ZvB G‡ÿ‡Î •ew`K me
Dcm‡M©i (20wU = ¯^ivw` 10wU + e¨Äbvw` 10wU) †e‡`i g‡š¿ A_©vr ev‡K¨ bvbv‡_© avivevwnKfv‡e e¨envi
cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv43 :
GK bR‡i •ew`K KzwowU Dcm‡M©i †e‡`i g‡š¿ ev ev‡K¨ e¨enviÑ
K) ¯^ivw` DcmM©
1. AwZ : kZs `vmvu AwZ ¯ªRt (F. ms. 8 / 56 / 3)
Ñ(AwMœ) GKkZ `vm cÖ`vb K‡iv|
2. Awa : gv cwYf©‚i¯§v`wa (F. ms. 1 / 33 / 3)
Ñ(B›`ª) Avgv‡`i wbKU †_‡K AwaK g~j¨ wbI bv|
3. Aby : hr c gvbylvu Aby (F. ms. 8 / 9 / 2)
Ñhv (ab) c‡kÖYx gby‡l¨ AbycÖweó|
4. Awc : Aqg‡Mœ †Z¡ Awc hs hÁs PK…gv eqg& (F. ms. 2 / 5 / 8)
ÑAvgiv †h hÁ wbe©vn Kie, †n AwMœ! ZvI †ZvgviB|
5. Ac : B‡›`ªv Mv Ave„‡Yv`c (F. ms. 8 / 63 / 3)
ÑB›`ª †MvmKj Acve„Z (Abve…Z) K‡iwQ‡jb|
6. Ae : e„wóge w`e Bš^Zg& (F. ms. 7 / 64 / 2)
Ñ(wgÎ I eiæY) Avgv‡`i AšÍwiÿ n‡Z e„wó †cÖiY K‡iv|
7. Awf : wek¦v hðl©Yxiwf (F. ms. 1 / 86 / 5)
Ñme©kÎæ weRqx giærMY|
8. Av : Av Zz b B›`ª (F. ms. 1 / 10 / 11)
цn B›`ª ! kxNª Avgv‡`i wbKU G‡mv|
9. D`& : D`wk¦bv En_yt kÖgZvq Kg& (F. ms. 1 / 182 / 7)
цn Awk¦Øq ! †Zvgiv Zv‡K wbivc‡` D‡Ëvjb K‡i wecyj KxwZ© jvf K‡iQ|
10. Dc : hv Dc m~‡h© (F. ms. 1 / 23 / 17)
Ñhv (Rj) m~‡h©i mgx‡c Av‡Q|
74
L) e¨Äbvw` DcmM©
11. `yi& : B`gvct cÖ enZ hr wKÂ `ywiZs gwq (F. ms. 10 / 9 / 8)
цn RjMY ! hv wKQz `y®‥…Z Avgv‡`i Av‡Q Zv `~ixf~Z ev AcmvwiZ K‡iv|
12. wbi &: wbisnmt wcc„Zv wbie`¨vr (F. ms. 1 / 115 / 6)
Ñ(m~h©) Avgv‡`i cvc n‡Z gy³ K‡iv|
13. wb : Act wbwlÂbœmyit wcZv bt (F. ms. 5 / 83 / 6)
Ñ(cR©b¨) Zzwg evwiel©K I Avgv‡`i iÿK|
14. cÖ : cÖ ZwØòzt ¯Íe‡Z ex‡h©Y g„‡Mv b fxgt KzP‡iv wMwiôvt (F. ms. 1 / 154 / 2)
ÑwMwikvqx AviY¨ Rš‘i b¨vq weòzi weµg †jv‡K cÖksmv K‡i|
15. civ : Av †`‡ev hvwZ mweZv civeZt (F. ms. 1 / 35 / 3)
ц`e mweZv EaŸ©Mvgx I A‡avMvgx c_ w`‡q Mgb K‡ib|
16. cwi : cwi `¨vgb¨y`xq‡Z (F. ms. 1 / 30 / 19)
Ñ(B›`ª) AvKv‡ki Pviw`‡K ågY Ki‡Q|
17. cÖwZ : B›`ªs b gýv c„w_ex Pb cÖwZ (F‡M¦`, 1 / 55 / 1)
Ñc„w_exI gnË¡ wel‡q B‡›`ªi mgZzj¨ n‡Z cv‡iwb|
18. we : P‡›`ªe fvbys we `‡a cyiæÎv (F. ms. 3 / 61 / 7)
ÑDlv cÖfv¯^iƒc n‡q bvbv ¯’v‡b Avcbvi †kvfv weKxY© Ki‡jb|
19. my : w`‡ev bcvZv myK…‡Z ïwPeªZv (F. ms. 1 / 182 / 1)
ÑZuviv (= Awk¦Øq) ¯^‡M©i bßv Ges Zuv‡`i Kg© ïwP|
20. mg& : ga¨v K‡Z©vwe©ZZs ms Rfvie (F. ms. 1 / 115 / 4)
ÑivZ me©‡jv‡K AÜKviiƒc AveiY we¯Ívi K‡ib|
•ew`K Dcm‡M©i ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
•ew`K fvlvq DcmM©mg~‡ni jÿY, msL¨v, A_© I e¨envi cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î GK •ewPΨc~Y© `„k¨ †`Lv hvq|
G‡`i A_© wePv‡i •ew`K AvPvh©iv `ywU `‡j wef³ n‡qwQ‡jb| GKwU `‡ji †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb AvPvh©
kvKUvqb| Aci `‡ji †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb AvPvh© MvM©¨| AvPvh© kvKUvqb I Zuvi gZvej¤^xiv e‡jb
DcmM©mg~‡ni wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv A_© †bB (b wbe©×v DcmM©v A_©vwbœivûwiwZ kvKUvqbt| / bvgvL¨vZ‡qv¯‘
K‡g©vcms‡hvM‡`¨vZKv fewšÍ \)| Ab¨w`‡K AvPvh© MvM©¨ I Zuvi gZvej¤^xiv (we‡kl K‡i wbiæ³Kvi hv¯‥)
75
e‡jb DcmM©mg~‡ni GKwU cÖavb A_© †Zv Av‡QB Gi mv‡_ G‡`i Av‡iv bvbvcÖKvi A_© Av‡Q (D”PvePvt
c`v_©v fešÍxwZ MvM©¨t|)| wbiæ³Kvi hv¯‥ Mv‡M©¨i Abym„Z AwfgZ‡K Av‡iv kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ Zuvi wbiæ³
MÖ‡š’ 15wU m~‡Îi gva¨‡g Dcm‡M©i cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki cÖavb A_© cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb| m~Îv‡šÍ wZwb G‡`i bvbv A_©‡KI
eyw× w`‡q wePvi K‡i wb‡Z e‡j‡Qb (Gegy”PvePvb_©vb&Ñ cÖvû¯Í D‡cwÿZe¨vt \)| Avevi, G‡`i e¨env‡ii
†ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq Giv wµqvi c~‡e© I c‡i mshy³, wehy³, e¨eav‡b cÖf…wZ Ae¯’v‡b em‡Z cv‡i| G‡`i Giƒc
A_©všÍi I e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y •ew`K kãfvÐvi F× n‡q‡Q| •ew`K Dcm‡M©i Gme welq AvR‡Ki Avgiv
hviv e¨vKiY cvVK I wRÁvmy Zviv wPšÍvI Ki‡Z cvwibv| GgbwK Giv ÔavZzi c~‡e© hy³ Ae¯’vq e¨eüZ
nqÕÑGB GKwU gvÎ wbw`©ó •ew`K wbqg cieZ©x fvlvi e¨vKi‡Y (ms¯‥…Z, evsjv cÖf…wZ) cÖ‡ek K‡i Hme
fvlvi kãMV‡b c_ †`wL‡q‡Q Ges Zv‡`i kãfvÐvi‡K mg„× Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| Gme w`K we‡ePbv
K‡i ejv hvq †h, •ew`K Dcm‡M©i ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg|
76
Z_¨wb‡`©k I UxKv
1. K) W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøn&, evsjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë, wØZxq gy`ªY, XvKv, 1999, c„. 24
L) W±i K…òc` †Mv¯^vgx, evsjv fvlvZ‡Ë¡i BwZnvm, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, KwjKvZv, 2001, c„.26
2. Max Muller, Friedrich : Collected Works, New Impression, Vol. 10 (The Homes of the
Aryans), 1898, Page, 90
3. myKzgvi †mb, fvlvi BwZe„Ë, cÂ`k gy`ªY, KjKvZv, 2015, c„. 84
4. K) H.H. Wilson and Bhasya of Sayanacarya, ṚGVEDA SAṀHITᾹ, Vol. 1-4, Parimal
Publications, Delhi, 2002, Page, 579
L) i‡gkP›`ª `Ë Ab~w`Z I kÖxwniY¥q e‡›`¨vcva¨vq KZ…©K f~wgKv m¤^wjZ,F‡M¦`-mswnZv (cÖ_g I
wØZxq LÐ), PZz_© gy`ªY, KjKvZv, 2000, c„. 662
[D‡jøL¨ †h, GB Aa¨v‡q mg¯Í •ew`K gš¿ ev evK¨ GB `yB MÖš’ †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q ]
5. kÖxc‡ikP›`ª gRyg`vi, ms¯‹…Z I cÖvK…Z fvlvi µgweKvk, Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY, KjKvZv, 2000, c„. 61
6. W. iv‡gk¦i kÕ, mvaviY fvlvweÁvb I evsjv fvlv, Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY, KjKZv, 1403, c„. 530
7. H, c„. 532
8. H, c„. 538
9. H, c„. 608
10. H, c„. 608
11. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøn&, evsjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë, cÖv¸³, c„. cwiwkó
12. W. kÖxgZx kvwšÍ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, •ew`K mvwn‡Z¨i iƒc‡iLv, Z…Zxq cwiewa©Z ms¯‥iY, †KvjKvZv, 2003,
c„. 213
13. W. ax‡i›`ªbv_ Zid`vi, •ew`K e¨vKiY, cÖ_g cÖKvk, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv, 2010, c„. 55-56
14. W. kÖxgZx kvwšÍ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, •ew`K mvwn‡Z¨i iƒc‡iLv, cÖv¸³, c„. 216
15. W. ax‡i›`ªbv_ Zid`vi, •ew`K e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 2
16. Aa¨vcK W. Zcbk¼i fÆvPvh©¨, •ew`K e¨vKiY, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, KjKvZv, 2016, c„. 476
17. cZÄwj, gnvfvl¨g& (c¯úkvwýKg&), m•NwgÎv `vk¸ß m¤úvw`Z, wØZxq ms¯‥iY,KwjKvZv, 1407,
c„. 20
18. Z‡`e, c„. 47
19. Z‡`e, c„. 15
20. K) f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ, wm×všÍ-†KŠgy`x (•ew`KcÖKiY), kÖxwe‡bv`jvj †mb KweivR m¤úvw`Z I kÖxmZ¨iÄb
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq KZ©„K f~wgKv m¤^wjZ, wØZxq cÖKvk,KjKvZv, 2005, c„. 1-12 (f~wgKv)
L) AgiKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, †kŠbK-weiwPZ FM&†e`-cÖvwZkvL¨, wØZxq cÖKvk, KjKvZv, 2016, c„. 2122 (f~wgKv)
[ D‡jøL¨, GB Aa¨v‡q cvwYwbi mg¯Í m~Î : (K) Wv. igvk¼i wgkª m¤úvw`Z, Aóva¨vqxm~ÎcvV, Z…Zxq
cybgy©`ªY, w`jøx, 2017 †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q ]
21. cZÄwj, gnvfvl¨g& (c¯úkvwýKg&), m•NwgÎv `vk¸ß m¤úvw`Z, cÖv¸³,c„. 124Ñ125
22. H, c„. 124-126 + c„. 10 (f~wgKv)
23. Aa¨vcK W. Zcbk¼i fÆvPvh©¨, •ew`K e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 476
77
24. hv¯‥, wbiæ³g&&, eªþPvix †gav‣PZb¨ m¤úvw`Z, cÖv¸³, c„. 1
25. K) f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ, wm×všÍ-†KŠgy`x (•ew`KcÖKiY), kÖxwe‡bv`jvj †mb KweivR m¤úvw`Z I kÖxmZ¨iÄb
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq KZ©„K f~wgKv m¤^wjZ, cÖ_g cÖKvk, cÖv¸³, c„. 16 (f~wgKv)
L) W. D`qP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, †e`-msKjb (2q), cÖv¸³, c„. 33
26. K) A.A. MACDONELL, VEDIC GRAMMAR , Mentioned before, page. 414-424
L) A.A. Macdonell, A Vedic Grammar For Students, , Mentioned before, page. 208-211
27. hv¯‥, wbiæ³, Aa¨vcK D`qP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq m¤úvw`Z, cÖ_g cÖKvk, KjKvZv, 1421, c„.64Ñ65
28. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mn‡hvwMZvq cÖ`wk©Z wPÎwU †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
29. hv¯‥, wbiæ³, Aa¨vcK D`qP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq m¤úvw`Z, cÖv¸³, c„. 66
30. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mn‡hvwMZvq cÖ`wk©Z wPÎwU †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
31. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mn‡hvwMZvq cÖ`wk©Z wPÎwU †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
32. hv¯‥, wbiæ³, Aa¨vcK D`qP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq m¤úvw`Z, cÖv¸³, c„. 68
33. K) hv¯‥, wbiæ³, Aa¨vcK ZviKbv_ AwaKvix m¤úvw`Z, cÖv¸³, c„. 70Ñ74
L) hv¯‥, wbiæ³, Aa¨vcK D`qP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq m¤úvw`Z, cÖv¸³, c„. 69Ñ75
M) hv¯‥, wbiæ³g&,& eªþPvix †gav‣PZb¨ m¤úvw`Z, cÖv¸³, c„. 69Ñ74
34. hv¯‥, wbiæ³, Aa¨vcK D`qP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq m¤úvw`Z, cÖv¸³, c„. 74
35. K) Dr. Bhabani Prasad Bhattacharya Edited by, VEDIC GRAMMAR, Previously stated, page.
76-78
L) †M․ix ag©cvj, †e‡`i fvlv I Q›`, wØZxq gy`ªY, KjKvZv, 2015, c„. 88Ñ90
36. b‡M›`ªbv_ kv¯¿x, ÔA Modern Sanskrit Grammar and Composition (cvwYYxqg&), Revised Enlarge
Edition, 2019, Kolkata c„. 24
37. AgiKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, •ew`K e¨vKiY, wØZxq cÖKvk, †KvjKvZv, 1424 (e½vã), c„. 35Ñ38
38. †M․ix ag©cvj, †e‡`i fvlv I Q›`, cÖv¸³, c„. 50Ñ77
39. Z‡`e, c„. 197Ñ208
40. Z‡`e, c„. 91Ñ93
41. Z‡`e, c„. 213
42. K) AgiKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, •ew`K e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 265Ñ266
L) Aa¨vcK W. Zcbk¼i fÆvPvh©¨, •ew`K e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³ , c„. 220Ñ223
43. K) H.H. Wilson and Bhasya of Sayanacarya, ṚGVEDA SAṀHITᾹ, Vol. 1-4, Mentioned
before, page. (The collected sentences from several pages of different hymns )
L) i‡gkP›`ª `Ë Ab~w`Z I kÖxwniY¥q e‡›`¨vcva¨vq KZ…©K f~wgKv m¤^wjZ, F‡M¦`-mswnZv (cÖ_g I
wØZxqLÐ), cÖv¸³, c„. (wewfbœ m~³ †_‡K wewfbœ c„ôvi msKwjZ evK¨)
78
wØZxq Aa¨vq : ms¯‹…Z DcmM©
K. ms¯‹…Z fvlv I e¨vKiY
ms¯‹…Z fvlv I Zvi Kvj
c„w_exi cÖvPxb fvlveskmg~‡ni Ab¨Zg fvlvesk n‡jv B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq (fviZ-BD‡ivcxq ev Avh©)
fvlvesk| GB B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlves‡ki Avevi Ab¨Zg cÖvPxb kvLv B‡›`v-Bivbxq (fviZ-Bivbxq)
kvLv| GB B‡›`v-Bivbxq kvLvi Ab¨Zg cÖvPxb kvLv ÔcÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©Õ (Old Indian Aryan, AvbygvwbK
1500Ñ600 wLª. c~. / 1200Ñ800 wLª. c~. ch©šÍ) kvLvi ÔK_¨iƒcÕ †_‡K Ôms¯‥…Z fvlvÕ-i Rb¥| cÖvPxb
fviZxq Avh© Z_v •ew`K fvlvi KZw`b c‡i cÖ_g ms¯‥…Z fvlv Pvjy n‡qwQj Zv mwVKfv‡e ejv m¤¢e bq|
ZvB ms¯‥…Z fvlvi Kvj wbY©‡q cvðvZ¨ I cÖvP¨ wewfbœ cwÐZ wewfbœ gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
cvðvZ¨ cwÐZ‡`i g‡ZÑ
cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh© fvlvi `ywU iƒc wQj| h_vÑ 1) •ew`K (mvwnwZ¨K ev mvay), wb`©kb : F‡M¦‡`i Ges
cieZ©x •ew`K mvwn‡Z¨i fvlv| 2) †j․wKK (bexbZi), wb`k©b : ivgvqY, gnvfviZ, cyivY I wewfbœ
†j․wKK AvL¨vb-DcvL¨vbmn ZrKvjxb wkwÿZ e¨w³i •`bw›`b e¨env‡ii fvlv| GB †k‡lv³ fvlvi f`ª
Ges cvwYwb ( wLª. c~. cÂgÑlô kZK) AbykvwmZ iƒcB Avgv‡`i cwiwPZ ms¯‥…Z| ZvB ms¯‥…Z n‡jv •ew`K
hy‡Mi A‡šÍ K_¨ fvlv n‡Z †jL¨ fvlvi Avwef©ve| G Avwef©ve AšÍ¨ •ew`K ¯Í‡ii iPbv Dcwbl‡`i fvlvi
KvQvKvwQ| †gvU K_v †mKv‡j ms¯‥…Z e‡j •ew`K n‡Z wfbœZi fvlv eySvZ bv| ms¯‥…Z fvlv •ew`K fvlvi
AšÍf©z³ wQj| ZvB cvðvZ¨ cwÐZ‡`i g‡Z •ew`K fvlvi iPbv KvjB ms¯‥…Z fvlvi iPbv Kvj| †hgbÑ
1. Rvg©vb cwÐZ Maxmuller (g¨v·gyjvi) e‡j‡Qb, wLª. c~. 1000 kZ‡Ki c~‡e©B F‡M¦` iPbv m¤ú~Y©
n‡qwQj|
2. Rvg©vb gbxlx Jacobi (R¨v‡Kvwe)-i g‡Z cÖvPxb mswnZvi iPbvKvj wLª. c~. 4500 kZK|
3. Winternitz (DB›UviwbR) e‡j‡Qb, wLª. c~. 2000 ev 2500 ermi c~‡e© †e` cÖ_g iwPZ nq Ges
wLª. c~. 750Ñ500 erm‡i •ew`K mvwn‡Z¨i ¯Íi m¤ú~Y© n‡q hvq|
79
4. Macdonell (g¨vK‡Wv‡bj) Maxmuller (g¨v·gyjvi)-Gi gZ ¯^xKvi K‡ib| Z‡e Zuvi g‡Z †e‡`i
cÖvPxbZg As‡ki Kvj wLª. c~. 1300 kZK|
5. Keith (Kx_)-Gi g‡Z F‡M¦‡`i cÖvPxb As‡ki iPbvKvj wLª. c~. 1200 kZK|
cÖvP¨ cwÐZ‡`i g‡ZÑ
cÖvP¨ cwÐZMY wewfbœ hyw³Z‡K©i gva¨‡g mivmwi ms¯‥…Z fvlvi Kvj wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e wbY©q K‡i‡Qb| †hgbÑ
1. fvlvwe` W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Zvui ÔOrigin and Development of the Bengali Language’
MÖ‡š’ e‡jbÑ cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh© fvlvi (•ew`K Dcfvlvmg~nÑ ms¯‥…Z cÖf…wZ) AvbygvwbK Kvj
1200 wLª. c~.|
2. fvlvwe` W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& Zuvi Ôev½vjv fvlvi BwZe„ËÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jbÑ cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlvi
Kvj 1200Ñ800 wLª. c~.| Avi Avw`g cÖvK…Z Z_v ms¯‥…Z fvlvi Kvj 800Ñ500 wLª. c~.|
3. myKzgvi †mb Zuvi Ôfvlvi BwZe„ËÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jbÑ AvbygvwbK wLª. c~. cÂg kZ‡K ev Zvi wKQzKvj c‡i
AwØZxq •eqvKiY cvwYwb wb‡Ri weÁZv, kÖg I wbôv w`‡q •ew`K fvlvi evûj¨ I RwUjZv cwinvi
K‡i Zv‡K myms¯‥…Z I gvwR©Z K‡i GKwU bZzb iƒc †`b| •ew`K fvlvi GB bZyb iƒ‡ci bvg ms¯‥…Z
fvlv|
4. ax‡i›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Zuvi Ôms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvmÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jbÑ AvbygvwbK cÖvq 1500 eQ‡ii
e¨eav‡b •ew`K fvlv bvbv cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q †h iƒc MÖnY K‡iwQj, ZviB weï× iƒc ms¯‥…Z
fvlv|
5. kÖxc‡ikP›`ª gRyg`vi Zuvi Ôms¯‹…Z I cÖvK…Z fvlvi µgweKvkÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jbÑ †e‡`vËi ev cÖvK&ms¯‥…Z hy‡Mi iPbv mvwnZ¨m¤¢viÑ eªvþY RvZxq MÖš’vewj, wewfbœ AviY¨K I Dcwbl` I m~ÎmvwnZ¨
ev †e`v½ RvZxq iPbv| G¸wj msKj‡bi mgq 800Ñ300 wLª. c~.|
6. W. wek¦iƒc mvnv Zuvi Ô†e`fvlvwbwg©wZ ev ms¯‹…Z e¨vKiYÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jbÑ wek¦fvlvq ms¯‥…Z B‡›`vBD‡ivcxq fvlv-cwievi †_‡K AvbygvwbK 1500Ñ1300 wLª. c~.-Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb GK mg‡q D™¢~Z
n‡q‡Q|
Z‡e Ôms¯‥…ZÕ I ÔfvlvÕ kã `ywUi BwZnvm LuyR‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i †e` I †e`cieZ©x ms¯‥…Z mvwn‡Z¨i w`‡K
ZvKv‡Z nq| ÔfvlvÕ (fvl¨‡Z BwZ = fvl& + A + w¯¿qvg& Uvc& = fvlv) k‡ãi ÔevK&Õ A‡_© cÖ_g e¨envi
†`Lv hvq F‡M¦‡`| Ab¨w`‡K ÔfvlvÕ k‡ãi ûeû cÖ‡qvM †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq cvwYwbi Aóva¨vqxi K‡qKwU
m~‡Î| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
80
K) F‡M¦`
1. PZ¡vwi evK& cwiwgZv c`vwb
Zvwb we`yeª©vþYv †h gbxwlYt|
¸nv GxwY wbwnZv †b½qwšÍ
Zzixqs ev‡Pv gbyl¨v e`wšÍ \1
FK& mswnZv (F. ms.) 1 / 164 / 45
A_©vr evK& (= fvlv) Pvi cÖKvi| †gavex FwZ¡‡Kiv (cy‡ivwnZ) Zv Rv‡bb| Gi g‡a¨ wZbwU M~p, e¨env‡i
cÖe„Ë nq bv| PZz_© cÖKvi evK& (= fvlv) gby‡l¨iv e‡jb|
2. m³zwge wZZDbv cyb‡šÍv
hÎ axiv gbmv evPgµZ|
AÎv mLvqt mL¨vwb Rvb‡Z
f‣`ªlvs j²xwb©wnZvwa evwP \2
F. ms. 10 / 71 / 2
A_v©r Pvjbxi Øviv m³y‡K (km¨ / QvZz) †hgb cwi®‥vi (AveR©bvgy³) Kiv nq, †Zgwb eyw×gvb eyw×e‡j
cwi®‥…Z evK& (= fvlv) cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib| G ev‡K ev fvlv‡Z eÜyMY eÜzZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i| Gu‡`i ev‡K (= evYx‡Z
ev fvlvq) g½jgqx jÿ¥x we‡klfv‡e weivR K‡ib|
L) Aóva¨vqx
K) fvlvqvs m`emkÖæet, cvwYwbi Aóva¨vqx, (cv. 3 / 2 / 108)|
L) cÖ_gvqvð wØeP‡b fvlvqvg& (cv. 7 / 2 / 88)|
M) c~e©s Zz fvlvqvg& (cv. 8 / 2 / 98)|3
GB `„óvšÍØq (K, L) †_‡K aviYv Kiv nq, evK& ev fvlv-B †e`c~e© AK…ZevK& (†h fvlv ejv nqwb) †_‡K
D™¢e n‡q‡Q| Avi cieZ©x mg‡q Zv Fwl‡`i Øviv cÖ_g ms¯‥vicÖvß n‡q K…ZevK& A_©vr •ew`K fvlv ev Q›`m&
(cvwYwb KZ…©K bvg) bv‡g AwfwnZ nq| Avevi, Ôms¯‥…ZÕ4 (mg&- K… + ³ = ms¯‥…Z) kãwU F‡M¦‡` fvlv
wfbœ Ab¨ A‡_© A_©vr we‡klY A‡_© (cweÎ, my›`i, ms¯‥vi) Ges †e` cieZ©x ms¯‥…Z mvwnZ¨ evj¥xwKi
ivgvqY I Kvwj`v‡mi Kzgvim¤¢‡e ÔfvlvÕ A‡_© cÖ_g e¨eüZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
K) F‡M¦`
1. b ms¯‥…Zs cÖ wggx‡Zv
MwgôwšÍ b~bgwk¦‡bvc¯‘‡Zn|
w`evwfwc‡Z¡ ’ emvMwgôv
cÖZ¨ewZ© `vï‡l k¤¢weôv \5
F. ms. 5 / 76 / 2
81
A_©vr †n Awk¦Øq (m~h©cZœx msÁvi Mf©RvZ hgR mšÍvbØq) ! †Zvgiv ms¯‥…Z h‡Ái (cweÎ h‡Ái) wnsmv
K‡iv bv, wKš‘ AwZkxNª hÁ mgx‡c AvMgb c~e©K ¯‘wZfvRb nI| hv‡Z Abœvfve bv nq, †mRb¨ w`‡bi
cÖvi‡¤¢ iÿv mgwfe¨vnv‡i (GKÎ, ms‡hvM) G‡mv Ges ne¨`vZv‡K myL cÖ`vb Ki‡Z Zrci nI|
2. b Zv Ae©v †iYyKKv‡Uv Akœy‡Z
b ms¯‥…ZÎgyc hvwšÍ Zv Awf|
EiæMvqgfqs Zm¨ Zv Aby
Mv‡ev gZ©m¨ we PiwšÍ hR¡bt \6
F. ms. 6 / 28 / 4
A_©vr †iYy (a~wj) mK‡ji DÌvcbKvix mvgwiK Ak¦ †hb Zv‡`i (†MvMY) wbKU Dcw¯’Z bv nq| Zviv †hb
h‡Á wekmbvw` A_©vr ewj`vbvw` ms¯‥vi (= ms¯‥…Z) cÖvß bv nq| hvMvbyôvbKvix gby‡l¨i †abyMY †hb wbf©q
I ¯^vaxbfv‡e wePiY K‡i|
L) ivgvqY
1. hw` evPs cÖ`vm¨vwg
wØRvwZwie ms¯‥…Zvg&|
iveYs gb¨gvbv gvs
mxZv fxZv fwel¨wZ \7
my›`i KvÐ (my. Kv.) / ¯^M© / †køvK msL¨v, 30 / 18
2. Aek¨‡ge e³e¨s
gvbyls evK¨g_©er|
gqv mvšÍ¦wqZzs kK¨v
bvb¨‡_qgwbw›`Zv \8
my. Kv. 30 / 19
A_©vr hw` Avwg (nbygvb) wØRvwZi (eªvþY) b¨vq ms¯‥…‡Z (ms¯‥…Z fvlvq) K_v ewj, Zvn‡j Avgv‡K iveY
g‡b K‡i mxZv fxZv n‡eb| myZivs A_©evb& gvbylevK¨ (cÖvK…ZR‡bi fvlv, cÖPwjZ fvlv) ejv Avek¨K|
Ab¨_vq Avwg G Awbw›`Zv mxZv‡K Avk¦vm w`‡Z mg_© ne bv|
M) Kzgvim¤¢e
wØav cÖhy‡³b P ev•g‡qb mi¯^Zx ZwÙ_ybs bybve|
ms¯‥vicy‡Zb eis e‡iY¨s gyLMÖvn¨-wbe܇bb \9
Kvwj`vm, Kzgvim¤¢eg&, 7 / 90
A_©vr mi¯^Zx †mB `¤úwZi (wke I Dgv) ¯Íe Ki‡jb wØwea kã MwVZ fvlvqÑ e‡iY¨ ei wke‡K ms¯‥vic~Z
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq, Dgv‡K kÖæwZgayi cÖvK…‡Z|
82
GB `„óvšÍ¸wj †_‡K ej‡Z cvwi cvwYwb ms¯‥…Z fvlvi ga¨gwY n‡jI Ôms¯‥…ZÕ GB Awfav wKš‘ wZwb m„wó
K‡ibwb| aviYv Kiv nq wZwb †e‡`i †_‡KB D³ kãwU msMÖn K‡ib| cieZ©x mg‡q wZwb K…ZevK& ev fvlvi (cieZ©x bvg ms¯‥…Z fvlv) we‡klY A‡_© cÖ_g e¨envi K‡i K…ZevK& ev fvlv‡K wØZxq evi ms¯‥vi K‡ib|
Gevi †`Lv hvK Kxfv‡e •ew`K fvlvi K_¨iƒc †_‡K ms¯‥…Z fvlvi Rb¥ nj| Avgiv Rvwb ¯’vb-Kvj-cvΆf‡` fvlvi cwieZ©b nq| ms¯‥…Z fvlvI GB cwieZ©‡bi ¯^vÿievnx| cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q Avgiv †`‡LwQ fvi‡Zi
DËi-cwðg †`kxq ev D`xP¨-cÖZxP¨ (North-Western; AvdMvwb¯Ívb, DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ cÖ‡`k, cwðg
cvÄve, wmÜz cÖ‡`k, Kvk¥xi Ges ivR¯’v‡bi cwðgvÂj wb‡q D`xP¨-cÖZxP¨| GLv‡bB Avh©‡`i cÖ_g
evm¯’vb)10 A‡j emevmiZ cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©‡`i (Av. 1200Ñ800 wLªóc~e©vã) e¨eüZ fvlvB •ew`K
fvlv| G fvlvi mvwnZ¨ g~jZ ag©g~jK| `„óvšÍ F‡M¦` cÖf…wZ| Avgiv Rvwb cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq Avh©‡`i Kv‡Q
wjLb c×wZ AÁvZ wQj| kÖæwZ ci¤úivq Zuv‡`i mvwnZ¨PP©v n‡Zv| G Kvi‡Y †e‡`i GK bvg kÖæwZ| GB
ag©g~jK mvwn‡Z¨i Rb¨ eûKvj a‡i GKwU wkóm¤§Z weÁvbwfwËK fvlv Pvjy wQj| wKš‘ my`xN©Kvj hver GB
fvlv fviZe‡l©i we¯Í…Z ¯’v‡b we‡kl K‡i cÖvP¨ AÂj¸wj‡Z (Eastern; Kvkx, †Kvkj, gMa, we‡`n, Kvgiƒc,
A½ cÖf…wZ| Avh©iv D`xP¨-cÖZxP¨ AwZµg K‡i hZB c~e©w`‡K AMÖmi n‡jv ZZB Gme A‡ji cÖvavb¨
cÖwZwôZ n‡Z _vKj)11 I Avh©ve‡Z©i ga¨‡`kxq (Midland; Kziæ, cvÂvj cÖf…wZ| •ew`K fvlv I ms¯‥…wZi
D™¢e †hLv‡bB †nvK bv †Kb Kziæ-cvÂv‡j Zv GKwU myôz iƒc †c‡qwQj| Kziæ-cvÂvj fvlv I ms¯‥…wZB †kÖô|
cvwYwb-Av`k© ms¯‥…Z cÖK…Zc‡ÿ ga¨‡`‡ki fvlvi cwikxwjZ iƒc|12 wewfbœ A‡j cÖmvi jvf Kivq Ges
Rjevqy cÖf…wZi Kvi‡Y Abvh© (B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlvi aviK •ew`K Avh©iv fvi‡Z cÖ‡e‡ki Av‡M GLv‡b
cÖvPxb wKQz RvwZ †hgb wbwMÖ‡Uv, †cÖv‡Uv, G¨v‡÷ªvj‡qW, Av‡g©b‡qW g½j‡qW, G¨vjcvBb evm KiZ| GivI
A‡b‡K ewnivMZ| GB Abvh©fvlx‡`i Avh© fvlvfvlxiv N„Yvi `„wó‡Z †`LZ e‡j G‡`i‡K `vm, `my¨, Abvh©
cÖf…wZ e‡j‡Q| GB Abvh© fvlvfvlx †Mvôxi cÖavb‡`i wKQz bvgI †e‡` cvIqv hvqÑ Pzgyix, wccªy, ewP©b, m¤^i,
aywb, KxKU, AR BZ¨vw`| GBme Abvh© fvlv I Dcvmbv c×wZ Avh©‡`i †_‡K c„_K wQj| d‡j Abvh©‡`i
fvlv I ms¯‥…wZi m‡½ Avh©‡`i msMÖvg I mvgÄm¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| Avi ZLbB Avh© fvlv I ms¯‥…wZ‡Z
Abvh© k‡ãi AbycÖ‡ek N‡U‡Q)13 k‡ãi I Aï×Zvi cÖ‡ek NU‡Z _vKvq •ew`K fvlv µgk weK…Z n‡Z
_v‡K| fvlvi GB weK…wZ jÿ K‡i cy‡ivwnZ m¤úª`vqI DwØMœ n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb| c~e©Zb ms¯‥…wZi HwZn¨ Ges
•ew`K fvlvi c~Z Aeqe eRvq ivLvi cweÎ `vwqZ¡‡ev‡a cvwYwb (Lªxóc~e© 5gÑ6ô kZK) cÖgyL •eqvKi‡Yiv
83
ZvB D¾xweZ n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb| †Kej agx©q Aby‡cÖiYv bq, AvÂwjK we‡f` I •ewPΨ †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi
Rb¨I fvlvi w¯’i Av`k© m„wó Acwinvh© n‡q c‡owQj| cvwYwbi ÔAóva¨vqxÕ G cÖ‡Póvi mdj ¯^vÿi| ejv
evûj¨ Zuvi ¯^xK…Z mvay ev wkó fvlvB AvR‡Ki Ôms¯‥…Z fvlvÕ| cÖvPxb weؾb ms¯‥…Z‡K †`efvlv,
myifviZx, Mxe©vYevYx bv‡g cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb| cvwYwb wQ‡jb DËi-cwðg (D`xP¨-cÖZxP¨) fvi‡Zi Awaevmx|
ZvB wZwb Zuvi gvZ…fvlv I ga¨‡`‡k cÖPwjZ wkó mvay Avh© fvlv‡K wewa-wbq‡gi gva¨‡g mywbqwš¿Z, ms¯‥…Z
Ges ÎæwUgy³ Ki‡jb| Zuvi GB ÎæwUgy³ fvlvB ms¯‥…Z fvlv bv‡g AwfwnZ nq|14 W. myKzgvi †mb ms¯‥…Z
fvlvi MVbMZ Drm wbY©q K‡i e‡jbÑ It (Classical Sanskrit) is a literary language based on the
speech of the educated man (`sista’) of midland (Madhyadesa). At the same time contains
features which really belonged to the dialect of North-West (Udichya), the mother-tongue of
Panini, the condifier of Classical Sanskrit.
15
ms¯‥…Z fvlvi Drm MÖv‡d cÖ`©kb Kiv n‡jv :
84
GK bR‡i ms¯‹…Z fvlvi Drm
cvwYwbc~e© I mgmg‡q cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlvi K_¨iƒ‡ci AÂj I Dcfvlvmg~nÑ
DËi (North)
* D`xP¨ I cÖZxP¨ :
GB AÂj؇qi
Dcfvlvmg~‡ni
mvwnwZ¨K fvlvi bvg
•ew`K fvlv ev ÔQv›`m&Õ
(L) D`xP¨
AÂj : DËi-cwðg
fviZ, DËi cvÄve
cÖf…wZ| eªvþY¨ a‡g©i
cÖwZwbwa cvwYwbi
gvZ„f~wg|
cwðg
(M) ga¨‡`kxq
(K) cÖvP¨
AÂj : cwðg fvi‡Zi ga¨‡`k|
†hgbÑ w`jøx, gxivU, g_yiv cÖf…wZ|
wkwÿZ we`» Avh©‡`i emevm ¯’vb|
AÂj : c~e©
fvi‡Zi A‡hva¨v,
DËi fvi‡Zi
c~e©vÂj wenvi
cÖf…wZ|
= cÖZxP¨ (West)
ms¯‹…Z fvlv =
D`xP¨ fvlv + ga¨‡`kxq
fvlv A_©vr cvwYwbi gvZ…fvlv
+ ga¨‡`kxq wkó Avh©fvlv
AvPvh© mybxwZKzgvi P‡Æcva¨v‡qi g‡Z,
`vwÿYvZ¨ A‡jI •ew`K fvlvi cÖ‡ek
N‡U|
(N) `vwÿYvZ¨
AÂj : gnvivóª
`wÿY (South)
[ D`xP¨ = DËiw`K¯’, cÖZxP¨ = cwðg †`kxq A_©vr cvðvZ¨, cÖvP¨ = c~e©‡`kxq A_©vr c~e©w`‡K w¯’Z ]
85
c~e© (East)
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq iwPZ cÖvPxb MÖ‡š’i wbwðZ cÖgvY cvIqv hvqwb| Ae©vPxb •ew`Kgš¿ Ges eªvþY MÖš’¸wji fvlvq
ms¯‥„‡Zi Rb¥jMœ cwiùzU| cÖvPxb Dcwbl`¸wj‡Z Ae©vPxb •ew`Kfvlvi jÿY ¯úó Ges m~Îmvwn‡Z¨i fvlvq
ms¯‥…‡Zi •kkeve¯’v jÿYxq|16 Z‡e my¯úó `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc Avgiv ivgvqY, gnvfviZ I cÖvPxb cyivY¸wji K_v
D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvwi| KviY G mvwnZ¨¸wj‡Z ms¯‥…Z fvlvi Avw` iƒcwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q| Z‡e GK K_vq Avgiv
ej‡Z cvwi cvwYwb •ew`K fvlvi †K․wjb¨ iÿvi Rb¨ fvlv e¨env‡ii eû wbqg-Kvbyb •Zwi K‡i w`‡jb|
wZwb fvlv e¨env‡ii eû wbqg ev m~Î (3996 ev 3983wU) iPbv K‡i Zv‡K ms¯‥vi K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j
cieZ©xKv‡j †m fvlvi bvg nj Ôms¯‥…Z fvlvÕ ms‡ÿ‡c Ôms¯‥…ZÕ| mg&- K… + ³ = ms¯‥…Z, A_©vr ms¯‥…Z
bvgwUi A_© hv‡K ms¯‥vi Kiv n‡q‡Q| ZvB Ôms¯‥…ZÕ kãwU‡K hw` fvlv-i we‡klY aiv nq, Zvn‡j Ôms¯‥…Z
fvlvÕ ej‡Z fvlvi cwikxwjZ iƒc‡KB eySvq| †hgbÑ AM&wM (cÖvK…Z) bq AwMœ (•ew`K ev ms¯‥…Z), Bwm
(cÖvK…Z) bq Fwl (•ew`K ev ms¯‥…Z), †Mn (cÖvK…Z) bq M„n (•ew`K ev ms¯‥…Z) cÖf…wZ|
wb‡¤œ wewfbœ †`kx-we‡`kx gbxlx‡`i `„wó‡Z ms¯‥…Z fvlv m¤ú‡K© KwZcq cÖksmv‡evaK gšÍe¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
K) we‡`kx gbxlx‡`i gšÍe¨Ñ
1. ms¯‥…ZB c„w_exi †kªôZg fvlv|17
Ñg¨v· gyjvi (Rvg©vwb)
2. Sanskrit is more perfect than Greek, more copious than Latine and more
exquisitely refined than either.18
Ñm¨vi DBwjqvg †RvÝ (BD‡ivc)
L) †`kx ev fviZxq gbxlx‡`i gšÍe¨Ñ
1. fviZxqv¯‘ ms¯‥…Zs webv Ams¯‥…Zv Ge|19
ÑgnvZ¥v MvÜx (fvi‡Zi RvwZi RbK)
2. Avwg †Zvgvw`M‡K ewj‡ZwQ, †Zvgv‡`i Ae¯’v DbœZ Kwievi GKgvÎ Dcvq ms¯‥…Z fvlv wkÿv Kiv|
ms¯‥…Z fvlvi Ávbjvf nB‡j †KnB †Zvgvi weiæ‡× wKQzB ewj‡Z mvnmx nB‡e bv|20
ѯ^vgx we‡eKv›`
3. If I were aksed what is the greatest treasure which India possess and what is her finest
heritage, I would answer unhesitatingly- it is the Sanskrit Language and Literature and all that it
contains. 21
ÑRInijvj †b‡niæ
86
4. Sanskrit is the language of Indian culture and inspiration, the language in which all per past
greatness, her rich thought and her spiritual aspirations are enshrined….. for many centuries in
the past Sanskrit provided the principal basis of the unity of India….. ( Therfore) our whole
culture, literature and life would remain incomplete so long as our scholars, our thinkers and
our educationists remain ignorant of Sanskrit.22
ÑW. iv‡R›`ª cÖmv` (fvi‡Zi cÖ_g ivóªcwZ)
ms¯‹…Z fvlvi KzjRx
c„w_exi fvlv¸wj K‡qKwU Avw` Drm †_‡K Rb¥ jvf K‡i‡Q| GB Avw` Drm¸wj‡K c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg
fvlvesk ejv nq| fvlvZË¡we`‡`i g‡Z GB fvlves‡ki wefvM wb‡q gZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| kÖxc‡ikP›`ª
gRyg`vi Zuvi Ôms¯‹…Z I cÖvK…Z fvlvi KªgweKvkÕ MÖ‡š’ c„w_exi cÖvq wZb nvRvi fvlv‡K AvbygvwbK 25 /
26wU cwiev‡i fvM K‡ib|23 Ab¨w`‡K W. iv‡gk¦i kÕ Zuvi ÔmvaviY fvlvweÁvb I evsjv fvlvÕ MÖ‡š’ c„w_exi
cÖvq Pvi nvRvi fvlv‡K K‡qKwU cÖavb fvlves‡k fvM K‡ib|24Ñ
1. B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq ev Avh© (Indo-European / Aryan)
2. †mgxq-nvgxq (Semito-Hamitic)
3. ev›Uz (Bantu)
4. wd‡bœv-DMÖxq (Finno-Ugrian)
5. ZzK©-†gv½j-gvÂz (Turko-Mongol-Manchu)
6. K‡Kkxq (Caucasian)
7. `ªvweo (Dravidian)
8. AwֻK& (Austric)
9. †fvU-Pxbxq (Tibeto-Chinese)
10. DËic~e© mxgvšÍxq (Hyperborean)
11. GmwK‡gv (Esquimo)
12. Av‡gwiKvb Avw`g fvlveM© (American Indian Languages)
W. iv‡gk¦i kÕ e‡jb DwjøwLZ cÖavb fvM¸wj QvovI fvlvZË¡we`‡`i g‡Z Av‡iv wKQz fvlvesk i‡q‡Q|
†hgbÑ †Kvixq-Rvcvbx (Korean and Japanese), AvB‡eixq-ev¯‥ (lbero-Basque), Av›`vgvbx
(Andamanese), cvcyqvb& (Papuan) cÖf…wZ|
87
Dch©y³ fvlvesk¸wji g‡a¨ B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlvesk Ab¨Zg| GB fvlvesk †_‡K Avevi `kwU cÖvPxb
kvLvi Rb¥ nq|25 Ñ
kZg& (Satam)
:
1. B‡›`v-Bivbxq (Indo-Iranian)
2. evj‡Zv-¯øvweK& (Balto-Slavic)
3. Avj‡ebxq (Albanian)
4. Av‡g©bxq (Armenian)
†Kš‘g& (Centum) : 5. †KjwZK& (Celtic)
6. BZvwjK& (Italic)
7. Rvg©vwbK& (Germanic)
8. MÖxK& (Greek)
9. wnËxq / wnwÆ (Hittite)
10. †ZvLvixq (Tokharian)
GB `kwU kvLv‡K Avevi `ywU ¸‡”Q fvM Kiv nq|26Ñ
1. kZg& / mZg& [ g~j fvlvi cyitKɨ K (k) aŸwb wkmaŸwb‡Z (k& l& m&)
A_©vr k&-Kvi A_ev m&-Kv‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q ]
2. †Kš‘g& [ g~j fvlvi cyitKɨ K (k) aŸwb ]
Dch©y³ B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq cÖvPxb kvLv¸wji cÖ_g PviwU kZg& ¸‡”Qi AšÍf©y³| Aewkó QqwU †Kš‘g& ¸‡”Qi
AšÍM©Z| kZg& ¸‡”Qi B‡›`v-Bivbxq cÖvPxb kvLvwU Avevi wZbwU fv‡M wef³|27Ñ
1. Bivbxq Avh© (Iranian Aryan)
2. `i`xq (Dardic)
3. cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh© (Old Indian Aryan)
GB wZbwU kvLvi ÔcÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©Õ kvLvwU `yfv‡M wef³|28Ñ
1. K_¨iƒc
2. mvwnwZ¨K iƒc
D³ K_¨iƒc †_‡KB ms¯‥…Z fvlvi Rb¥|
88
Ôms¯‥…Z fvlvi KzjRxÕ Q‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv :
c„w_exi g~j fvlveskmg~n
1. B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq ev Avh© (Av. 5000 wLª. c~)
2. †mgxq-nvgxq
3. ev›Uz
4. wd‡bœv-DMÖxq
5. ZzK©-†gv½j-gvÂz
6. K‡Kkxq
7. `ªvweo
8. AwֻK&
9. †fvU-Pxbxq
10. DËic~e© mxgvšÍxq
11. GmwK‡gv
12. Av‡gwiKvi Avw`g fvlveM©
1. B‡›`v-Bivbxq 2. evj‡Zv-¯øvweK& 3. Avj‡ebxq 4. Av‡g©bxq 5. †KjwZK& 6. BZvwjK& 7. Rvg©vwbK&
kZg& (Av. 3500 wLª . c~)
1. Bivbxq Avh©
2. `i`xq
8. MÖxK& 9. wnËxq 10. †ZvLvixq
†Kš‘g& (1800 wLª . c~)
3.fviZxq Avh© (Av. 1200-800 wLª. c~)
1. K_¨iƒc
2. mvwnwZ¨K iƒc
ms¯‥…Z fvlv : (1000-600 Lªxóc~e©vã)
•ew`K fvlv : (Av. 1200-800 wLª. c~)
wb`k©bÑ Qv›`m& (†e`)
wb`k©bÑ ivgvqY, gnvfviZ
I cÖvPxb cyivYmg~n| cieZ©x‡Z Ak¦‡Nvl
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i Kvwj`vm, fef~wZ, fviwe,
gvN, wekvL`Ë, k~`ªK, evYfÆ cÖgyL KweI
bvU¨Kv‡ii iPbvq ms¯‥…Z fvlvi wb`©kb cvIqv hvq|
D‡jøL¨, cÖ`Ë Q‡K e¨eüZ ÔKvjÕ W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&i gZvbymv‡i|29
89
ms¯‹…Z fvlvi •ewkó¨
ms¯‥…Z fvlv g~jZ weؾb‡`i AbykxwjZ me©fvi‡Zi mvaviY ¯^xK…Z fvlv| G fvlv †Kej ag©xq e„‡Ë ev
evZvei‡Y Ave× n‡q _v‡Kwb| mvaviYZ •ew`K fvlv‡K eªvþY¨ ag©vej¤^x‡`i cÖavb gva¨g wn‡m‡e aiv nq|
Ab¨w`‡K ms¯‥…Z wKš‘ gZ I c_ wbwe©‡k‡l mKj D”P‡KvwU gvby‡li ag©wbi‡cÿ fvlviƒ‡c ax‡i ax‡i
MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡q D‡V‡Q| Avgiv Rvwb, ms¯‥…Z fvlvi cÖvPxbZg iPbv wbtm‡›`‡n ivgvqY, gnvfviZ I cÖvPxb
cyivYmg~n| cieZ©x mg‡q fvm, Ak¦‡Nvl, Kvwj`vm, fef~wZ, fviwe, gvN, wekvL`Ë, k~`ªK, evYfÆ cÖgyL
Kwe I bvU¨Kv‡ii iPbvq ms¯‥…Z fvlvi cwic~Y© weKvk N‡U|
D³ ms¯‥…Z fvlv I ms¯‥…Z †jLK‡`i iPbvi g‡a¨ Avgiv †h ms¯‥…Z fvlvi cwiPq cvB Zvi cÖavb •ewkó¨
n‡”Q wbqwgZ e¨envi| g‡b Kiv nq cÖvK& cvwYwb hy‡Mi gbxwlMY (Avwckwj, Kvk¨c, MvM©¨, fiØvR,
kvKUvqb, kvKj¨, †¯dvUvqb cÖgyL) I cvwYwb cieZ©x hy‡Mi gbxwlM‡Yi (KvZ¨vqb, cZÄwj cÖÖgyL) nv‡Z
ms¯‥…Z fvlv GKwU mycwiKwíZ wbqg †g‡b P‡j, hv AvRI engvb| GB fvlvq cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ †Kv‡bv
weKíiƒ‡ci e¨envi mvaviYZ †`Lv hvq bv| †hgbÑ ms¯‥…Z kãiƒ‡ci †ÿ‡Î A-KvivšÍ ÔbiÕ k‡ãi cÖ_gvi
wØePb, eûePb; wØZxqvi wØePb; Z…Zxqvi GKePb, eûePb; lôxi eûePb; m‡¤^va‡bi eûeP‡b ïay GKwU
iƒc (b‡i․, bivt; b‡i․; b‡iY, b‣it; bivYvg&; bivt) †`Lv hvq| Z`ªƒc ms¯‥…Z avZziƒ‡ci †ÿ‡ÎI GKB
avZzi GKwU M‡Y GKwU iƒc n‡Z †`Lv hvq| †hgbÑ K… avZzÑ K‡ivwZ; f~ avZzÑ fewZ BZ¨vw`| Giƒc wbw`©ó
iƒc ms¯‥…Z fvlvi e¨vKi‡Yi Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡ÎI cwijwÿZ nq| Avgiv Rvwb, ms¯‥…Z fvlv •ew`K (Vedic) I
†j․wKK (Classical) †f‡` `ycÖKvi| †jvKmgv‡R hv e¨envi Kiv hvq bv Zv n‡”Q •ew`K| G Kvi‡YÑ
AwMœgx‡j cy‡ivwnZs
hÁm¨ †`eg„wZ¡Rg&|
†nvZvis iZœavZgg& \30
F. ms. 1 / 1 / 1
[ e½vbyev` : h‡Ái cy‡ivwnZ, †nvZv bvgK FwZ¡K i‡Zœi †kÖô aviK AwMœ‡`e‡K (Avwg) ¯‘wZ Kwi| ]
cÖf…wZ •ew`K gš¿ †hfv‡e F‡M¦‡` cvV Kiv n‡q‡Q wVK †mfv‡eB Zvi e¨envi n‡e, Ab¨fv‡e n‡e bv|
Aciw`‡K †jvKmgv‡R hv e¨envi Kiv hvq Zv n‡”Q ms¯‥…Z| GB Kvi‡Y †j․wKK ms¯‥…‡Zi cwieZ©b Kiv
hvq| †hgbÑ
90
bit Pÿzlv wenMs ck¨wZ|31 (gvbylwU †PvL w`‡q GKwU cvwL †`L‡Q|)
ms¯‥…‡Z D³ evK¨wUi wewfbœfv‡e cwieZ©b Kiv hvqÑ
Pÿzlv wenMs ck¨wZ bit|
wenMs ck¨wZ bit Pÿzlv|
ck¨wZ bit wenMs Pÿylv|
Giƒc †hfv‡eB cwieZ©b Kiv †nvK bv †Kb ÔgvbylwU †PvL w`‡q GKwU cvwL †`L‡QÕÑ GB A‡_©i †Kv‡bv
cwieZ©b nq bv| ms¯‥…‡Z cÖwZwU k‡ãi wefw³ mywbw`óZvi Rb¨B Giƒc nq|32 GB •ewkó¨ †`‡L AvaywbK
fvlvZvwË¡KMY ms¯‥…Z‡K mgevqx †kÖYxi mgš^qx bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| GwU mwZ¨B ms¯‥…Z fvlvi GKwU
AmvaviY iƒc| GKvi‡Y Ab¨vb¨ wef³¨šÍ fvlvÑ cvwj, cÖvK…Z, Acåsk, Av‡e¯Ív, cÖvPxb cviwmK, MÖxK,
Mw_K cÖf…wZi g‡a¨ ms¯‥…Z‡K Ab¨Zg ejv n‡q‡Q|33
ms¯‹…Z e¨vKiY
•ew`K mvwn‡Z¨i lU& ev Qq †e`v‡½i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg †e`v½ e¨vKiY| kãkv¯¿KviMY †e`v‡½i g‡a¨
e¨vKiY‡K †kÖô ¯’vb w`‡q‡Qb| e¨vKiY ej‡Z e¨vcKfv‡e kãkv¯¿‡KB †evSv‡bv nq|34 kvKj¨ KZ©„K
m¤úvw`Z c`cvVwef³ †e`g‡š¿B cÖ_g Ôe¨vKiYÕ Gi weavb cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq| eªvþY MÖš’mg~‡nI e¨vKiY
PP©vi cÖgvY Av‡Q| hv‡¯‥i wbi懳 cÖ_g Ôe¨vKiYÕ I Ô •eqvKiYÕ kã `ywUi e¨envi cvIqv hvq| 35 •ew`K
e¨vKiY †hgb •ew`K fvlvi weï×Zv iÿvi Rb¨ wewa-weavb ev wbq‡gi wbM‡o Zv‡K k„•LwjZ K‡i‡Q, Z`ªƒc
ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiYI ms¯‥…Z fvlvi weï×Zv iÿvi Rb¨ wewa-weav‡bi ev wbq‡gi wbM‡o Zv‡K k„•LwjZ K‡i‡Q|
GB wbqg k„•Ljv‡KB mvaviY fvlvq Ôe¨vKiYÕ e‡j| GK K_vq ejv hvq fvlv cÖ‡qv‡Mi Kjv‡K․kj
wkÿv`vb KivB e¨vKi‡Yi KvR| myZivs e¨vKiY ej‡Z Avgiv GKwU kv¯¿‡K eywS, hv Øviv fvlv ï×iƒ‡c
ej‡Z, wjL‡Z, co‡Z Ges eyS‡Z cviv hvq|
G‡ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i Av‡jvP¨ welq ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY| ZvB †h kv‡¯¿ ms¯‥…Z fvlv e¨env‡ii wbqg-Kvbyb m¤^‡Ü
m~‡Îi gva¨‡g Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges ms¯‥…Z k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM, D”PviYwewa, kãiƒc, avZziƒc, cÖZ¨q,
DcmM©, c`, evK¨MVb, KviK-wefw³, mgvm cÖf…wZ wek`fv‡e e¨vL¨vZ n‡q‡Q ZvB ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ `„óvšÍ n‡”Q cvwYwbi ÔAóva¨vqxÕ| cvwYwb Zuvi MÖ‡š’ e¨vKi‡Yi cÖwZwU welq m~‡Îi gva¨‡g Aí
K_vq my¯úó, ب_©‡evaKZvnxb I cÖvÄj fvlvq cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| ZvB D³ nqÑ
91
¯^ívÿigmw›`»s mvie`& wek¦‡ZvgyLg&|
A‡¯Ívfgbe`¨Â m~Îs m~Îwe‡`v we`yt \36
GKvi‡Y cvwYwbi ÔAóva¨vqxÕ n‡”Q ms¯‥…Z fvlvi me©Kv‡ji me©‡kÖô weÁvbm¤§Z cÖ_g n¯ÍMZ ms¯‥…Z
e¨vKiY| Z‡e cvwYwbi c~‡e©I A‡bK ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY wQj| †hgbÑ gv‡nk e¨vKiY, H›`ª e¨vKiY cÖf…wZ|
¯^qs cvwYwb Zuvi ÔAóva¨vqxÕ MÖ‡š’ m~‡Îi g‡a¨ `k Rb c~e©vPv‡h©i (Kvk¨c, kvKUvqb, †mbK, Avwckwj,
†ùvUvqb, Pvµeg©Y, Mvje, fviØvR, kvKj¨ I MvM©¨) bvg D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
1. Z…wlg„wlK…‡kt Kvk¨cm¨ (cv. 1 / 2 / 25)|
2. jOt kvKUvqb‣m¨e (cv. 3 / 4 / 111)|
3. wM‡ið †mbKm¨ (cv. 5 / 4 / 112)|
4. ev myc¨vwck‡jt (cv. 6 / 1 / 92)|
5. AeO& †ùvUvqbm¨ (cv. 6 / 1 / 123)|
6. C3 Pvµeg©Ym¨ (cv. 6 / 1 / 130)| [ 3 = cøyZ ¯^i wb‡`k©K ]
7. B‡Kv n«‡¯^v ’ †O¨v Mvjem¨ (cv. 6 / 3 / 61)|
8. F‡Zv fviØvRm¨ (cv. 7 / 2 / 63)|
9. †jvct kvKj¨m¨ (cv. 8 / 3 / 19)|
10. I‡Zv MvM©¨m¨ (cv. 8 / 3 / 20)|37
m~‡Î DwjøwLZ c~e©vPvh©‡`i MÖ‡š’i AwaKvskB jyß| Z‡e gv‡nkvw` e¨vKiY AvKv‡i cÖKv‡i AwZ wekvj wQj|
Kw_Z Av‡QÑ
mgy`ªe`& e¨vKiYs g‡nk¦‡i
Z`שKy‡¤¢v×iYs e„n¯ú‡Z․|
Z`&fvMfvMv”P kZs cyi›`‡i
KzkvMÖwe›`~rcwZZs wn cvwY‡b․ \38
A_©vr gv‡nk¦i e¨vKiY hw` mgy`ªZzj¨ nq, e„n¯úwZ e¨vKiY Ava Kjmx Rj, H›`ª e¨vKiY Zvi kZfv‡Mi
GKfvM Ges cvwYwbi ÔAóva¨vqxÕ e¨vKiY Kz‡ki WMvq Rjwe›`y cwigvY gvÎ (†gvUvgywU 4000 m~Î gvÎ !)|
D³ n¯ÍMZ cvwYwbi e¨vKiY cieZ©x Kv‡j KvZ¨vqb I cZÄwji nv‡Z G‡m Av‡iv mymsMwVZ nq| †hgbÑ
KvZ¨vqb Zuvi iwPZ evwË©K Øviv cvwYwbi e¨vKiY‡K mymsMwVZ K‡ibÑ
D³vby³`yiæ³v_©e¨w³Kvwi Zz evwË©Kg&|39
A_©vr D³, Aby³, I `yiæ³ wel‡qi wPšÍv hv‡Z cÖewZ©Z nq, Zv‡K evwË©K e‡j| cZÄwj Zuvi iwPZ gnvfvl¨
Øviv cvwYwbi e¨vKiY‡K Av‡iv mymsMwVZ K‡ibÑ
m~ί’s c`gv`vq ev‣K¨t m~Îvbymvwiwft|
¯^c`vwb P eY©¨‡šÍ fvl¨we‡`v we`yt \40
A_©vr m~Îvbymvix evK¨ Ges ¯^iwPZ c‡`i Øviv fvl¨Kvi †h e¨vL¨v K‡ib, Zv‡K fvl¨ e‡j|
92
AZtci GB wZb gywbi wjwLZ e¨vKiY GK‡Î ÔwÎgywb e¨vKiYÕ ev Ôc~Y©v½ Aóva¨vqxÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ nq|
wÎgywb-cieZ©x Av‡iv AmsL¨ ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiYwe`‡`i e¨vKi‡Yi K_v Rvbv hvq| †mme e¨vKiYwe`‡`i g‡a¨
f‡ÆvwR`xwÿ‡Zi e¨vKiY Ô•eqvKiY-wm×všÍ‡KŠgy`xÕ (ms‡ÿ‡c Ôwm×všÍ‡KŠgy`xÕ) Ab¨Zg| †Kbbv wZwb
cvwYwbi Aóva¨vqxi 3996 ev 3983wU m~‡Îi (cvwYwb m~ÎmsL¨v wb‡q gZ cv_©K¨ Av‡Q) g‡a¨ 3404 ev
3391wU m~·K ms¯‥…Z c`mvab Ges 592wU m~·K •ew`K c`mvab wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i AvaywbKKv‡j
eûj e¨eüZ Ôwm×všÍ‡K․gy`xÕ bv‡g GKwU Ac~e© ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY Avgv‡`i Dcnvi w`‡q‡Qb| cvwYwb Zuvi
Aóva¨vqx‡Z Ôe¨vKiYÕ k‡ãi ey¨rcwË wbY©q K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡eÑ e¨vwµq‡Z †h‡bwZ = we-Av +
K… + jy¨U&
(AbU&) = e¨vKiYg&|41 K… avZzi A_© Kiv, wKš‘ we-Av-c~e©K K… avZzi A_© e¨vK…Z Kiv, A_©vr we‡kliƒ‡c ev
mg¨Kiƒ‡c we‡kølY Kiv| e¨vKiY k‡ãi GB ey¨rcwËMZ A_©‡K wfwË K‡i ejv n‡q‡QÑ e¨vwµq‡Z †h‡bwZ
e¨vKiYg&| A_©vr hvi Øviv e¨vK…Z ev we‡kølY Kiv nq, ZvB Ôe¨vKiYÕ| wb‡¤œ wewfbœ MÖš’ I gbxlx KZ©„K
ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi jÿY I cÖksmv m¤ú‡K© hv D³ n‡q‡Q Zv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
K) MÖš’ I gbxlx KZ©„K ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi jÿY
1. gnvfvl¨Kvi cZÄwj Zuvi Ôgnvfv‡l¨Õ e¨vKi‡Yi msÁvq e‡j‡QbÑ
e¨vwµq‡Z ’ †b‡bwZ e¨vKiYg&|42 (gnvfvl¨-62)
A_©vr hvi Øviv e¨vK…Z nq ev k‡ãi ey¨rcwË wbYx©Z nq, Zv‡K e¨vKiY e‡j|
2. W. ax‡i›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Ôms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvmÕ MÖ‡š’i Z_¨wb‡`©‡k e¨vKi‡Yi Abyiƒc msÁv
D‡jøL K‡i‡QbÑ
e¨vwµq‡šÍ ey¨rcv`¨‡šÍ cÖK…wZcÖZ¨qvw`-wefv‡Mb kãv A‡bb BwZ e¨vKiYg&|43
A_©vr †h kv‡¯¿ cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨q wefvM K‡i (we‡køl‡Yi Øviv) mvay (ï×) k‡ãi Dc‡`k (Abykvmb) Kiv nq,
†mB kv‡¯¿i bvg e¨vKiY|
L) MÖš’ I gbxlx KZ©„K ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi cÖksmv
1. ÔcvwYbxq-wkÿvÕ-q e¨vKiY‡K †e`cyiæ‡li gyL¯^iƒc ejv n‡q‡QÑ
wkÿv NªvYs Zz †e`m¨ gyLs e¨vKiYs ¯§„Zg&|
Z¯§vr mv½gax‣Z¨e eªþ‡jv‡K gnxq‡Z \44 (†køvK -42)
A_©vr e¨vKiY †e`cyiæ‡li gyL|
93
2. K) gnvfvl¨Kvi cZÄwj Zuvi Ôgnvfvl¨Õ (gyLeÜÑc¯úkvwýK) MÖ‡š’ e¨vKiY‡K kãvbykvmb e‡j D‡jøL
K‡i‡QbÑ
A_ kãvbykvmbg&|45 (gnvfvl¨ -1)
A_©vr GLb ev Zvici kãvbykvmb ( ev e¨vKiY) bvgK kv¯¿ Avi¤¢ n‡”Q|
L) gnvfvl¨Kvi cZÄwj Zuvi Ôgnvfv‡l¨Õ mKj †e`v‡½i g‡a¨ e¨vKiY‡K cÖavb e‡j ¯^xKvi K‡i
e‡j‡QbÑ
cÖavb lU&¯^‡½ly e¨vKiYg& |
cÖav‡b P K…‡Zv hZ¡t djevb& fewZ|46 (gnvfvl¨-6)
A_©vr QqwU †e`v‡½i (wkÿv, Kí, e¨vKiY, wbiæ³, Q›` I †R¨vwZl) g‡a¨ e¨vKiYB cÖavb|
3. f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ Zuvi Ôwm×všÍ‡KŠgy`xÕ-i f~wgKv‡Z e‡j‡QbÑ
wewea-cÖKv‡iYvwµq‡šÍ kãv A‡bbwZ e¨vKiYg&|47
A_©vr k‡ãi cÖK…wZ wefvRbc~e©K k‡ãi A‡_©i Áv‡bi Dcjwä †h kv‡¯¿i Øviv nq, Zv‡K e¨vKiY e‡j|
4. gnv‣eqvKiY AvPvh© fË…©nwi Zuvi ÔevK¨c`xq (eªþKvÐ)Õ MÖ‡š’i GKvwaK ¯’v‡b e¨vKiYwe`¨v‡K
†gvÿjv‡fi Ab¨Zg cš’viƒ‡c D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
K) Z`& ØvigceM©m¨ ev•gjvbvs wPwKrwmZg&|
cweÎs me©we`¨vbvgwawe`¨s cÖKvk‡Z \48 (KvwiKvÑ 1/14)
A_©vr gyw³jv‡fi Dcvqf~Z, hveZxq ev•g‡ji (ev‡K¨i Aïw×i) wPwKrmv¯^iƒc, mKj we`¨vi g‡a¨ cweÎZg,
†mB e¨vKiY me©wea we`¨v‡ZB (cÖgvYiƒ‡c) cÖKvk cvq|
L) B`gv`¨s c`¯’vbs wmwׇmvcvbce©Yvg&|
Bqs mv †gvÿgvYvgwRþv ivRc×wZt \49 (KvwiKvÑ 1/16)
A_©vr GB e¨vKiY (†gvÿiƒc) wmw×jv‡fi Dcvqf~Z †h mKj †mvcvb (ev f~wg)-Zvi AšÍf©y³ wewfbœ
wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ cÖ_g c`¯’vb ev ce©wefvM| gygyÿzM‡Yi wbKU Bnv AKzwUj ivRgvM©¯^iƒc|
D‡jøL¨, ïay kãZË¡we`MYB bb, cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi AvjsKvwiK, `vk©wbK Ges Ab¨vb¨ weL¨vZ we`¨v¯’v‡bi
(MÖ‡š’i) AvPvh©MYI e¨vKiYkv¯¿‡K we‡kl kÖ×vi †Pv‡L †`L‡Zb Ges cÖksmv Ki‡Zb| ZviI eû cÖgvY
cvIqv hvq| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
5. K) AvjsKvwiK fvgn Zuvi ÔKve¨vjsKviÕ-G •eqvKiY cvwYwbi Aóva¨vqx m¤^‡Ü e‡j‡QbÑ
kÖ‡×qs RMwZ gZs wn cvwYbxqg&|50 (6/63)
94
L) AvjsKvwiK ivR‡kLi Zuvi ÔKve¨gxgvsmvÕ-q e‡j‡QbÑ
kãwe‡`¨e we`¨vbvs g‡a¨ RR¡vj iæw´Yx|51
M) AvPvh© Avb›`ea©b Zuvi ÔaŸb¨v‡jvKe„wËÕ-†Z e‡j‡QbÑ
cÖ_‡g wn weØvs‡mv •eqvKiYvt, e¨vKiYg~jZ¡vr me©we`¨vbvg&|52 (1 /13)
G Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq cÖ_vMZ e¨vKiY ev Traditional Grammar-Gi cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡jv
fvlvq e¨eüZ mvay kã¸wj‡K cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨qvw` wefv‡M wef³ K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv Ges fvlv‡K ï×fv‡e
ej‡Z I wjL‡Z †kLv| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq †h, e¨vKi‡Y c‡`i ev k‡ãi ï×vï× wePvi K‡i ï×iƒcwU‡KB
AvqË Ki‡Z n‡e| G Kvi‡Y e¨vKiYcvV Avek¨K| fvlvq wkóRb-cÖhy³ mvayk‡ãi w`‡K `„wó †i‡LB
•eqvKiYMY m~Îwbg©vY K‡ib| evwË©KKvi KvZ¨vqb I gnvfvl¨Kvi cZÄwj Zuv‡`i MÖ‡š’ e¨vKiY cv‡Vi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© wek`fv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc gnvfvl¨Kvi cZÄwj Zuvi gnvfv‡l¨
e¨vKiY cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvR‡bi K_v ej‡Z wM‡q e‡jbÑ
i‡ÿv ’vMgjN¦m‡›`nvt cÖ‡qvRbg&|53
A_©vr iÿv, En, AvMg, jNy, Am‡›`nÑ GB cuvPwU e¨vKiY cv‡Vi gyL¨ cÖ‡qvRb|
Z‡e cZÄwj GB gyL¨ cÖ‡qvR‡bi evB‡i wKQz †M․Y cÖ‡qvR‡bi (†Z ’myivt, `yót kãt cÖf…wZ) K_v Zuvi
gnvfv‡l¨ e‡j‡Qb|
cÖ‡Z¨K e¨vKi‡Yi g‡Zv ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡YiI 4wU Av‡jvP¨ welq| h_vÑ
1. eY©wePvi (e‡Y©i †f`, D”PviY I evbvb cÖf…wZi Av‡jvPbv)
2. kãwePvi (k‡ãi †f`, iƒccwieZ©b cÖf„wZi Av‡jvPbv)
3. evK¨wePvi (evK¨MVb, evK¨‡f` I evK¨we‡kølY cÖf…wZi Av‡jvPbv)
4. A_©wePvi (k‡ãi A_©-wePvi Av‡jvPbv)
Avgv‡`i GB Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvP¨ welqwU kãwePv‡ii AšÍf©y³|
ms¯‹…Z e¨vKiY iPbvi c×wZ
cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q fviZe‡l© e¨vKiY iPbvi c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| fviZe‡l© e¨vKiY iPbvi GKwU
we‡kl c×wZ Av‡Q| A_©vr fviZe‡l© e¨vKi‡Yi wewfbœ welq (aŸwbZË¡, iƒcZË¡, evK¨ZË¡ I A_©ZË¡)
Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© KZ¸wj cÖ‡qvRbxq cwifvlv m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv †`qv nq| G cwifvlv¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e
ey‡S wb‡j e¨vKiY Aa¨qb mnR nq| Av‡jvP¨ Aa¨v‡qi †ÿ‡ÎI †mB GKB c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
95
Z‡e cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q (•ew`K DcmM©) †hme cwifvlv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q †mme G Av‡jvP¨ Aa¨v‡qI
cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘ cybiæw³ e`f¨vm e‡j G Aa¨v‡q Z`wZwi³ cÖ‡qvRbxq cwifvlvmg~n Av‡jvPbvi cÖqvm
cvw”Q| ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Y mvaviYZ cÖK…wZ (avZz, cÖvwZcw`K), cÖZ¨q (wefw³, K…r, Zw×Z, ¯¿x-cÖZ¨q,
avZ¡eqe), c`, AvMg I Av‡`k, ¸Y, e„w×, m¤úªmviY, jNy I ¸iæ, wbcvZ, Ae¨q, DcmM©, MwZ, Br, meY©,
wU, Dcav, wefvlv, cÖM„n¨ cÖf…wZ cwifvlv Av‡Q| wb‡¤œ Gme welq ev cwifvlv54 m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv †`qv
n‡jv :
1. cÖK„wZ (Base) : g~j kã‡K (wµqvevPK, e¯‘evPK ev e¯‘i we‡klY evPK) cÖK…wZ e‡j| †hgbÑ
wµqvevPK :
f~ (nIqv)
Mg& (hvIqv)
`„k& (†`Lv) BZ¨vw`|
e¯‘evPK :
m~h©, m~h© + myc& = m~h©t
Ziæ, Ziæ + myc& = Ziæt
Rj, Rj + myc& = Rjg& BZ¨vw`|
e¯‘i we‡klY evPK : my›`i, my›`i (wÎ.)
g›`, g›` (wÎ.)
cyivY, cyivY (wÎ.) BZ¨vw`|
cÖK…wZ `ycÖKvi| h_vÑ
K. avZz (Verbal root) : f~ev`‡qv avZet (cv. 1 / 3 / 1)|
f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ (`x.) : wµqvevwP‡bv f¦v`‡qv avZzmsÁvt my¨t|
f~cÖf…Z‡qv evm`„k¨ †h †Z avZzmsÁKvt fewšÍ| f~ (nIqv) cÖf…wZ ev (cÖevwnZ nIqv) m`„k †h kã¯^iƒc
Zv‡`i avZz ejv nq| ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvqÑwµqvevPK f~ (nIqv) cÖf…wZ cÖK…wZi avZz msÁv nq| †hgbÑ
f~ (nIqv)
Mg& (hvIqv)
`„k& †`Lv) BZ¨vw`|
L. cÖvwZcw`K (Nominal base) : A_©e`avZzicÖZ¨qt cÖvwZcw`Kg& (cv. 1 / 2 / 45)|
cÖwZc`s M„nèvwZ hr Zr cÖvwZcw`Kg&| cÖ‡Z¨KwU c` wmw×i Rb¨ wefw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi c~‡e©i g~j kãwU
cÖvwZcw`K| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvqÑ avZz, cÖZ¨q I cÖZ¨qvšÍ wfbœ A_©wewkó wefw³nxb kã‡K (e¯‘evPK ev e¯‘i
we‡klYevPK) cÖvwZcw`K e‡j| †hgbÑ
96
e¯‘evPK :
m~h©, m~h© + myc& = m~h©t
Ziæ, Ziæ + myc& = Ziæt
Rj, Rj + myc& = Rjg& BZ¨vw`|
e¯‘i we‡klY evPK : my›`i, my›`i (wÎ.)
g›`, g›` (wÎ.)
cyivY, cyivY (wÎ.) BZ¨vw`|
2. cÖZ¨q (Suffix) : cÖZ¨q t (cv.3 / 1 / 1)| , cið (cv.3 / 1 / 2)| [ cÖK…‡Zt cit cÖZ¨‡qv †ew`Ze¨t|]
cÖK…wZi (avZz I cÖvwZcw`K) DËi hv hy³ nq, Zv‡K cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgbÑ
wefw³ :
f~-jU&-wZ = fewZ (nq)
K…r cÖZ¨q:
Mg& + Ze¨ = MšÍe¨, MšÍe¨ + myc& = MšÍe¨t (hvIqv DwPZ, hv‡e)
Zw×Z cÖZ¨q : `ki_ + BT& = `vkiw_, `vkiw_ + myc& = `vkiw_t (`ki_m¨ AcZ¨s cygvb&)
[ivgP›`ª, j²Y, fviZ I kÎæNœ]
¯¿x cÖZ¨q : †`e + w¯¿qvg& Oxc& = †`ex (¯¿x‡`eZv)
avZ¡eqe :
cV& + wYP& = cvwV + jU&-wZ = cvVqwZ (cov‡bv)
cV& + mb& + jU&-wZ = wccwVlwZ (co‡Z Pvq)
cV& + hO& + jU&-†Z = cvcV¨‡Z (cybt cybt cvV Kiv)
GLv‡b wZ, Ze¨, BT&, Oxc&, wYP& I †Z cÖK…wZi c‡i hy³ n‡q‡Q| AZGe G¸wj cÖZ¨q|
cÖZ¨q cuvP cÖKvi| h_vÑ
K. wefw³ (Suffixes) : wefw³ð [cvwYwb (cv.) 1 / 4 / 104]|
msL¨vKviK‡evawqÎx wefw³t| hvi Øviv msL¨v I KviK †evSvq Zv‡K wefw³ e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvqÑ
avZzi DËi wZO& (wZ, Zm& cÖf…wZ) I cÖvwZcw`‡Ki DËi myc& (my ,J cÖf…wZ) †h cÖZ¨q hy³ nq, Zv‡K wefw³
e‡j| †hgbÑ
wZO& : f~ + jU&-wZ = fewZ (nq ev n‡”Q)
myc& : bi + my (t) = bit (gvbylwU) BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b wZ, my (t) h_vµ‡g avZz I cÖvwZcw`‡Ki DËi hy³ n‡q‡Q| AZGe G¸wj wefw³|
L. K…rcÖZ¨q (Primary Suffixes) : K) av‡Zvt (cv. 3 / 1 / 91)|
L) K…`wZO& (cv.3 / 1 / 93)|
avZzi DËi Ze¨ cÖf…wZ †h mKj cÖZ¨q nq, Zv‡`i K…rcÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgbÑ
K… + Ze¨ = KZ©e¨, KZ©e¨ + myc& = KZ©e¨t (Kiv DwPZ, Ki‡e) BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b avZzi DËi Ze¨ cÖf…wZ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q‡Q| AZGe GwU K…rcÖZ¨q|
97
M. Zw×Z cÖZ¨q (Secondary Suffixes) : Zw×Zvt (cv.4 / 1 / 67)|
†Zf¨t cÖwm‡×f¨t cÖ‡qv‡Mf¨t (c‡`‡f¨v) wnZvt cÖZ¨vqvt DP¨‡šÍ| k‡ãi DËi †h mKj cÖZ¨q wkô Abymv‡i
cÖhy³ nq Zv‡`i‡K Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvqÑ cÖvwZcw`‡Ki DËi †hme cÖZ¨q nq, Zv‡`i
Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgbÑ
iveY + wò = ivewY, ivewY + myc& = ivewYt (ive‡Yi cyÎ) BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b cÖvwZcw`‡Ki DËi wò cÖf…wZ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q‡Q| AZGe GwU Zw×Z cÖZ¨q|
N. ¯¿x-cÖZ¨q (Feminine Suffixes) : w¯¿qvg& (cv. 4 / 1 / 3)|
¯¿xwj‡½ k‡ãi DËi Uvc&, Cc&, Oxc& (Av, C) cÖf…wZ †h mg¯Í cÖZ¨q nq, Zv‡`i ¯¿x-cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgbÑ
AR + w¯¿qvg& Uvc& = ARv, ARv + myc& = ARv (¯¿x QvMj)
b` + w¯¿qvg& Oxc& = b`x, b`x + myc& = b`x BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b k‡ãi DËi Uvc&, Oxc& cÖf…wZ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q‡Q| AZGe G¸wj ¯¿x-cÖZ¨q|
O. avZ¡eqe (Parts of root) : †hme cÖZ¨q avZzi Aeqe ¯^iƒc †mme cÖZ¨q n‡”Q avZ¡eqe| Ab¨fv‡e ejv
hvqÑ avZzi DËi wYP&, mb&, hO& Ges cÖvwZcw`‡Ki DËi Kvg¨, K¨P& cÖf…wZ †h mg¯Í cÖZ¨q nq, Zv‡`i
avZ¡eqe e‡j| †hgbÑ
avZz :
e`& + wYP& = evw` + jU&-wZ = ev`qwZ (ejv‡bv)
e`& + mb& + jU&-wZ = weew`lwZ (ej‡Z Pvq)
e`& + hO& + jU&-†Z = eve`¨‡Z (evi evi ejv)
cÖvwZcw`K : AvZ¥bt cyÎwg”QwZ = cyÎ + Kvg¨ + jU&-wZ = cyÎKvg¨wZ (wb‡Ri Rb¨ cyÎ Kvgbv K‡i)
AvZ¥bt abwg”QwZ = ab + Kvg¨ + jU&-wZ = abKvg¨wZ (wb‡Ri Rb¨ ab Kvgbv K‡i)
AvZ¥bt cyÎwg”QwZ = cyÎ + K¨P& + jU&-wZ = cyÎxqwZ (wb‡Ri Rb¨ cyÎ Kvgbv K‡i)
AvZ¥bt abwg”QwZ = ab + K¨P& + jU&-wZ = abxqwZ (wb‡Ri Rb¨ ab Pvq)
GLv‡b avZzi DËi wYP&, mb&, hO& Ges cÖvwZcw`‡Ki DËi Kvg¨, K¨P& cÖf…wZ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q‡Q| AZGe
G¸wj avZ¡eqe|
3. c` (Inflected Word) : mywßOšÍs c`g& (cv. 1 / 4 / 14)|
myc& cÖZ¨qvšÍ I wZO& cÖZ¨qvšÍ kã‡K c` e‡j| †hgbÑ
myc& cÖZ¨qvšÍ kã : bi + my (t) = bit (gvbylwU)
gywb + Uv = gywbbv (gywb KZ…©K) BZ¨vw`|
wZO& cÖZ¨qvšÍ kã : f~ + jU&-wZ = fewZ (nq ev n‡”Q)
Mg& + jU&-AwšÍ = M”QwšÍ (hvq ev hv‡”Q) BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b bit, gywbbv, fewZ I M”QwšÍ BZ¨vw` myc& I wZO& cÖZ¨qvšÍ kã| AZGe G¸wj c`|
98
4. AvMg (Augment) : cÖK…wZcÖZ¨q‡qvibycNvZx AvMgt|
A_©vr cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨‡q AwZwi³ e‡Y©i Dcw¯’wZ‡K AvMg e‡j| †hgbÑ
cÖK…wZ : eb + cwZ = eb¯úwZ [ m& ]
evP + cwZ = evP¯úwZ [ m& ]
cÖZ¨q : e„r + kvbP& = eZ©gvb [ kvbP& = Avb
gvb ]
GLv‡b cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨‡q AwZwi³ eY© m& I g& Gi Dcw¯’wZ jÿ Kiv hvq| AZGe G¸wj AvMg|
5. Av‡`k (Substitution) : cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨‡qi †h iƒc cwieZ©b N‡U, Zv‡K Av‡`k e‡j| †hgbÑ
cÖK…wZ : Am&
¯’v
f~ [ A‡¯Íf©~t (cv. 2 / 4 / 52)| ]
wZô& BZ¨vw`|
cÖZ¨q : Ab&
Uv
Dm&
Bb [ UvOwmOmvwgbvrm¨vt (cv. 7 / 1 / 12) ] BZ¨vw`|
D‡jøL¨, AvMg eÜzi g‡Zv G‡m cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨‡qi †Kv‡bviƒc weNœ bv NwU‡q Df‡qi Kvh© m¤úv`‡b mvnvh¨
K‡i| Avi Av‡`k kÎæi g‡Zv G‡m cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨‡qi ¯’vb MÖnY K‡i| ZvB ejv nqÑ
ÔwgÎe`vMgt kÎæe`v‡`ktÕ|
6. ¸Y : A‡`O& ¸Yt (cv. 1 / 1 / 2)|
`x. : A‡`O& P ¸YmsÁ m¨vr|
A-Kvi, G-Kvi Ges I-Kvi ¸Y msÁcÖvß nq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvqÑ ¸Y n‡”Q ¯^iaŸwb cwieZ©‡bi GKwU
wbqg| †hLv‡bÑ
B C
G
D E
I
F F„ Ai& [ DiY& icit (cv. 1 / 1 / 51)|; F F„ 9
9 Aj& nq| †hgbÑ
†`e + B›`ªt (myc&) = †`‡e›`ªt
gnv + Ckt (myc&) = g‡nkt
m~h© + D`qt (myc&) = m~‡h©v`qt
M½v + Ewg©t (myc&) = M‡½vwg©t
†`e + Fwlt (myc&) = †`ewl©t (†`e + Ai& wlt)
Ze + 9Kvit (myc&) = Zej&Kvit [ 9 j& ]
D‡jøL¨, mwÜ I K…rcÖZ¨q‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î ¸Y weav‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
99
AY& (A B D)
i& ev j& Avm‡e| ]
7. e„w× : e„w×iv‣`P& (cv. 1 / 1 / 1)|
`x. : Av‣`”P e„w×msÁ m¨vr|
Av-Kvi, H-Kvi Ges J-Kvi e„w× msÁvcÖvß nq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvqÑ e„w×I ¯^iaŸwb cwieZ©‡bi GKwU
wbqg| †hLv‡bÑ
A Av
BCG H
DEI J
F F„ Avi&
9 Avj& nq| †hgbÑ
kixi + VK = kvixwiK (wÎ / we-Y)
wewa + AY& = •ea (wÎ. / we-Y)
D`vi + hT& = J`vh©, J`vh© + myc& = J`vh©g&
kxZ + FZt (myc&) = kxZvZ©t (kxZ + Avi& Zt)
†nvZ„ + 9Kvit (myc&) = †nvZ…„Kvit c‡ÿ †nvZ&99Kvit [ †nvZ… = cy‡ivwnZ, F‡M¦`Á ]
jÿYxq †h, †nvZ&99KvitÑGi †ÿ‡Î ÔFwZ me‡Y© F ev (evwË©K), 9wZ me‡Y© 9 ev (evwË©K)Õ ÑGB evwË©K
m~ÎØq Øviv GKevi F-Kvi ( „) Ges GKevi 9-Kvi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ †nvZ… + Kvi = †nvZ…Kvit,
†nvZ&9Kvit|
D‡jøL¨, mwÜ I Zw×Z cÖZ¨q‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î e„w× weav‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
8. m¤úªmviY (Expansion) : BM&lYt m¤úªmviYg& (cv. 1 / 1 / 45)|
h& e&& i& j& ¯’v‡b B D F 9 n‡j m¤úªmviY e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvqÑ m¤úªmviY n‡”Q AšÍt¯’e‡Y©i (h& e& i& j&)
cwieZ©b| †hLv‡bÑ
h&
e&
i&
j&&
B
D
F
9 nq| †hgbÑ
hR& BqvR [ hR& + b = hÁ (BqvR&T) ]
eP& DevP [ eP& + wjU&-A (bj&) = DevP ]
RMÖn RM„nt BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b hR& Gi h& B, eP& Gi e&
AZGe G¸wj m¤úªmviY|
D Ges RMÖn Gi i ( ª)
100
F ( „) AšÍt¯’e‡Y©i cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q|
D‡jøL¨, ÔBM&lYt m¤úªmviYg&Õ (cv. 1 / 1 / 45) m~ÎwU ( h& e& i& j&
77) m~‡Îi (B D F 9 h& e& i& j) wecixZ m~Î|
B D F 9) ÔB‡Kv hYwPÕ (cv. 6 / 1 /
9. jNy (Short) : n«¯^s jNy ( cv. 1 / 4 / 10)|
n«¯^m¦i‡K jNy ejv nq| †hgbABDF9
D‡jøL¨, ¯^iaŸwbi jNy ¯^i cuvPwU|
jÿYxq †h, n«¯^¯^ihy³ e¨ÄbeY©I jNy nq| †hgbÑ
K (K& + A), wL (L& + B) BZ¨vw`|
10. ¸iæ. (Long) `xN©s P (cv. 1 / 4 / 12)| ms‡hv‡M ¸iæt (cv. 1 / 4 / 11)|
`xN©¯^i‡K ¸iæ e‡j| GQvov mshy³ e‡Y©i c~e©eY© n«¯^ n‡jI ¸iæ nq| †hgbÑ
Av C E F„ G H I J
Ges wkÿv [ k& + B + (K& + l& ) + Av ]
GLv‡b D³ AvUwU `xN©¯^i (Av cÖf…wZ) ¸iæ Ges wkÿv k‡ãi mshy³e‡Y©i (K& + l) c~e©eY© ÔBÕ jNy nIqv
m‡Ë¡I ¸iæ|
¸iæeY© m¤ú‡K© M½v`v‡mi ÔQ›`gÄixÕ-†Z D³ nqÑ
mvby¯v^ ið `xN©ð wemM©x P ¸iæf©‡er|
eY©ms‡hvMc~eð
© Z_v cv`všÍ‡Mv ’wc ev \ (Q›`gÄix, 1/11)
A_©vr
K. Aby¯v^ ihy³ eY© ¸iæ (mvby¯v^ ið) : As, Ks cÖf…wZ|
L. mg¯Í `xN©¯^i I `xN©¯^ihy³ e¨ÄbeY© ¸iæ ( `xN©ð ) : Av, C, E, F„, G, H, I, J ; Kv cÖf…wZ|
M. wemM©hy³ eY© ¸iæ (wemM©x) : At, Kt cÖf…wZ|
N. mshy³ e‡Y©i c~e©eY© ¸iæ (eY©ms‡hvMc~e©ð)| †hgbÑ
Kwðr [ (K& + A) + (k& + P&) + B + r ]
GLv‡b Kwðr k‡ãi jNyeY© ÔKÕ mshy³e‡Y©i (k& + P&) c~e©eY© weavq ¸iæ|
O. cv‡`i ev Pi‡Yi †k‡l Aew¯’Z jNyeY© weK‡í ¸iæ (cv`všÍ‡Mv ’wc ev )| †hgbÑ
†i‡g kÖxK…‡òY \ (†i †g kÖx K… †ò Y \)
GLv‡b PiYwUi †kl jNyeY© ÔYÕ weK‡í ¸iæ n‡q‡Q|
101
11. wbcvZ (Indeclinables) : cÖvMÖxk¦ivwbœcvZvt (cv. 1 / 4 / 56)| Pv`‡qv ’m‡Ë¡ (cv. 1 / 4 / 57)|
cÖv`qt (cv. 1 / 4 / 58)|
cÖvMÖxk¦ivwbœcvZvt (cv. 1 / 4 / 56) m~‡Îi cieZ©x Pv`‡qv ’m‡Ë¡ (cv. 1 / 4 / 57) †_‡K Awaixk¦‡i (cv. 1 /
4 / 97) m~Î ch©šÍ †hme kã (PÑAwa) cvV Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸wj‡K wbcvZ e‡j| A_ev A`ªe¨evPx P-cÖf„wZ
Ae¨q Ges cÖ-cÖf…wZ DcmM©‡K GK‡Î wbcvZ e‡j| †hgbÑ
P, wg_¨v, gv, b cÖf…wZ Ae¨q : wnZs g‡bvnvwi P `yj©fs ePt| (fviwe, wKivZvR©ybxqg&)
(wnZKi A_P g‡bvni evK¨ `yj©f|)
wg_¨v gv e`| (wg_¨v K_v e‡jv bv|)
b em‡šÍ¨KÎ m‡e© ¸Yvt| (fviwe, wKivZvR©ybxqg&)
(mg¯Í ¸Y GKÎ evm K‡i bv|)
cÖ, Awc, cÖwZ cÖf…wZ DcmM© : ivgt wcZ‡i․ cÖYg¨ ebs MZt|
(ivg wcZv-gvZv‡K cÖYvg K‡i e‡b †Mj|)
Awc Kzkjx fevb& ? (Avcwb †Kgb Av‡Qb ?)
Kvjvbyiƒcs cÖwZweavbg&| (cÖwZweavb mgq ey‡SB KiYxq|) BZ¨vw`|
[ wbcvZ = P-cÖf…wZ Ae¨q + cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU DcmM©, DcmM© = cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU wbcvZ, MwZ = cÖ-cÖf…wZ
20wU wbcvZ + Ae¨q (Ajg&, AšÍi cÖf…wZ) + wP¦ I WvP& cÖZ¨qvšÍ kã ]
12. Ae¨q (Indeclinables) : ¯^ivw`wbcvZe¨qg& (cv. 1/ 1 / 37)| Pv`‡qv ’m‡Ë¡ (cv. 1 / 4 / 57)|
¯^ivw` wbw`©ó kã (¯^i&, AšÍi,& cÖvZi&, cybi& cÖf…wZ) Ges wbcvZ‡K (P, ev cÖf…wZ) Ae¨q e‡j| †hgbÑ
¯^i& (¯^t = ¯^M©), AšÍi& (AšÍt), cÖvZi& (cÖvZt), cybi& (cybt) cÖf…wZ kã :
m gnvZ¥v ¯^M©Zt| [ wZwb (†mB gnvZ¥v) ¯^‡M© wM‡q‡Qb|]
AšÍt AvMv”Qvwg ev ? (wfZ‡i Avme ?)
m cÖvZt ågYs K‡ivwZ| (†m mKv‡j ågY K‡i|)
m cybt AvM”QwZ| (†m Avevi Av‡m|) BZ¨vw`|
P, Ge cÖf…wZ kã : Z¡vs gvs P AšÍiv cÖ‡f‡`v bvw¯Í|
(†Zvgvi Ges Avgvi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv cÖ‡f` †bB|)
we`¨v Ge abg&| (we`¨vB ab|)
A‡nv Ac~e©s `„k¨g&| (evt PgrKvi `„k¨|) BZ¨vw`|
102
13. DcmM© (Prepossitional Prefixes, Dc- m„R& + NT& = DcmM©) : cÖv`qt (cv. 1/4/58)|, DcmM©vt
wµqv‡hv‡M (cv.1/4/59)|, †Z cÖvM& av‡Zvt (cv.1/4/80)|
cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU wbcv‡Zi wµqvi m‡½ †hvM n‡j Zviv DcmM© msÁv nq| Ab¨f‡e ejv hvqÑ ÔDcm„RwZ
weweavb& A_©vb& BwZ DcmM©t|Õ A_©vr hv wewea A‡_©i m„wó K‡i ZviB bvg DcmM©| †hgbÑ
ig&-avZzi A_© = †Ljv Kiv
wKš‘,
Av- ig& + jU&-wZ = AvigwZ (Avivg / wekÖvg K‡i)
we- ig& + jU&-wZ = weigwZ (weiZ nq)
cwi- ig& + jU&-wZ = cwiigwZ (Avbw›`Z nq)
Dc- ig&+ jU&-wZ = DcigwZ (wbe„Ë ev weiZ nq)
D‡jøL¨, Awfm›`‡f©i Av‡jvP¨ welq †h‡nZz DcmM© †m‡nZz GwU cieZ©x mg‡q Av‡jvwPZ n‡e e‡j G‡ÿ‡Î
Av‡jvPbv mxgve× ivLv n‡jv|
14. MwZ : MwZð (cv. 1 / 4 / 60)|, KzMwZcÖv`qt (cv. 2 / 2 / 18)|, †Z cÖvM& av‡Zvt (cv. 1 / 4 /
80)|
wµqvi m‡½ hy³ cÖ, civ cÖf…wZ‡K MwZ e‡j| †hgbÑ
cÖ- bg& + j¨c& = cÖYg¨, cÖYZ¨
civ- wR + jU&-†Z = civRq‡Z
jÿYxq †h, DcmM©msÁv †Kej cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU wbcv‡Zi nq| wKš‘ MwZ msÁv cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU DcmM©mn
Ajg&, AšÍi,& cyim&, A¯Íg& cÖf…wZ Ae¨q, wP¦ I WvP& cÖZ¨qvšÍ kã avZzi m‡½ hy³ n‡j ÔMwZÕ msÁv cÖvß nq|
†hgbÑ
Ajg&- K… + j¨c& = AjsK…Z¨
evK¨ : ewYK& Kb¨vg& AjsK…Z¨ MZt| (e¨emvqx Kb¨v‡K f~wlZ K‡i gviv †Mj|)
AšÍi-& nb& + j¨c& = AšÍn©Z¨
evK¨ : Ljt AšÍn©Z¨ w¯’Zt| (`yR©b wb‡R‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z cÖwZÁv K‡i|)
cyim&- K… + j¨c& = cyi¯‥…Z¨
evK¨ : cv_©t wkLwÐbs cyi¯‥…Z¨ hyhy‡a| (AR©yb wkLwЇK cyi¯‥…Z K‡i hy‡× †Mj|)
A¯Íg-& Mg& + j¨c& = A¯ÍsMZ¨
evK¨ : m~h©t A¯ÍsMZ¨ c„w_exs Zgmv”Qbœs K‡ivwZ| (m~h© A¯Í wM‡q c„w_ex‡K AÜKviv”Qbœ K‡i|)
wP¦-cÖZ¨q : `yi& + wP¦- K… + j¨c& = `~ixK…Z¨ (`~i K‡i)
Ewi + wP¦- K… + j¨c& = EixK…Z¨ (¯^xKvi K‡i)
WvP&-cÖZ¨q : cUr + WvP& + K… + j¨c& = cUcUvK…Z¨ (cUr kã)
103
15. Br (Indicatory letter) : Dc‡`‡k ’ RbybvwmK Br (cv. 1 / 3 / 2)| jkK¡ZwׇZ (cv. 1 / 3 / 8)|
[ K‣¯§wPr Kvh©‡qv”Pvh©gv‡Yv eY© Brms‡Áv fewZ| [ B + wK¡c& = Br ]
e¨vKiYkv‡¯¿ we‡kl Kv‡h©i Rb¨ cÖvwZcw`K, avZz, wefw³, cÖZ¨q, AvMg. Av‡`k cÖf…wZi A½iƒ‡c †h eY© ev
eY©mg~n D”PvwiZ nq Zv‡K Br e‡j| ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvqÑ †Kv‡bv we‡kl D‡Ï‡k¨ †h eY© D”PvwiZ nq, wKš‘
Kvh©Kv‡j _v‡K bv, Zvi bvg Br| †hgbÑ
we-Av + K… + jy¨U& (AbU&) = e¨vKiY
†`e + w¯¿qvg& Oxc& = †`ex
e…r + kvbP& = eZ©gvb (Avb gvb) BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b AbU&, Oxc&, kvbP& cÖZ¨‡qi h_vµ‡g ÔUÕ, ÔO I c&Õ Ges Ôk& I PÕ we‡kl D‡Ï‡k¨ D”PvwiZ wKš‘
Kvh©Kv‡j Abycw¯’Z| AZGe G¸wj Br eY©|
16. †jvc (Missing) : Zm¨ †jvct (cv. 1 / 3 / 9)| A`k©bs †jvct (cv. 1 / 1 / 60)|
Br I †jvc ch©vq kã bq| hvi Br msÁv nq D³ m~ÎØq Abymv‡i Zvi †jvc msÁv nq| †hgbÑ
AY&-Gi Y&-Kvi Br msÁK n‡j †jvc nq|
17. meY© (Homogenous letters) : Zzj¨vm¨cÖhZœs meY©g& (cv. 1 / 1 / 9)|
†h mKj e‡Y©i D”PviY¯’vb Ges D”PviY cÖYvjx GKB (mgvb) Zviv ci¯úi meY©| †hgbÑ
¯^ie‡Y©i †ÿ‡Î meY© : A eY© = A, Av
B eY© = B, C
D eY© = D, E
F eY© = F, F„, 9 [ F-9-eY©‡qvt meY©s evP¨g&, evwË©K (ev.)| ]
e¨Äb e‡Y©i †ÿ‡Î meY© : K-eM©xq eY© = K L M N O
c-eM©xq eY© = c d e f g BZ¨vw`|
D‡jøL¨ †h, ¯^ieY© I e¨ÄbeY© ci¯úi meY© n‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ cvwYwb m~Î K‡i‡QbÑ
bvR&S‡j․ (cv. 1 / 1 / 10)| [ bvR&S‡j․ = b + AP& + n‡j․ ] [ P& = R&, n = S ]
18. wU : A‡Pv ’šÍ¨vw` wU (cv. 1 / 1 / 64)|
k‡ãi AšÍ ¯^ieY© A_ev AšÍ ¯^ieY© †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cieZ©x nmšÍ e¨Äb eY©‡K wU e‡j| †hgbÑ
Kzj = K& + D + j& + A
gbm& = g& + A + b& + A + m&
cZr = c& + A + Z& + A + r
GLv‡b Kzj k‡ãi AšÍ ¯^i ÔAÕ, gbm& k‡ãi AšÍ ¯^i †_‡K cieZ©x eY© ÔA I mÕ Ges cZr k‡ãi AšÍ ¯^i
†_‡K cieZ©x eY© ÔA I rÕ Ask¸wj wU|
104
D‡jøL¨, mwÜi †ÿ‡Î k‡ãi GB ÔwUÕ As‡ki †jvc nq| †hgbÑ
Kzj + AUv = KzjUv
gbm& + Clv = gbxlv
cZr + AÄwj = cZÄwj BZ¨vw`|
19. Dcav (Penultimate) : A‡jv ’šÍ¨vrc~e© Dcav (cv. 1 / 1 / 65)|
k‡ãi AšÍe‡Y©i c~e© eY©wU‡K Dcav e‡j| †hgbÑ
m¤ªvR& = m& + A + g& + i& + Av + R&
ivRb& = i& + Av + R& + A + b&&
ewYR& = e& + A + Y& + B + R& BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b m¤ªvR&, ivRb&, ewYR& BZ¨vw` k‡ãi AšÍ e‡Y©i c~e©eY© h_vµ‡g ÔAvÕ, ÔAÕ Ges ÔBÕ Dcav|
20. wefvlv (An option in grammar) : b †ewZ wefvlv (cv. 1 / 1 / 44)|
ÔbÕ A_©vr wb‡la Ges ÔevÕ A_©vr weKíÑ G `y‡qi A_© wgwjZ n‡j wefvlv msÁv nq| †Kej weKí A_© bq|
Av‡iv cwi®‥vi K‡i ejv hvqÑ n‡Z cv‡i, bvI n‡Z cv‡i, A_ev †h‡Kv‡bvwU n‡Z cv‡i Giƒc weavb eySv‡j,
Zv‡K wefvlv e‡j| wefvlv wZb cÖKvi| h_vÑ
K) cÖvßwefvlv
L) AcÖvß wefvlv I
M) DfqÎ wefvlv
D‡jøL¨ †h, cvwYwb Zuvi e¨vKi‡Y wefvlv-†K ÔevÕ Ae¨q Ges ÔAb¨Zim¨vg& Õ GB K_vi Øviv wb‡`k© K‡i‡Qb|
`„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
1. ü‡µvib¨Zim¨vg& (cv. 1 / 4 / 53)|
ü I K… avZzi †ÿ‡Î AwYRšÍ Ae¯’vi KZ©v wYRšÍ Ae¯’vq weK‡í cÖ‡hvR¨Kg©msÁv cÖvß nq| †hgbÑ
AwYRšÍ
f…Z¨t KUs niwZ|
f…Z¨t KUs K‡ivwZ|
wYRšÍ
m f…Z¨s f…‡Z¨b ev KUs nviqwZ|
m f…Z¨s f…‡Z¨b ev KUs KviqwZ|
21. cÖM„n¨ (Admissible) : C`y‡``&wØePbs cÖM„n¨g& (cv. 1 / 1 / 11)| A`‡mv gvr (cv. 1 / 1 / 12)| wbcvZ
GKvRbvO& (cv. 1 / 1 / 14)| Ir (cv. 1 / 1 / 15)
wØePb wb®úbœ C-KvivšÍ, E-KvivšÍ I G-KvivšÍ c`, A`m& kã RvZ Agx (cÖ_gvi eûePb) I Ag~ (wØZxqvi
wØePb), GK¯^i wbcvZ Ges I-KvivšÍ wbcvZ‡K cÖM„n¨ e‡j| †hgbÑ
wØePb wb®úbœ C-KvivšÍ c` Ñ gybx
wØePb wb®úbœ E-KvivšÍ c` Ñ mva~
wØePb wb®úbœ G-KvivšÍ c` Ñ j‡Z
105
A`m& kã RvZ c` Ñ Agx (cÖ_gvi eûePb)
Ag~ (wØZxqvi wØePb)
GK¯^i wbcvZ Ñ
I-KvivšÍ wbcvZ Ñ
ABD
A‡nv (evt)
D‡jøL¨ †h, GB cÖM„n¨ msÁK c‡`i mv‡_ cieZ©x ¯^ie‡Y©i mwÜ nq bv| †hgbÑ
j‡Z + G‡Z = j‡Z G‡Z
Agx + Ak¦v = Agx Ak¦v BZ¨vw`|
22. DcmR©b (Subtraction) : cÖ_gvwbw`©ós mgvm DcmR©bg& (cv. 1 / 2 / 43)| GKwefw³ Pvc~e©wbcv‡Z
(cv. 1 / 2 / 44)
mvaviYZ mgv‡mi c~e©c` Ges wØZxqvw` wef³¨šÍ cÖvw`Zrcyiæl cÖf…wZ mgv‡mi cic`‡K DcmR©b ejv nq|
†hgbÑ
mvaviY mgvm : ivÁt cyiælt = ivRcyiælt (lôx Zrcyiæl)
K…òm¨ mgxcg& = DcK…òg& (Ae¨qxfve)
wØZxqvw` wef³¨šÍ cÖvw`Zrcyiæl : DrµvšÍt †ejvg& = D‡Øjt
AwZµvšÍt evj¨g& = AwZevj¨t
AwfMZt gyLg& = AwfgyLt
GLv‡b cÖ_g‡ÿ‡Î ivRcyiælt I DcK…òg& c`؇qi ÔivRÕ I ÔDcÕ DcmR©b| wØZxq‡ÿ‡Î D‡Øjt,AwZevj¨t,
AwfgyLt c`·qi h_vµ‡g Ô†ejtÕ, Ôevj¨tÕ, ÔgyLtÕ DcmR©b|
ms¯‹…Z e¨vKi‡Yi •ewkó¨
c„w_exi cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi g‡Zv ms¯‥…Z fvlvi e¨vKi‡YI PviwU †g․wjK welq Av‡Q| h_vÑ
1. aŸwb (Sound)
2. kã (Word)
3. evK¨ (Sentence)
4. A_© (Meaning)
e¨vKi‡Yi †hme †ÿ‡Î D³ †g․wjK welq¸wj wePvi-we‡kølY Kiv nq Zv wb¤œiƒc :
1. aŸwbZË¡ (Phonology)
2. kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡ (Morphology)
3. evK¨ZË¡ (Syntax) I
4. A_©ZË¡ ev kãv_©ZË¡ (Semantics)
106
e¨vKi‡Yi †g․wjK •ewk‡ó¨i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ¯^Zš¿ •ewkó¨| Avi G ¯^Zš¿ •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y G‡KK fvlv Aci
fvlv †_‡K c„_K fvlv bv‡g AwfwnZ (•ew`K, ms¯‥…Z cÖf…wZ)| G‡`i †g․wjKZ¡ •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y ci¯ú‡ii
Ici cÖfveI we`¨gvb| †hgb ms¯‥…‡Zi Ici •ew`K fvlvi e¨vKi‡Yi cÖfve i‡q‡Q| A_©vr •ew`K fvlv Øviv
ms¯‥…Z fvlv A‡bK †ÿ‡Î mg„× n‡q‡Q|
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡ n‡”Q e¨vKi‡Yi †`nwelqK Av‡jvPbvi GKwU Ab¨Zg Ask| k‡ãi
ÿz`ªvsk‡K ejv nq iƒc| k‡ãi G iƒc wb‡q †hLv‡b we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq ZvB kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡|
kãZ‡Ë¡ fvlvi kãMVb c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| ms¯‥…Z fvlvqI kãZ‡Ë¡ ms¯‥…Z fvlvi hveZxq
kãMVb Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| ms¯‥…Z kãZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq DcmM©, cÖZ¨q, mgvm cÖf…wZ| ms¯‥…Z fvlvq G
kãZ‡Ë¡i GKwU Ab¨Zg welq DcmM©| ms¯‥…Z fvlvi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î Dcm‡M©i kãMVb, e¨envi I ¸iæZ¡
jÿYxq| g~jK_v n‡”Q ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Y Dcm‡M©i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| GKvi‡Y DcmM©‡K Awfm›`‡f©i welq
wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
M) ms¯‹…Z DcmM©
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq †hme cÖwµqvq kã MwVZ nq †mm‡ei g‡a¨ DcmM© Øviv kãMVb Ab¨Zg| G fvlvqI
Dcm‡M©i e¨envi we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© •ewkó¨ enb K‡i| G fvlvq Dcm‡M©i e¨envi •ew`K fvlv †_‡K A‡bKUv
m‡i G‡m‡Q| cvwYwb ms¯‥…Z c`mg~n‡K cÖavbZ `ycÖKvi Ges cieZ©x mg‡q Av‡iK cÖKvi c‡`i K_v D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb| G m¤ú‡K© Zuvi ÔAóva¨vqxÕ MÖ‡š’ D³ nqÑ
mywßOšÍs c`g& (cv. 1 / 4 / 14)|
Ae¨qv`váyct (cv. 2 / 4 / 82)|
A_©vr D³ m~ÎØq †_‡K ejv hvq myešÍ, wZOšÍ I Ae¨q (DcmM© cÖf…wZ) GB wÎwea c` ms¯‥…Z fvlvq
we`¨gvb|
wefvMwU Q‡K cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv :
cvwYwb g‡Z
c`
myešÍ
wZOšÍ
107
Ae¨q
ms¯‹…Z Ae¨q
ms¯‥…Z DcmM© m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi c~‡e© Avgv‡`i ms¯‥…Z Ae¨q m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| b e¨q =
Ae¨q| †h mKj k‡ãi †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡ZB e¨q ev iƒcvšÍi (= cwieZ©b) nq bv A_©vr †h kã wZb wj½, wZb
ePb I mKj wefw³‡ZB GKiƒc _v‡K Zv‡K Ae¨q e‡j| G m¤ú‡K© D³ nqÑ
m`„ks wÎly wj‡½ly me©vmy P wefw³ly|
eP‡bly P m‡e©ly hbœ †e¨wZ Z`e¨qg& \55 (†Mvc_eªvþY 1 / 1/ 26, gnvfvl¨ 1 / 96 / 16-17)
Ae¨‡qi DËi mKj wefw³iB †jvc nq| †Kej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j AšÍtw¯’Z i& I m& ¯’v‡b wemM© nq| †hgbÑ
cÖvZi&
D‣”Pm&
cÖvZt = cÖvZt hR‡Z| (mKv‡j hÁ K‡i|)
D‣”Pt = wkït D‣”Pt µ›`wZ| (wkïwU D”P¯^‡i Kuv‡`|) BZ¨vw`|
cvwYwbi cÖvMÖxk¦ivwbcvZvt (cv. 1 / 4 / 56) m~‡Îi cieZ©x Pv`‡qv ’m‡Ë¡ (cv. 1 / 4 / 57) †_‡K Awaixk¦‡i
(cv. 1 / 4 / 97) m~Î ch©šÍ †hme kã (PÑAwa) cvV Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸wj‡K wbcvZ e‡j| A_ev A`ªe¨evPx
P-cÖf…wZ Ae¨q Ges cÖ-cÖf„wZ DcmM©‡K GK‡Î wbcvZ e‡j| GB wbcvZ kã‡KB Ae¨q ejv n‡q‡QÑ
¯^ivw`wbcvZe¨qg& (cv. 1/ 1 / 37)|
A_©vr ¯^i& (Haven ) cÖf…wZ kã Ges wbcvZ kã‡K Ae¨q e‡j| †hgbÑ
¯^ivw` kã : ¯^i,& AšÍi,& cÖvZi&, cybi&, D‣”Pm& cÖf…wZ|
Pvw` wbcvZ : P, ev, cÖ, civ cÖf…wZ|
G‡`i g‡a¨ ¯^ivw` kã A‡_©i evPK Ges Pvw` wbcvZ A‡_©i †`¨vZK| ZvB D³ nqÑ
¯^iv`‡qv evPKvt Pv`‡qv †`¨vZKv BZ¨b‡qv‡f©`t|56
G Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq Ae¨q `ycÖKvi| h_vÑ
1. ¯^ivw` kã
2. Pvw` wbcvZ
G‡`i Av‡iv wKQz DcwefvM i‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œ wefvMwU Q‡K cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv :
108
Ae¨q
¯^ivw` kã
Pvw` wbcvZ
cÖvw`
MwZ
DcmM©mn
Kg©cÖePbxq
DcmM©wfbœ
57
wbcvZ : wbq‡gb cvZqwšÍ ¯^v_©gb¨vw¯§b&|
wbqgc~e©K G k‡ãi Avwef©ve nq e‡j Gi bvg wbcvZ|
cvwYwb wbcvZ eySv‡Z ÔcÖvMÖxk¦ivwbœcvZvtÕ (cv.1 / 4 / 56) m~‡Îi cieZ©x ÔPv`‡qv ’ m‡Ë¡ (cv. 1 / 4 / 57)
m~Î †_‡K ÔAwaixk¦‡i (cv. 1 / 4 / 97) m~Î ch©šÍ DwjøwLZ kã¸wj‡K (PÑAwa) wbcvZ e‡j AwfwnZ
K‡i‡Qb| Gi g‡a¨Ñ
1. Pv`‡qv ’ m‡Ë¡ (cv. 1 / 4 / 57)|
2. cÖv`‡qvt (cv. 1 / 4 / 58)|
3. DcmM©vt wµqv‡hv‡M (cv. 1 / 4 / 59)|
4. MwZð (cv. 1 / 4 / 60)|
5. Kg©cÖePbxqvt (cv. 1 / 4 / 83)| cÖf…wZ welqI AšÍf©y³|
cÖvw` : cÖv`qt (cv. 1/4/58)|, DcmM©vt wµqv‡hv‡M (cv.1/4/59)|, †Z cÖvM& av‡Zvt (cv.1/4/80)|
cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU wbcv‡Zi wµqvi m‡½ †hvM n‡j Zviv cÖvw` msÁv nq| †hgbÑ
µg&-avZzi A_© = nuvUv
wKš‘,
Av- µg& + jU&-†Z = Avµg‡Z (D‡V ev DV‡Q)
we- µg& + jU&-†Z = weµg‡Z (P‡j ev Pj‡Q)
cÖ- µg& + jU&-†Z = cÖµg‡Z (Avi¤¢ K‡i ev Ki‡Q)
Dc- µg&+ jU&-†Z = Dcµg‡Z (Avi¤¢ K‡i ev Ki‡Q)
D‡jøL¨, Awfm›`‡f©i welq DcmM© weavq G‡`i m¤ú‡K© c‡i h_v¯’v‡b we¯Í…Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
109
MwZ : MwZð (cv. 1 / 4 / 60)|, KzMwZcÖ`qt (cv. 2 / 2 / 18)|, †Z cÖvM& av‡Zvt (cv. 1 / 4 / 80)|
wµqvi m‡½ hy³ cÖ, civ cÖf…wZ‡K MwZ e‡j| †hgbÑ
cÖ- bg& + j¨c& = cÖYg¨, cÖYZ¨
civ- wR + jU&-wZ = civRqwZ
jÿYxq †h, DcmM© msÁv †Kej cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU wbcv‡Zi nq| wKš‘ MwZ msÁv cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU DcmM©mn
Ab¨ eû Ae¨‡qi A_©vr Ajg&, AšÍi,& cyim&, A¯Íg& cÖf…wZ Ae¨‡qiI MwZmsÁv nq| †hgbÑ
Ajg&- K… + j¨c& = AjsK…Z¨
evK¨ : ewYK& Kb¨vg& AjsK…Z¨ MZt| (e¨emvqx Kb¨v‡K f~wlZ K‡i gviv †Mj|)
AšÍi-& nb& + j¨c& = AšÍn©Z¨
evK¨ : Ljt AšÍn©Z¨ w¯’Zt| (`yR©b wb‡R‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z cÖwZÁv K‡i|)
cyim&- K… + j¨c& = cyi¯‥…Z¨
evK¨ : cv_©t wkLwÐbs cyi¯‥…Z¨ hyhy‡a| (AR©yb wkLwЇK cyi¯‥…Z K‡i hy‡× †Mj|)
A¯Íg-& Mg& + j¨c& = A¯ÍsMZ¨
evK¨ : m~h©t A¯ÍsMZ¨ c„w_exs Zgmv”Qbœs K‡ivwZ| (m~h© A¯Í wM‡q c„w_ex‡K AÜKviv”Qbœ K‡i|)
Kg©cÖePbxq : Kg©cÖePbxqvt (cv. 1 / 4/ 83)|
Kg© †cÖv³ešÍt = Kg©b&-cÖ- eP& + Abxqi& (f~‡Z KZ©wi eûjvr Abxqi&) = Kg©cÖePbxq| GLv‡b ÔKg©Õ ej‡Z
ÔwµqvÕ eySvq| mvaviYZ fwel¨rKv‡j Kg©ev‡P¨ I fveev‡P¨ Ze¨, Abxqi&
Abxq cÖf…wZ cÖZ¨q nq| wKš‘
GLv‡b ÔK…Z¨jy¨‡Uv eûjg&'Õ (cv.3 / 3 / 113) m~Îvbymv‡i AZxZKv‡j Ges KZ©„ev‡P¨ Abxqi&
Abxq cÖZ¨q
n‡q‡Q| myZivs ÔKg©cÖePbxqÕ k‡ãi A_© `uvov‡”QÑ hviv c~‡e© †Kv‡bv wµqvi †`¨vZbv KiZ, wKš‘ m¤úªwZ
†Kv‡bv wµqvi †`¨vZbv K‡i bv, †Kej wµqvwbiƒwcZ m¤^Ü-we‡k‡li †`¨vZbv K‡i bvg k‡ãi wefw³i
wbqš¿Y K‡iÑ ZvivB Kg©cÖePbxq| Kg©cÖePbxq msÁv n‡j MwZ Ges DcmM© msÁvi wb‡la nq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ
Kg©cÖePbxq¸wj cÖ_‡g wbcvZ, Zvici DcmM©, MwZ cÖf…wZ msÁv Ges AZtci Kg©cÖePbxq (Aby, Dc, cÖwZ,
cwi, Awf, my, AwZ, Awc, Ac, AvO&, Awa GB 11wU) [ wbcvZ
DcmM©
MwZ
Kg©cÖePbxq ] msÁv
nq| G‡`i Ae¨qZ¡ wm× Av‡Q, wKš‘ G‡`i ÔMwZÕ I DcmM© msÁv nq bv| fË…©nwi Zuvi ÔevK¨c`xqÕ MÖ‡š’
AwfgZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb †h Kg©cÖePbxq¸wj bvg, AvL¨vZ, DcmM©, wbcvZÑGB Pvi cÖKvi c‡`i AwZwi³
cÂg c`| wZwb e‡jbÑ
110
wµqvqv †`¨vZ‡Kv bvqs m¤^Üm¨ b evPKt|
bvwc wµqvc`v‡ÿcx m¤^Üm¨ Zz †f`Kt \58
Kg©cÖePbxq‡hv‡M mvaviYZ wØZxqv wefw³ nq| Z‡e we‡kl K‡qKwU †ÿ‡Î cÂgx wKsev mßgxI n‡q _v‡K|
†hgbÑ
wØZxqv wefw³ : Rcg& Aby cÖvel©r| (wVK R‡ci c‡i e„wó n‡jv|)
cÂgx wefw³ : Ac n‡i msmvit| (nwi n‡Z msmvi|)
mßgx wefw³ : Dc civ‡a© n‡it ¸Yvt| (nwii ¸Y civ‡a©i ev m‡e©v”P Pig msL¨vi AwaK|)
c‡i h_v¯’v‡b G‡`i m¤ú‡K© we¯Í…Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|
D‡jøL¨, cvwYwb Ae¨q ej‡Z wbcvZ, DcmM©, MwZ, Kg©cÖePbxq Ges A‡bK kã hvi wewfbœ wefw³‡Z cÖ‡qvM
†bB, †mme kã eywS‡q‡Qb| ZvQvov Ae¨qxfve mgvm wb®úbœ Ges wKQz K…`šÍ I Zw×ZvšÍ kãI eywS‡q‡Qb|
ms¯‹…Z Dcm‡M©i msÁv
cvwYwb Dcm‡M©i †Kv‡bv msÁv cÖ`vb K‡ibwb| wKš‘ Gi ey¨rcwËi g‡a¨B msÁv wbwnZ Av‡Q| DcmM© kãwUi
ey¨rcwË n‡jv Dc- m„R& + NT& = DcmM©t|59 m„R& avZzi A_© m„wó Kiv| wKš‘ Dc-c~e©K m„R& avZzi A_©
avZzi we‡klfv‡e A_©‡f` m„wó Kiv| ZvB ey¨rcwËMZ A_© Abymv‡i ejv hvq †h, ÔDcm„RwZ weweavb& A_©vb&
BwZ DcmM©t|Õ hv wewea A‡_©i m„wó K‡i ZviB bvg DcmM©| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, †hme Ae¨q avZzi
Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© hy³ n‡q avZzi wewfbœ A_©‣ewPΨ (A‡_©i wewPÎZv) m„wó K‡i †mme Ae¨q‡K ms¯‥…Z fvlvq
DcmM© e‡j| †hgbÑ cÖ, civ cÖf…wZ 20wU DcmM©|
`„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
[ DcmM© Øviv avZzi wfbœ wfbœ A_© jvf ]
ÔK…Õ-avZz = Kvh© ev KvR Kiv
wKš‘, Av- K… + jU&-wZ = AvK‡ivwZ (AvK…wZ K‡i)
we- K… + jU&-wZ = weK‡ivwZ (öjb K‡i)
Dc- K… + jU&-wZ = DcK‡ivwZ (DcKvi K‡i)
cÖ- K… + jU-wZ& = cÖK‡ivwZ (cÖ‡f` K‡i)
mg&- K… + jU&-wZ = ms¯‥‡ivwZ (ms¯‥vi K‡i)
GLv‡b Av, we, Dc, cÖ, mg& cÖf…wZ Ae¨q ÔK…Õ-avZzi (Kvh© ev KvR Kiv) c~‡e© hy³ n‡q wewea A‡_©i m„wó
K‡i‡Q| AZGe G¸wj DcmM©|
111
Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v m¤ú‡K© gbxlx‡`i g‡a¨ gZ cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| wb‡¤œ ms¯‥…Z
fvlvq Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gbxlx hv e‡j‡Qb Zv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
1. cvwYwb Zuvi ÔAóva¨vqxÕ MÖ‡š’ Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v m¤ú‡K© wb¤œwjwLZ m~ÎwU D‡jøL K‡i‡QbÑ
cÖv`qt (cv. 1 / 4 / 58)|
A_©vr ms¯‥…Z fvlvq cÖvw` n‡jv cÖ, civ cÖf…wZ 20wU DcmM© ev wbcvZ|
2. f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ Zuvi Ô•eqvKiY wmך͇KŠgy`xÕ MÖ‡š’ Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡QbÑ
cÖv`qt wµqv‡hv‡M DcmM©vmsÁv MwZmsÁvð my¨t|
A_©vr cÖ, civ, Ac, mg&, Aby, Ae, wbm&, wbi&, `ym&, `yi&, we, AvO&, wb, Awa, Awc, AwZ, my, D`&, Awf, cÖwZ,
cwi, DcÑ 22wU Ae¨q avZzi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q e¨eüZ n‡j DcmM© msÁv cÖvß nq|
3. ÔmycÙÕ e¨vKi‡Y †j․wKK ms¯‥…‡Z Av‡iKwU KwiKvi gva¨‡g 20wU DcmM© DwjøwLZ n‡q‡QÑ
cÖ-civc-mgš^e-wb`y©iwf-e¨wa-m~`wZ-wb-cÖwZ-ch©cqt|
Dc AvwOwZ weskwZ‡il m‡L DcmM©wewat Kw_Zt Kwebv \60
A_©vr KvwiKvq Kwe KZ…©K cÖ, civ cÖf…wZ 20wU DcmM© ev wbcvZ Kw_Z nq|
D‡jøL¨, cÖ cÖf…wZ 20wU DcmM© hLb c„_Kf‡e wKsev wµqvc` e¨ZxZ Ab¨ c‡`i (bvg cÖf…wZ) m‡½ hy³
_v‡K, ZLb G‡`i wbcvZ e‡j| Avi hLb Giv avZzi m‡½ hy³ nq, ZLb Zv‡`i DcmM© e‡j| G wel‡q
ÔmycÙÕ e¨vKi‡Y D³ n‡q‡QÑ
cÖv`y¨cmM©t cÖvM&av‡Zvt| (1 / 1 / 27)
Dch©y³ wewfbœ gbxlx KZ…©K Kw_Z wekwU ev evBkwU DcmM©‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e A-Kvivw`µ‡g mvwR‡q mn‡R
g‡b ivLv hvq|
¯^ivw` DcmM© (10wU)
e¨Äbvw` DcmM© (10 wU + 2 wU)
1. AwZ
2. Awa
3. Aby
4. Awc
5. Ac
6. Ae
7. Awf
8. Av
9. D`& = Dr
10. Dc
11. `yi& = 21. `ym& (`yt)
12. wbi& = 22. wbm& (wbt)
13. wb
14. cÖ
15. civ
16. cwi
17. cÖwZ
18. we
19. my
20. mg&
112
D‡jøL¨, †køv‡K ev KvwiKvq ÔDrÕ DcmM©wU cvwYbx‡q ÔD`&Õ iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq| Avi `yi& I wbi& DcmM© `ywUi
iƒcvšÍi `ym& I wbm& n‡Z cv‡i| G‡`i cwiYwZ h_vµ‡g Ô`ytÕ I ÔwbtÕ| `yi& I wbi& DcmM© `ywUi iƒcvšÍi `ym&
I wbm&-†K cvwYwb c„_K DcmM© ¯^xKvi K‡i Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v a‡i‡Qb 20wU bq 22wU| 61
myZivs ms¯‥…Z DcmM© = ¯^ivw` DcmM© (10wU) + e¨Äbvw` DcmM© (10 wU + 2 wU) = 22wU
ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i †kÖYx
ms¯‥…Z fvlvqI `yB †kÖwYi DcmM© Av‡Q|62 h_v1. wµqvevPK DcmM© (Adverbial Preposition) I
2. bvgevPK DcmM© (Nominal Preposition)
wµqvevPK DcmM© : †hme Dcm‡M©i ¯^fve wµqvwe‡klY¯’vbxq †m¸wj‡K wµqvevPK DcmM© e‡j| †hgbÑ
AwZ (`~‡i), Aby (c‡i), Awa (w`‡K), cÖwZ (wecixZ) BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM :
evjKt e„×gwc ¸‡Yb AwZµvgwZ| (evjK e„ׇK ¸‡Y AwZµg K‡i|)
cÖÖZxÿ¯^ ÿYg& AÎ| (GLv‡b wKQzÿY A‡cÿv K‡iv|) BZ¨vw`|
bvgevPK DcmM© : †hme DcmM© (wµqvi DcmM©¸wjB) mswkøó bv‡gi Aby³ KviK-wefw³ (m¤úª`vb ev‡`)
wbqš¿Y K‡i †m¸wj‡K bvgevPK DcmM© e‡j| †hgbÑ
cÖwZ, Aby, Av BZ¨vw`|
G¸wj KviK-wbqvgK wn‡m‡e †ewk e¨eüZ nq| D³ wZbwU Dcm‡M©i g‡a¨ ÔcÖwZÕ I ÔAbyÕ AbymM© wn‡m‡e
(A_©vr Kg©cÖePbxq) Ges ÔAvÕ DcmM© wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM :
wµqvwew”Qbœ DcmM© / Kg©cÖePbxq : `wi`ªs cÖwZ `qvs Kziæ| (`wi‡`ªi cÖwZ `qv K‡iv|)
Rcg& Aby wbkg¨ cÖvel©r †gNt| (Rc ïwbevgvÎB †gN el©Y ïiæ Ki‡jv|)
DcmM© : Av mgy`ªvr| (mgy`ª n‡Z)
113
ms¯‹…Z Dcm‡M©i KvR
DcmM© bvbvwea KvR K‡i _v‡K| †hgb, avZzi A‡_© evav m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i, avZzi GKB A_© wVK ivL‡Z
cv‡i, avZzi A‡_© we‡klZ¡ Avbqb Ki‡Z cv‡i I Ab_©K cÖhy³ n‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e †`Lv hvq †h Dcm‡M©i
KvR PviwUÑ
1. avZ¡‡_©i cwieZ©b
2. avZ¡‡_©i AbyeZ©b
3. avZ¡‡_©i we‡klxKiY I
4. cv`c~i‡Yi Rb¨ wbi_©Kfv‡e cÖ‡qvM
wb‡¤œ K‡qKwU KvwiKvi gva¨‡g Dcm‡M©i KvR m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
KvwiKvÑ 1. Dcm‡M©Y avZ¡‡_©v ejv`b¨Î bxq‡Z|
cÖnvivnvimsnviwenvicwinvier \63
DcmM© avZzi A_©‡K ejc~e©K A_©vr †Rvi K‡i Ab¨w`‡K wb‡q hvq| †hgbÑ ü-avZzwUi mvaviY A_© niY ev
Pzwi Kiv| wKš‘ cÖ, civ cÖf…wZ DcmM© ü-avZzi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q D³ A_©‡K (niY ev Pzwi Kiv) †Rvi K‡i wfbœ
wfbœ A‡_©i w`‡K wb‡q hvq| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
[ DcmM© Øviv avZzi wfbœ wfbœ A_© jvf ]
ÔüÕ- avZz = niY ev Pzwi Kiv
wKš‘,
Av- ü + jU&-wZ = AvniwZ (Avnvi K‡i)
we- ü + jU&-wZ = weniwZ (wenvi K‡i)
Dc- ü + jU&-wZ = DcniwZ (Dcnvi †`q)
cÖ- ü + jU-wZ& = cÖniwZ (cÖnvi K‡i)
mg&- ü + jU&-wZ = msniwZ (msnvi K‡i)
G cÖm‡½ GKwU ms¯‥…Z Mv_v D‡jøL¨Ñ
Avc~e© me©RšÍ~bvs wec~e©gnZvgwc|
cÖc~e©mvcivabvs †Kejs hyewZwcÖqt \64
A_©vr AvnviÑ mKj cÖvYx Pvq| wenviÑ gn‡ZivI Pvq, cÖnviÑ AcivaKvix cvq| nviÑ hyeZxiv Pvq|
KvwiKvÑ 2. K¡wP`‡_© cÖvw`‡hv‡M n¨Kg©‡Yv ’ wc avZet|
mKg©‡Yv cÖRvq‡šÍ mZvs m½v¾bv Be \65
114
cÖvw` (cÖ, civ cÖf…wZ) Dcm‡M©i †hv‡M AKg©K avZzI mKg©K n‡q hvq| †hgb mvay-m‡½i cÖfv‡e K‡g© wegyL
e¨w³I mKg©K A_©vr Kg©V n‡q I‡V| †hgbÑ
f~ ( f~ + jU&-wZ = fewZ) avZz AKg©K : e„wót fewZ| (e„wó nq|)
wKš‘, Aby, civ-f~ (Aby, civ- f~ + jU&-wZ = AbyfewZ, civfewZ) avZz mKg©K :
cvcx `yLg& AbyfewZ| (cvcx `ytL †fvM K‡i|)
ivRv k΃b& civfewZ| (ivRv kÎæ‡K civwRZ K‡i|)
KvwiKvÑ 3. K) avZ¡_©s eva‡Z Kwðr KwðˇgevbyeZ©‡Z|
Z‡ge wewkbó¨b¨ DcmM©MwZw¯¿av \66
L) avZ¡_©s eva‡Z Kwðr KwðËgbyeZ©‡Z|
Z‡ge wewkbó¨‡b¨v ’ b_©‡Kv ’ b¨t cÖhyR¨‡Z \67
cÖ_g KvwiKvq (3/K) DcmM© KL‡bv KL‡bv avZzi A_©‡K evav †`q, avZzi A_©‡KB AbymiY K‡i I avZzi
A‡_© wKQz wKQz we‡klZ¡ Av‡bÑ Giƒc wZbwU KvR K‡i _v‡K| wØZxq KvwiKvq (3/L) cÖ_g KvwiKvq D³
wZbwU Kv‡Ri AwZwi³ DcmM© KL‡bv Avevi Ab_©K cÖhy³ nq| †hgbÑ
avZzi A‡_© evav :
hv + jU&-wZ = hvwZ (hvq)
Av- hv + jU&-wZ = AvqvwZ (Av‡m)
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : m hvwZ| (†m hvq|)
m AvqvwZ| (†m Av‡m|)
avZzi A_©‡K AbymiY : em& + jU&-wZ = emwZ (evm K‡i)
Dc, Aby, Awa, Av- em& + jU&-wZ = DcemwZ, AbyemwZ, AwaemwZ, AvemwZ (evm K‡i)
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : m MÖv‡g emwZ| (†m MÖv‡g evm K‡i|)
m MÖvgs DcemwZ AbyemwZ AwaemwZ AvemwZ ev| (†m MÖv‡g evm K‡i|)
avZzi A‡_© we‡klZ¡ :
bg& + jU&-wZ = bgwZ (bZ nq, bg¯‥vi K‡i)
cÖ- bg& + jU&-wZ = cÖYgwZ (we‡klfv‡e bZ nq, cÖYvg K‡i)
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : m gvZis bgwZ| (†m gv‡K bg¯‥vi K‡i|)
m gvZis cÖYgwZ| (†m gv‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖYvg K‡i|)
Ab_©K cÖhy³ :
Mg& + jO&-`& = AM”Qr (†Mj)
Aby- Mg& + jO&-`& = Aš^M”Qr (†Mj)
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : m M„ng& AM”Qr Aš^M”Qr ev| (†m evwo †Mj|)
115
Dcm‡M©i A_© wePvi
cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q •ew`K fvlvq ¯^Zš¿fv‡e Dcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© Av‡Q wK †bB Zv wb‡q •ew`K AvPvh©‡`i
(kvKUvqb, MvM©¨ cÖgyL) g‡a¨ gZcv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| G Aa¨v‡q ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi ga¨gwY cvwYwb Aek¨
¯^Zš¿fv‡e Dcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© Av‡Q wK †bB m¤ú‡K© ¯úóZ †Kv‡bv gZ †`bwb| Z‡e Zuvi wewfbœ m~Î
we‡kølY K‡i g‡b nq wZwb †hb ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, Avm‡j avZzi g‡a¨B wewfbœ A‡_©i e¨Äbv Av‡Q, DcmM©
†mBme fvecÖKv‡k Dcjÿ gvÎ| G wn‡m‡e g‡b nq wZwb kvKUvq‡bi gZvbymvix| cieZx© mg‡q Zuvi
e¨vKiYva¨vwqMY (cvwYwb e¨vKiYva¨vwqMY) Dcm‡M©i evPKZ¡ (wbR¯^ A_©) ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv wKš‘ †`¨vZKZ¡
(A_© m„wói ÿgZv) ¯^xKvi K‡ib| A_©vr Gu‡`i g‡Z ms¯‥…Z fvlvq DcmM©¸wj avZzi A‡bK A_©B
we‡klfv‡e cÖKvk K‡i wKš‘ Zvi wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv A_© †bB| GuivI A‡bKUv •ew`‡Ki kvKUvq‡bi gZvbymvix|
Dcm‡M©i A_© m¤ú‡K© kvKUvqb, MvM©¨, hv¯‥, cvwYwb cieZ©x •eqvKiY‡`i my¯úó K‡qKwU gšÍe¨ Zz‡j aiv
n‡jv :
Dcm‡M©i A_© m¤ú‡K© GKwU mvaviY gšÍe¨Ñ
DcmM©vt c`v_©vbvs †`¨vZKv b Zz evPKvt|68
A_v©r DcmM©¸wj AcÖKvwkZ c`v‡_©i cÖKvk K‡i gvÎ, wKš‘ G‡`i wbR¯^ A_© bvB|
G gšÍe¨ †_‡K A‡b‡K e‡jbÑ
A‡bKv_©v wn avZet| / avZ~bvg‡bKv_©Z¡vr|69
A_©vr avZzi wb‡RiB eû A_© Av‡Q|
D‡jøL¨, DcmM©mg~n avZzi AšÍwb©wnZ H mKj A_© †`¨vwZZ (cÖKvwkZ) K‡i|
Dcm‡M©i A_© m¤ú‡K© f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ e‡j‡QbÑ
DcmM©¯Í¡_©we‡klm¨‡`¨vZKvt|70
A_©vr DcmM©¸wj wewkó A‡_©i †`¨vZK|
†hgb AÜKvi N‡i _vKv wRwbm Av‡jvi Øviv cÖKvwkZ (†`¨vwZZ) nq, †Zgwb avZzi g‡a¨ AšÍwb©wnZ _vKv
A_©we‡kl Dcm‡M©i Øviv cÖKvwkZ (†`¨vwZZ) nq| A_©vr DcmM©¸wj c`v‡_©i †`¨vZK, evPK bq|
welqwU wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv71 :
116
wPÎÑ 1 : eû wRwbm _vKv AÜKvi M„‡n cÖ¾¡wjZ Av‡jv
GLv‡b
avZz = AÜKvi M„‡n _vKv eû wRwbm
DcmM© = cÖ¾¡wjZ Av‡jv
ms¯‥…Z mvwn‡Z¨i gnvKwe gvN Zuvi Ôwkïcvjeag&Õ gnvKv‡e¨ Dcm‡M©i A_© m¤ú‡K© e‡jbÑ
mšÍ‡ge wPigcÖK…ZZ¡v`cÖKvwkZgvw``y¨Z`‡½|
weå‡g gayg`t cÖg`vbvs avZzjxbgycmM© Bev_©g& \72 (wkï. 10/ 15)
A_©vr mg¯Í A_©B avZzi g‡a¨ jxb _v‡K| cÖvw` (cÖ, civ cÖf…wZ) DcmM© †mB me A_©‡K cÖKvk K‡i|
†mBiKg bvbvwea wejvm igYx‡`i A‡½ wPiKvjB we`¨gvb wQj| wKš‘ cÖKvkK bv _vKvq Zv cÖKvwkZ nw”Qj
bv| g`¨cv‡bi gËZv †mB wejvm‡K cÖKvk Kij| †hgbÑ
Ôbg&Õ-avZz = bg¯‥vi Kiv (avZzi AšÍwb©wnZ A_©)
bg& + jU&-wZ = bgwZ (bg¯‥vi K‡i)
wKš‘ cÖ- bg& + jU&-wZ = cÖYgwZ (we‡klfv‡e bg¯‥vi K‡i)
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : m ¸iæs / AvPvh©s cÖYgwZ| (†m ¸iæ‡K ev AvPvh©‡K we‡klfv‡e bg¯‥vi K‡i|)
DcmM©‡hv‡M avZzi A_©‣ewP‡Î¨i wb`©kb
c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q DcmM©‡hv‡M avZzi A_©‡f` nq| A_©vr DcmM© avZzi A‡_©i cwieZ©b mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GwU avZzi g~j A‡_©i K‡qK iKg cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡iÑ avZzi A‡_© evav m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i, avZzi GKB A_©
wVK ivL‡Z cv‡i, avZzi A‡_© we‡klZ¡ Avbqb Ki‡Z cv‡i I Ab_©K cÖhy³ n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡¤œ mKj
DcmM©‡hv‡M avZzi A_©‡f` cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv73 :
117
Dcm‡M©i bvg
g~javZz
g~j avZzi A_©
DcmM©hy³ avZz
cwiewZ©Z A_©
1. AwZ
µg&
nuvUv
AwZ- µg& + jU&-wZ = AwZµvgwZ
AwZµg K‡i
2. Awa
Avm&
emv
Awa- Avm& + jU&-†Z = Aa¨v‡¯Í
Awaôvb K‡i, evm K‡i
3. Aby
K…
Kiv
Aby- K… + jU&-wZ = AbyK‡ivwZ
AbyKiY K‡i
4. Awc
av
XvKv
Awc- av + Ze¨ = wcavZe¨
XvKv DwPZ
5. Ac
Cÿ&
†`Lv
Ac- Cÿ& + jU&-†Z = A‡cÿ‡Z
A‡cÿv K‡i
6. Ae
Avc&
cvIqv
Ae- Avc& + jU&-wZ = Aev‡cœvwZ
jvf K‡i
7. Awf
Am&
_vKv, nIqv
Awf- Am& + jU&-wZ = Af¨m¨wZ
Af¨vm K‡i
8. Av
K…l&
AvK©lY Kiv
AvO& = Av- K…l+
& jU&-wZ = AvKl©wZ
AvKl©Y K‡i
9. D`&
B
hvIqv
D`&- B + jU&-wZ = D‡`wZ
Dw`Z nq
10. Dc
µg&
ïiæ Kiv
Dc- µg&+ jU&-†Z = Dcµg‡Z
ïiæ K‡i
11. `yi&
¯’v
_vKv
`yt- ¯’v + W = `yt¯’
`wi`ª
12. `yi& = `ym&
Z…„
cvi nIqv
`ym&- Z…„ + NT& = `y¯iÍ
cvi nIqv KwVb
13. wbi&
bx
†bIqv
wbi&- bx + jU&-wZ = wbY©qwZ
wbY©q K‡i
14. wbi& = wbm&
Z…„
cvi nIqv
wbm&- Z…„ + NT& = wb¯Ívi
wb¯Ívi cvIqv
15. wb
wÿc&
wb‡ÿc Kiv
wb- wÿc& + jU&-wZ = wbwÿcwZ
wb‡ÿc K‡i
16. cÖ
ü
niY Kiv
cÖ- ü + NT& = cÖnvi
AvNvZ Kiv
17. civ
Aq&
cjvqb Kiv
civ- Aq& + jU&-†Z = cjvq‡Z
cjvqb K‡i
18. cwi
Cÿ&
†`Lv
cwi- Cÿ&+ jU&-†Z = cixÿ‡Z
cixÿv K‡i
19. cÖwZ
Cÿ&
cÖwZÿv Kiv
cÖwZ- Cÿ& + †jvU&-¯^ = cÖZxÿ¯^
cÖZxÿv K‡iv
20.we
K…
Kiv
we- K… + jU&-†Z = weKze©‡Z
B”QvgZ KvR K‡i
21. my
¯’v
_vKv
my- ¯’v + W = my¯t’
bx‡ivM, myLx
22. mg&
Mg&
hvIqv
mg&- Mg& + jU&-†Z = m½”Q‡Z
wgwjZ nq
118
ms¯‹…Z DcmM© e¨env‡ii wbqg
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq Dcm‡M©i e¨envi •ew`K fvlvi DcmM© e¨env‡ii wbqg †_‡K A‡bKUv m‡i G‡m‡Q| G fvlvq
•ew`K DcmM© e¨env‡ii †Kej GKwU wbqg cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| A_©vr avZzi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© e¨eüZ wbqgwU
G‡m‡Q| Z‡e G fvlvq avZzi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© e¨eüZ n‡q wKQz •ewPΨI m„wó K‡i‡Q| cvwYwb wewfbœ m~‡Îi
gva¨‡g DcmM© e¨env‡ii †mB •ewPΨ¸wj Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| ms¯‥…‡Z Dcm‡M©i e¨envi‡K wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e
mvRv‡bv hvqÑ
K) avZzi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©
L) j¨c& cÖZ¨‡qi mv‡_
M) jO&, jyO& I j„O& wefw³RvZ A-Gi c~‡e©
N) wbw`©ó avZzi c~‡e© wbw`©ó DcmM©
O) DcmM© (= Kg©cÖePbxq) wefw³i KviY / c‡`i wefw³ wba©vi‡Y DcmM© (= Kg©cÖePbxq)
P) AKg©K avZz‡K mKg©K avZz‡Z iƒcvšÍi
Q) ci‣¯§c`x, AvZ¥‡bc`x I Dfqc`x avZzi iƒcvšÍi
wb‡¤œ ms¯‥…‡Z DcmM© e¨env‡ii wbqgmg~n Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
K) avZzi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©
[ DcmM© + avZz + wefw³ ]
1. DcmM©vt wµqv‡hv‡M (cv. 1 / 4 / 59)|
DcmM© wµqvi m‡½ hy³ nq| †hgbÑ
cÖ- Avc& + jU&-wZ = cÖv‡cœvwZ (cvq)
civ- Aq& + jU&-†Z = cjvq‡Z (cjvqb K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : ¸Yx m¤§vbs cÖv‡cœvwZ| (¸Yx m¤§vb cvq|)
Z¯‥it f‡qb cjvq‡Z| (†Pvi f‡q cjvj|)
GLv‡b, cÖ, civ DcmM© wµqv Avc& I Aq&-Gi m‡½ hy³ n‡q‡Q|
2. †Z cÖv»v‡Zvt (cv. 1 / 4/ 80)|
Zviv (†Z = DcmM©¸wj) avZzi c~‡e© e‡m| †hgbÑ
Aby- K… + jU&-wZ = AbyK‡ivwZ (AbyKiY K‡i)
mg&- ¯’v + jU&-†Z = mwšÍô‡Z (wek¦vm K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : wkït gvZig& AbyK‡ivwZ| (wkï gv‡K AbyKiY K‡i|)
b †Kv ’ wc `wi`ªm¨ ev‡K¨ mwšÍô‡Z| (†KD `wi‡`ªi ev‡K¨ wek¦vm K‡i bv|)
GLv‡b, Aby, mg& DcmM© K…, ¯’v-avZzi c~‡e© e‡m‡Q| Abyiƒcfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ DcmM©I ms¯‥…Z fvlvq avZzi c~‡e©
e‡m|
119
3. cÖmgy‡cv`t cv`c~i‡Y (cv. 8 / 1 / 6)|
KL‡bv KL‡bv cÖ, mg&, Dc Ges D`&Ñ GB PviwU DcmM© wbi_©Kfv‡e wbQK cv`c~i‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
†hgbÑ
cÖcÖc~R¨ gnv‡`es msms hg¨ gbt m`v|
D‡cvcnvq msmM©gy`y`&MZt m Zvcmt\
GLv‡b cÖ, mg&, Dc Ges D`& †Kej cv`c~i‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
D‡jøL¨, mw܇Z avZz I Dcm‡M©i KvR Av‡M Ki‡Z nq| †Kbbv avZz I Dcm‡M©i KvR AšÍi½| ZvB G
m¤ú‡K© GKwU b¨vq D³ nqÑ
avZ~cmM©‡qvt Kvh©gšÍi½g&|74
`„óvšÍ : wke + Av + Bwn = wke + Gwn = wk‣ewn [ÔIgv‡OvðÕ (cv.6 / 1 / 95) m~Îvbymv‡i ]
[ B + †jvU&-wn = Bwn, Av- B + †jvU&-wn = Gwn ]
GLv‡b, DcmM© ÔAvÕ Ges avZz ÔBwnÕ-Gi g‡a¨ cÖ_‡g Kvh© mvab n‡q‡Q|
L) j¨c& cÖZ¨‡qi mv‡_
[ DcmM© + avZz + ³¦vP& / j¨c& cÖZ¨q ]
1. mgv‡m ’ bT&c~‡e© †³v j¨c& (cv. 7 / 1 / 37)|
c~‡e© Ae¨q _vK‡j A_ev bT&-Zrcyiæl (AbT& = b bT& A_©vr bT& wfbœ Ae¨q) e¨ZxZ mgv‡mi †ÿ‡Î ³¦vP&
Gi ¯’v‡b j¨c& nq| †hgbÑ
avZz + ³¦vP& : bg& + ³¦vP& = bZ¡v (bZ n‡q)
bT& + avZz + ³¦vP& : bT& + K… + ³¦vP& = AK…Z¡v (bv K‡i) [ bT& = b = A ]
wKš‘,
DcmM© + avZz + j¨c : cÖ- bg& + j¨c& = cÖYg¨ cÖYZ¨ ev (cÖYvg K‡i) [ cÖYZ¡v bq ] BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : m gvZis cÖYg¨ cÖYZ¨ ev XvKvg& AM”Qr| (†m gv‡K cÖYvg K‡i XvKv †Mj|)
GLv‡b, cÖ DcmM© bg&-avZzi c~‡e© hy³ nIqvq ³¦vP& cÖZ¨q bv n‡q j¨c& cÖZ¨q n‡q‡Q|
mKj DcmM©hy³ j¨c& cÖZ¨‡qi AwZwi³ D`vniY :
K) ¯^ivw` Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡ÎÑ
1. AwZ- µg& + j¨c& = AwZµg¨ (AwZµg K‡i)
2. Awa- B + j¨c& = AaxZ¨ (Aa¨qb K‡i)
3. Aby- Bl&+ j¨c& = Awš^l¨ (A‡š^lY K‡i)
4. Awc- av + j¨c& = Awcavq / wcavq (Ave„Z K‡i)
5. Ac- K… + j¨c& = AcK…Z¨ (AcKvi K‡i)
120
6. Ae- iæa& + j¨c& = Aeiæa¨ (Aeiæ× K‡i)
7. Awf- Áv + j¨c& = AwfÁvq (wPb‡Z †c‡i)
8. Av- †jvP& + j¨c& = Av‡jvP¨ (Av‡jvPbv K‡i)
9. D`&- wjL& + j¨c& = DwjøL¨ (D‡jøL K‡i)
10. Dc- Mg& + j¨c& = DcMg¨, DcMZ¨ (wbK‡U wM‡q)
------------------------L) e¨Äbvw` Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡ÎÑ
11. `yi& = `ym& `yi-& wP¦ K… + j¨c& = `~wiK…Z¨ (`~i K‡i)
12. wbi& = wbm&
wbi&- wP + j¨c& = wbwðZ¨ (wbwðZ n‡q)
13. wb- nb& + j¨c& = wbnZ¨ (nZ¨v K‡i)
14. cÖ- bg& + j¨c& = cÖYg¨, cÖYZ¨ (cÖYvg K‡i)
15. civ- K… + j¨c& = civK…Z¨ (cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i)
16. cwi- Cÿ& + j¨c& = cixÿ¨ (cixÿv K‡i)
17. cÖwZ- ¯’v + j¨c& = cÖwZôvq (cÖwZôv K‡i)
18. we- e„ + j¨c& = wee„Z¨ (eY©bv K‡i)
19. my- K… + j¨c& = myK…Z¨ (cyY¨ K‡i)
20. mg&- wÿc& + j¨c& = mswÿc¨ (ms‡ÿc K‡i)
M) jO&, jyO& I j„O& wefw³RvZ A-Gi c~‡e©
[ DcmM© + avZz + jO&, jyO& I j„O& wefw³RvZ ÔAÕ ]
1. jyO&jO&j„O&ÿ¦Wz`vËt (cv. 6 / 4 / 71), Av`¨‡šÍ․ XwK‡Z․ (cv. 1 / 1 / 46)|
jO&, jyO& I j„O& (cÖ_g `ywU AZxZ, Z…ZxqwU AZxZ I fwel¨r Dfq A‡_© e¨eüZ nq) wefw³‡Z avZzi c~‡e©
†h A-Kv‡ii AvMg nq, Zv Dcm‡M©i c‡i em‡e, c~‡e© emv‡j fzj n‡e|75 †hgbÑ
Mg& avZz jO& Gi 1g. cy. 1e. : Mg& + jO&-`& = AM”Qr (†Mj)
wKš‘ Aby- Mg& + jO&-`& = Aby + AM”Qr = Aš^M”Qr (†Mj) [ A AbyM”Qr bq ]
Giƒc cÖvwekr, cÖvYgr, AvM”Qr BZ¨vw`|
f~ avZz jyO& Gi 1g. cy. 1e. : f~ + jyO-& `& = Af~r (n‡jv)
wKš‘ Aby- f~ + jyO&-`& = Aby + Af~r = Aš^f~r (n‡jv) [ A Abyf~r bq ] BZ¨vw`|
f~ avZz j„O& Gi 1g. cy. 1e. : f~ + j„O-& m¨r = Afwel¨r (n‡e)
wKš‘ Aby- f~ + j„O&-m¨r = Aby + Afwel¨r = Aš^fwel¨r (n‡e) [ A Abyfwel¨r bq ] BZ¨vw`|
121
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : m M„ng& AM”Qr Aš^M”Qr ev| (†m evwo †Mj|)
cÖgv GKvg& wkwÿKvg& Afwel¨r Aš^fwel¨r ev| (cÖgv GKRb wkwÿKv n‡e|)
GLv‡b, jO&, jyO& I j„O& wefw³RvZ avZzi †h A-Kvi AvMg n‡q‡Q Zv Aby Dcm‡M©i c‡i e‡m‡Q|
N) wbw`©ó avZzi c~‡e© wbw`©ó DcmM©
[ wbw`©ó DcmM© + wbw`©ó avZz + wefw³ ]
1. KZ¸wj avZzi c~‡e© cÖvqB KZ¸wj wbw`©ó DcmM© e¨eüZ nq|76 †hgbÑ
Av- if& + jU&-†Z = Avif‡Z (ïiæ K‡i)
Av- Pÿ& + jU&-†Z = AvP‡ÿ (e‡j)
Av- kb&m& + jU&-†Z = Avksm‡Z (B”Qv K‡i)
Av- `„ + jU&-†Z = Avw`ªq‡Z (m¤§vb K‡i)
Av- Pg& + jU&-†Z = AvPg‡Z (Lvq)
D`&- Wx + jU&-†Z = DÇxq‡Z (I‡o)
Awa- B + jU&-†Z = Aax‡Z (c‡o)
civ- Aq + jU&-†Z = cjvq‡Z (cjvqb K‡i) [i = j]
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : m Kvh©g& Avif‡Z| (†m KvRwU ïiæ K‡i|)
wenMt AvKvkg& DÇxq‡Z| (cvwL AvKv‡k I‡o|)
m kv¯¿g& Aax‡Z| (†m kv¯¿ c‡o|)
GLv‡b Av cÖf„wZ wbw`©ó DcmM©¸wj avZzi c~‡e© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
O) DcmM© (= Kg©cÖePbxq) wefw³i KviY / c‡`i wefw³ wba©vi‡Y DcmM© (= Kg©cÖePbxq)
cvwYwbi ÔKg©cÖePbxqvtÕ (cv. 1 / 4 / 83) m~Îvbymv‡i we‡kl A‡_© cÖhy³ wµqv‡hvMnxb Kg©cÖePbxq¸wj
n‡jvÑ Aby, Dc, cÖwZ, cwi, Awf, my, AwZ, Awc, Ac, AvO&, Awa GB 11wU wbcvZ| G¸wj AvK…wZ‡Z
Dcm‡M©i g‡Zv n‡jI Giv DcmM© bq, MwZI bq, ¯^vaxb wbcvZ, Z_v Ae¨q| F‡Z, Avivr BZ¨vw` Ae¨‡qi
[ Ab¨vivw`Zi‡Z©w`K&kãvÂzËic`vRvwnhy‡³ (cv. 2 / 3 / 29) ] g‡Zv GivI mwbœwnZ c‡`i wefw³i KviY
nq| ÔKg©cÖePbxqhy‡³ wØZxqvÕ (cv. 2 / 3 / 8) m~Îvbymv‡i Kg©cÖePbxq‡hv‡M mvaviYZ wØZxqv wefw³
nq|77 Z‡e ms¯‥…‡Z we‡kl K‡qKwU †ÿ‡Î cÂgx wKsev mßgxI n‡q _v‡K|78 wb‡¤œ Kg©cÖePbxq‡hv‡M
wØZxqv, cÂgx I mßgx wefw³ nIqvi †ÿθwj Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
[ Kg©cÖePbxq + wØZxqv / cÂgx / mßgx wefw³hy³ c` m„wó ]
122
Kg©cÖePbxq †hv‡M wØZxqv
1. Kg©cÖePbxqhy‡³ wØZxqv (cv. 2/3/8)|
Kg©cÖePbxq‡hv‡M mvaviYZ wØZxqv wefw³ nq| †hgbÑ
Rcg& Aby cÖvel©r| (wVK R‡ci c‡i e„wó n‡jv|)
2. Abyj©ÿ‡Y (cv. 1 / 4 / 84)|
Kvh© KviYm¤^Ü †`¨vZbv K‡i ÔAbyÕ Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
Rcg& Abywbkg¨ †gNt cÖvel©r| (Rc ïwbevgvÎB †gN el©Y Ki‡jv|)
[ wbkg¨ = wb- kg& + j¨c&, cÖvel©r = cÖ- el©& + jO&-`& ]
GLv‡b, ÔAbyÕ wbkg¨ wµqvi mv‡_ hy³| AZGe Aby Kg©cÖePbxq bq A_©vr DcmM© ev MwZ|
wKš‘,
Rcg& Aby cÖvel©r †gNt| (R‡ci ci †gN el©Y n‡q‡Q|)
GLv‡b, ÔAbyÕ wbkg¨ wµqv n‡Z wew”Qbœ| AZGe ÔAbyÕ Kg©cÖePbxq|
3. Z…Zxqv‡_© (cv. 1 / 4 / 85)|
Z…Zxqv A_©vr mnv‡_© Z…Zxqv †`¨vZbv K‡i ÔAbyÕ Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
b`xg& Aby AewmZv †mbv| (•mb¨evwnbx b`xi mv‡_ mshy³ A_©vr b`x ch©šÍ Aew¯’Z|)
[AewmZv = Ae- wm (eÜb Kiv) + ³ ]
GLv‡b, ÔAbyÕ AewmZv wµqv n‡Z wew”Qbœ| AZGe ÔAbyÕ Kg©cÖePbxq|
4. nx‡b (cv. 1 / 4 / 86)|
nxbv‡_© A_©vr AcKl© †`¨vZbv Ki‡j ÔAbyÕ Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
Aby nwis myiv| (†`eZviv nwi A‡cÿv nxb ev †QvU|)
GLv‡b, ÔAbyÕ wµqv n‡Z wew”Qbœ| AZGe ÔAbyÕ Kg©cÖePbxq|
5. D‡cv ’ wa‡K (cv. 1 / 4 / 87)|
AwaK A_©vr DrK…ó Ges nxb A_©vr wbK…ó A_© †`¨vZbv Ki‡j ÔDcÕ Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
DrK…ó : Dc civ‡a© n‡it ¸Yvt| (nwii ¸Y civ‡a©i AwaK|)
[ nwii ¸Y civa© (me©vwaK A_©vr Pig msL¨v) A‡cÿv AwaK A_©vr msL¨vZxZ|]
nxb : Dc nwis myiv| (†`eZviv nwi A‡cÿv nxb ev †QvU|)
D‡jøL¨, AvwaK¨v‡_© ÔDcÕ †hv‡M mßgx nq|
123
6. jÿ‡YÌsf~ZvL¨vbfvMexávmy cÖwZch©bet (cv. 1 / 4 / 90)|
jÿY, BÌsf~ZL¨vb, fvM I exávÑGB PZywe©a A‡_© cÖwZ, ÔcwiÕ I ÔAbyÕ Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
jÿ‡Y : e„ÿs cÖwZ (cwi, Aby) we‡`¨vZ‡Z we`y¨r| (e„ÿ‡K jÿ K‡i we`y¨r ùzwiZ n‡”Q|)
BÌsf~ZL¨vb : weòzs cÖwZ (cwi, Aby) f³t| (f³ weòzi cÖwZ Abyi³|)
fvM : nwis cÖwZ (cwi, Aby) j²xt| (j²x nwii fv‡M c‡owQ‡jb|)
exáv : e„ÿs e„ÿs cÖwZ (cwi, Aby) wmÂwZ| (e„‡ÿ e„‡ÿ A_©vr cÖwZwU e„‡ÿ †mPb Ki‡Q|)
7. Awfifv‡M (cv. 1 / 4 / 91)|
fvM (Ask) e¨ZxZ jÿY, BÌsf~ZL¨vb I exáv A‡_© ÔAwfÕ Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
jÿ‡Y : e„ÿs Awf we`y¨r we‡`¨vZ‡Z| (e„ÿ‡K jÿ K‡i we`y¨r ùzwiZ n‡”Q|)
BÌsf~ZL¨vb : gvZig& Awf wkït| (wkï gv‡qi cÖwZ Abyi³|)
exáv : e„ÿs e„ÿs Awf wmÂwZ| (e„‡ÿ e„‡ÿ A_©vr cÖwZwU e„‡ÿ †mPb Ki‡Q|)
8. Awacix Ab_©‡K․ (cv. 1 / 4 / 93)|
wbi_©K ÔAwaÕ I ÔcwiÕ Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
[Av- Mg& + jU&-wZ = AvM”QwZ : m AvM”QwZ| (†m G‡m‡Q)]
KzZt Aa¨vM”QvwZ| (†Kv_v †_‡K G‡mQ|)
KzZt ch©vM”QwZ| (†Kv_v †_‡K G‡mQ|)
GLv‡b D`vniY؇q ÔAa¨vM”QwZÕ I Ôch©vM”QwZÕ c`؇qi A_© (G‡m‡Q) Avi ÔAvM”QwZÕ (G‡m‡Q) c‡`i
wVK †mB GKB A_©| ZvB ÔAwaÕ Ges ÔcwiÕ DcmM©Øq G‡ÿ‡Î wbi_©K Kg©cÖePbx‡qi KvR Ki‡Q|
9. myt c~Rvqvg& (cv. 1 / 4 / 94)|
c~Rv A_©vr cÖksmv †evSv‡j ÔmyÕ Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
my wm³g&| (my›`i †mPb)
my ¯‘Zg&| (my›`i ¯Íe)
Z¡qv my wm³s my ¯‘Zs P gqv| (Zzwg my›`i †mPb Ki‡e Ges Avwg my›`i ¯Íe Kie|)
10. AwZiwZµg‡Y P (cv. 1 / 4 / 95)|
cÖksmv I AwZµg eySv‡j ÔAwZÕ Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
AwZ †`evb& K„òt| (K…ò †`eZv‡`i Dc‡i| / ¸‡Y K…ò †`eZvMY A‡cÿv DrK…ó|)
Z¡qv e„ÿg& AwZ wm³g&| (Zzwg e„ÿ‡K gvÎvwZwi³ †mPb Ki‡e|)
11. Awct c`v_©-msfvebvš^emM©Mn©vmgy”P‡qly| (cv. 1 / 4 / 96)|
c`v_© (AcÖhy³ c‡`i A‡_©), m¤¢vebv, Aš^emM© (†¯^”QvPvivYygwZ), Mn©v (wb›`v) Ges mgy”PqÑGB cuvPwU A_©
cÖKvk Ki‡j ÔAwcÕ Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
124
c`v_© (AcÖhy³ c‡`i A‡_©) : mwc©lt Awc m¨vr| (wN‡qi wQ‡U‡duvUv _vK‡Z cv‡i|)
m¤¢vebv : Awc ¯‘qvr weòzg&| (†m weòzi ¯‘wZ Ki‡e|)
Aš^emM© (†¯^”QvPvivYygwZ) : Awc ¯‘wn| (¯‘wZ Ki‡ZI cvi, B”Qv bv n‡j bvI Ki‡Z cvi|)
Mn©v (wb›`v) : waK& †`e`Ëg&, Awc ¯‘qv`& e„ljg&| (†`e`ˇK waK&, †m e„l‡ji A_©vr k~‡`ªi ¯‘wZ Ki‡Q|)
mgy”Pq : Awc wmÂ, Awc ¯‘wn| (†mPb Ges ¯Íe `ywUB Ki‡Z cvi|)
Kg©cÖePbxq †hv‡M cÂgx
1. Accix eR©‡b (cv. 1 / 4 / 88)|
eR©b (cwinvi) A‡_© ÔAcÕ I ÔcwiÕ Kg©cÖePbxq nq Ges G‡`i †hv‡M cÂgx wefw³ nq| †hgbÑ
Ac n‡it msmvit| (nwi‡K eR©b K‡iB msmvi|)
cwi n‡it msmvit| (nwi‡K eR©b K‡iB msmvi|)
2. AvO& gh©v`veP‡b (cv. 1 / 4 / 89)|
gh©v`v I ePb (Awfwewa) A‡_© ÔAvO&Õ Kg©cÖePbxq nq Ges Zvi †hv‡M cÂgx wefw³ nq| †hgbÑ
gh©v`v : Av gy‡³t msmvit| (gyw³ ch©šÍ msmvi A_©vr gyw³ n‡j msmvi _v‡K bv|)
Awfwewa : Av mKjvr eªþ| (mKj‡K wb‡qB eªþ A_©vr eªþ mK‡ji g‡a¨B we`¨gvb|)
3. cÂg¨cvO& cwiwft (cv. 2 / 3 / 10)|
Ac, AvO& Ges cwi-GB wZbwU Kg©cÖePbx‡qi †hv‡M cÂgx wefw³ nq| †hgbÑ
Ac : Ac n‡it msmvit| (nwi‡K eR©b K‡iB msmvi|)
AvO& : Av gy‡³t msmvit| (gyw³ ch©šÍ msmvi A_©vr gyw³ n‡j msmvi _v‡K bv|)
cwi : cwi n‡it msmvit| (nwi‡K eR©b K‡iB msmvi|)
4. cÖwZt cÖwZwbwa-cÖwZ`vb‡qvt (cv. 1 / 4 / 92)|, cÖwZwbwa-cÖwZ`v‡b P h¯§vr (cv. 2 / 3 / 11)|
cÖwZwbwa I cÖwZ`vb †evSv‡j ÔcÖwZÕ Kg©cÖePbxq nq| Gme †ÿ‡Î hvi cÖwZwbwa I cÖwZ`vb †evSvq Zvi
DËi ÔcÖwZÕ †hv‡M cÂgx wefw³ nq| †hgbÑ
cÖwZwbwa : cÖ`y¨¤œt K…òvr cÖwZ| (K…òcyÎ cÖ`y¨¤œ K…‡òi cÖwZwbwa|)
cÖwZ`vb : m wZ‡jf¨t cÖwZ gvlvb& h”QwZ| (†m wZ‡ji wewbg‡q gvlKjvB †`q|)
Kg©cÖePbxq †hv‡M mßgx
1. Awaixk¦‡i (cv. 1 / 4 / 97)|
¯^ (wbR)-¯^vwgfve m¤^Ü †evSv‡j ÔAwaÕ Kg©cÖePbxq nq| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
K) h¯§v`waKs hm¨ †Pk¦iePbs ZÎ mßgx (cv. 2 / 3 / 9)|
AwaKv_© I ¯^-¯^vwgfve †evSv‡j ÔAwaÕ Kg©cÖePbxq nq Ges Gi †hv‡M mßgx wefw³ nq| †hgbÑ
125
AwaKv_© : Dc civ‡a© n‡it ¸Yvt| (nwii ¸Y civ‡a©i ev m‡e©v”P Pig msL¨vi AwaK|)
¯^-¯^vwgfve : Awa fzwe ivgt| (ivg c„w_exi Aaxk¦i|)
Awa iv‡g f~t| (c„w_ex iv‡gi Aaxb|)
2. wefvlv K…wT (cv. 1 / 4 / 98)|
K…-avZzi †hv‡M ÔcÖfzÕ A‡_© ÔAwaÕ weK‡í Kg©cÖePbxq nq| †hgbÑ
hr AÎ gvg& Awa Kwil¨wZ| (†h‡nZz wZwb GLv‡b Avgv‡K wbhy³ Ki‡eb|)
P) AKg©K avZz‡K mKg©K avZz‡Z iƒcvšÍi
[ DcmM© + AKg©K avZz = mKg©K avZz ]
cÖvw` (cÖ, civ cÖf…wZ) Dcm‡M©i †hv‡M AKg©K avZz mKg©K nq|79 `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc :
1. Awa-kxO&-¯’vmvs Kg© (cv. 1 / 4 / 46)|
kx, ¯’v Ges Avm& avZz AKg©K| D³ m~‡Î ÔAvav‡iv ’ waKiYg&Õ (cv. 1 / 4 / 45) m~Îvbymv‡i †h ÔAvaviÕ
Abye„Ë nq Zv‡Z ÔAwaÕ GB DcmM© c~e©K D³ avZz¸wji †hv‡M Kg© A_©vr mKg©K nq| †hgbÑ
kx, ¯’v I Avm& ( kx + jU&-†Z = †k‡Z, ¯’v + jU&-wZ = wZôwZ, Avm& + jU&-†Z = Av‡¯Í) avZz AKg©K :
wkït kh¨vqvs †k‡Z, wZôwZ, Av‡¯Í| (wkï weQvbvq kqb K‡i, _v‡K, e‡m|)
wKš‘,
Awa-kx, ¯’v I Avm& (Awa- kx, ¯’v, Avm&, + jU&-†Z, wZ, †Z = Awa‡k‡Z, AwawZôwZ, Aa¨v‡¯Í) avZz mgK©K :
wkït kh¨vg& Awa‡k‡Z, AwawZôwZ, Aa¨v‡¯Í| (wkï weQvbvq kqb K‡i, _v‡K, e‡m|)
2. Awfwbwekð (cv. 1 / 4 / 47)|
wek& avZz AKg©K| D³ m~‡Î ÔAvav‡iv ’ waKiYg&Õ (cv. 1 / 4 / 45) Ges ÔAwa-kxO& ¯’vmvs Kg©Õ (cv. 1 / 4
/ 46) m~ÎØq Abymv‡i ÔAvaviÕ I ÔKg©Õ AwaKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z ÔAwf-wbÕ GB DcmM©Øq c~e©K wek& avZz
†hv‡M Kg© A_©vr mKg©K nq| †hgbÑ
wek& ( wek& + jU&-wZ = wekwZ) avZz AKg©K : m wekwZ| (†m cÖ‡ek Ki‡Q|)
wKš‘,
Awf-wb-wek& (Awf-wb- wek& + jU&-†Z = Awfwewek‡Z) avZz mKg©K :
mvayt mb¥vM©g& Awfwbwek‡Z| (mvay DËg c_ mvMÖ‡n AbymiY Ki‡Q|)
3. Dcvš^a¨vO& emt (cv. 1 / 4 / 48)| Af…³¨_©m¨ b (evwË©K)|
em& avZz AKg©K| D³ m~‡Î ÔAvav‡iv ’ waKiYg&Õ (cv. 1 / 4 / 45) Ges ÔAwa-kxO& ¯’vmvs Kg©Õ (cv. 1 / 4 /
46) m~ÎØq Abymv‡i ÔAvaviÕ I ÔKg©Õ Abye„Ë n‡”Q| G‡Z Dcevm (bv †L‡q _vKv) A_© †evSv‡j Ges bv
†evSv‡j Dc, Aby, Awa I Av DcmM©c~e©K em&-avZz †hv‡M h_vµ‡g Kg© (mKg©K) I AKg©K (AwaKiYB)
nq| †hgbÑ
126
em& ( em& + jU&-wZ = emwZ) avZz AKg©K : wmsn e‡b emwZ| (wmsn e‡b evm K‡i|)
wKš‘,
Dc, Aby, Awa I Av-em& (Dc, Aby, Awa I Av- em& + jU&-wZ = DcemwZ, AbyemwZ, AwaemwZ I AvemwZ) avZz mKg©K :
gywbt ebg& DcemwZ AbyemwZ AwaemwZ AvemwZ ev| (gywb e‡b evm Ki‡Q|)
gywbt e‡b DcemwZ AbyemwZ AwaemwZ AvemwZ ev| (gywb e‡b bv †L‡q evm Ki‡Q|)
4. K¡wP`‡_© cÖvw`‡hv‡M n¨Kg©‡bv ’ wc avZet|
mKg©‡Yv cÖRvq‡šÍ mZvs m½v¾bv Be \80
DcmM©‡hv‡M KLbI KLbI AKg©K avZz mKg©K nq| †hgb mvay-m‡½i cÖfv‡e K‡g© wegyL e¨w³I mKg©K
A_©vr Kg©V n‡q I‡V| †hgbÑ
f~ ( f~ + jU&-wZ = fewZ) avZz AKg©K : e„wót fewZ| (e„wó nq|)
wKš‘,
Aby, civ-f~ (Aby, civ- f~ + jU&-wZ = AbyfewZ, civfewZ) avZz mKg©K :
mvayt myLg& AbyfewZ| (mvay myL †fvM K‡i|)
•mb¨t k΃b& civfewZ| (•mb¨ kÎæ‡K civwRZ K‡i|)
cr ( cr + jU&-wZ = cZwZ) avZz AKg©K : e„ÿvr cÎs cZwZ| (MvQ †_‡K cvZv c‡o|)
wKš‘,
Dr-cr (Dr- cr + jU&-wZ = DrcZwZ) avZz mKg©K : cÿx AvKvkg& DrcZwZ| (cvwL AvKv‡k I‡o|)
Q) ci‣¯§c`x, AvZ¥‡bc`x I Dfqc`x avZzi iƒcvšÍi
[ DcmM© + ci‣¯§c`x avZz = AvZ¥‡bc`x avZz, DcmM© + AvZ¥‡bc`x avZz = ci‣¯§c`x avZz I DcmM© +
Dfqc`x avZy = AvZ¥‡bc`x avZz ev ci‣¯§c`x avZz ]
ms¯‥…‡Z avZz wZb cÖKviÑ 1. ci‣¯§c`x 2. AvZ¥‡bc`x 3. Dfqc`x| ci‣¯§c`x avZzi DËi †Kej
ci‣¯§c‡`i wefw³, AvZ¥‡bc`x avZzi DËi †Kej AvZ¥‡bc‡`i wefw³ Ges Dfqc`x avZzi DËi
ci‣¯§c` I AvZ¥‡bc` Dfq wefw³ hy³ nq| †hgbÑ
ci‣¯§c`x avZz :
¯’v + jU&-wZ = wZôwZ (_v‡K)
AvZ¥‡bc`x avZz : ig& + jU&-†Z = ig‡Z (†Ljv K‡i)
Dfqc`x avZz :
en& + jU&-wZ / †Z = enwZ / en‡Z (enb K‡i)
K… + jU&-wZ / †Z = K‡ivwZ / Kziæ‡Z (K‡i)
127
wKš‘ ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Y Ggb KZ¸wj wbqg Av‡Q, hvi Øviv A_© we‡k‡l I †Kv‡bv Dcm‡M©i †hv‡M ci‣¯§c`x
avZz AvZ¥‡bc`x nq, AvZ¥‡bc`x avZz ci‣¯§c`x nq Ges Dfqc`x avZz †Kej AvZ¥‡bc‡` ev †Kej
ci‣¯§c‡` e¨eüZ nq| D‡jøL¨, ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Y Giƒc cwieZ©b nIqvi A‡bK `„óvšÍ i‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œ
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQy avZzi †ÿ‡Î G `„óvšÍ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv81 :
1. mgecÖwef¨t ¯’t (cv. 1 / 3 / 22)|
¯’v avZz ci‣¯§c`x| †hgbÑ
¯’v + jU&-wZ = wZôwZ (GKRb _v‡K)
¯’v + jU&-Zm& = wZôZt (`yBRb _v‡K)
¯’v + jU&-AwšÍ = wZôwšÍ (A‡b‡K _v‡K) BZ¨vw`|
wKš‘ mg&, Ae, cÖ Ges we-c~e©K ¯’v avZz AvZ¥‡bc`x nq| †hgbÑ
DcmM© + ci‣¯§c`x avZz = AvZ¥‡bc`x avZz :
mg&- ¯’v + jU&-†Z = mwšÍô‡Z (GKRb mv‡_ _v‡K)
mg&- ¯’v + jU&-Av‡Z = mwšÍ‡ô‡Z (`yBRb mv‡_ _v‡K)
mg&- ¯’v + jU&-A‡šÍ= mwšÍô‡šÍ (A‡b‡K mv‡_ _v‡K) BZ¨vw`|
Ae- ¯’v + jU&-†Z = AewZô‡Z (GKRb Ae¯’vb K‡i)
Ae- ¯’v + jU&-Av‡Z = AewZ‡ô‡Z (`yBRb Ae¯’vb K‡i)
Ae- ¯’v + jU&-A‡šÍ = AewZô‡šÍ (A‡b‡K Ae¯’vb K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
cÖ- ¯’v + jU&-†Z = cÖwZô‡Z (GKRb iIbv K‡i)
cÖ- ¯’v + jU&-Av‡Z = cÖwZ‡ô‡Z (`yBRb iIbv K‡i)
cÖ- ¯’v + jU&-A‡šÍ = cÖwZô‡šÍ (A‡b‡K iIbv K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
we- ¯’v + jU&-†Z = wewZô‡Z (GKRb `~‡i _v‡K)
we- ¯’v + jU&-Av‡Z = wewZ‡ô‡Z (`yRb `~‡i _v‡K)
we- ¯’v + jU&-A‡šÍ = wewZô‡šÍ (A‡b‡K `~‡i _v‡K) BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : mv †Zb mn mwšÍô‡Z| (†m Zvi mv‡_ _v‡K|)
Ajmt m`v M„‡n AewZô‡Z| (Ajm e¨w³ me mgq M„‡n Ae¯’vb K‡i|)
A`¨ m M„nvr cÖwZô‡Z| (AvR †m M„n †_‡K iIbv Ki‡Q|)
gg eÜzt gr wewZô‡Z| (Avgvi eÜz Avgvi wbKU †_‡K `~‡i _v‡K|)
128
2. AKg©Kv”P (cv. 1 / 3 / 35)|
K… avZz Dfqc`x| †hgbÑ
ci‣¯§c`x iƒc :
K… + jU&-wZ = K‡ivwZ (GKRb K‡i)
K… + jU&-Zm& = KyiæZt (`yRb K‡i)
K… + jU&-AwšÍ = Kye©wšÍ (A‡b‡K K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
AvZ¥‡bc`x iƒc : K… + jU&-†Z = Kyiæ‡Z (GKRb K‡i)
K… + jU&-Av‡Z = Kye©v‡Z (`yRb K‡i)
K… + jU&-A‡šÍ = Kye©‡Z (A‡b‡K K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
wKš‘ AKg©K we-c~e©K K… avZz AvZ¥‡bc`x nq| †hgbÑ
we- K… + jU&-†Z = weKyiæ‡Z (GKRb †Póv K‡i)
we- K… + jU&-Av‡Z = weKye©v‡Z (`yRb †Póv K‡i)
we- K… + jU&-A‡šÍ = weKye©‡Z (A‡b‡K †Póv K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : evqyt weKziæ‡Z| (evqy we‡klfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i|)
QvÎvt weKye©‡Z| (QvÎiv h‡_ó †Póv Ki‡Q|)
3. KZ…©‡¯’ Pvkix‡i Kg©wY (cv. 1 / 3 / 37)|
bx avZz Dfqc`x| †hgbÑ
ci‣¯§c`x iƒc :
bx + jU&-wZ = bqwZ (GKRb †bq)
K… + jU&-Zm& = bqZt (`yRb †bq)
K… + jU&-AwšÍ = bqwšÍ (A‡b‡K †bq) BZ¨vw`|
AvZ¥‡bc`x iƒc : bx + jU&-†Z = bxq‡Z (GKRb †bq)
bx + jU&-Av‡Z = bx‡q‡Z (`yRb †bq)
bx + jU&-A‡šÍ = bxq‡šÍ (A‡b‡K †bq) BZ¨vw`|
wKš‘ Kg© hw` KZ©vi g‡a¨ eZ©gvb _v‡K Ges Akixi e¯‘ nq Z‡e we-c~e©K bx avZz AvZ¥‡bc`x nq| †hgbÑ
we- bx + jU&-†Z = webq‡Z (GKRb `gb / mseiY K‡i)
we- bx + jU&-Av‡Z = web‡q‡Z (`yRb `gb / mseiY K‡i)
we- bx + jU&-A‡šÍ = webq‡šÍ (A‡b‡K `gb / mseiY K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : Ávbx †µvas webq‡Z| (Ávbx †µva `gb K‡i|)
mvayt †µvas webq‡Z| (mvay wbR kix‡i w¯’Z †µva mseiY Ki‡Q)
129
D‡jøL¨, Kg© hw` KZ©vi g‡a¨ eZ©gvb bv _v‡K Zvn‡j we-c~e©K bx avZz AvZ¥‡bc`x nq bv, ci‣¯§c`x nq|
†hgbÑ
we- bx + jU&-wZ = webqwZ (GKRb `gb / mseiY K‡i)
we- bx + jU&-Zm& =webqZt (`yRb `gb / mseiY K‡i)
we- bx + jU&-AwšÍ = webqwšÍ (A‡b‡K `gb / mseiY K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : wcZv cyÎm¨ †µvas webqwZ| (wcZv cy‡Îi †µva kvšÍ Ki‡Q|)
¯^mv åvZzt †µvas webqwZ| (†evb fvB‡qi †µva `gb / mseiY Ki‡Q|)
4. †et cv`weni‡Y (cv. 1 / 3 / 41)|
µg& avZz Dfqc`x| †hgbÑ
ci‣¯§c`x iƒc :
µg& + jU&-wZ = µgwZ (GKRb P‡j)
µg& + jU&-Zm& = µgZt (`yRb P‡j)
µg& + jU&-AwšÍ = µgwšÍ (A‡b‡K P‡j) BZ¨vw`|
AvZ¥‡bc`x iƒc : µg& + jU&-†Z = µg‡Z (GKRb P‡j)
µg& + jU&-Av‡Z = µ‡g‡Z (`yRb P‡j)
µg& + jU&-A‡šÍ = µg‡šÍ (A‡b‡K P‡j) BZ¨vw`|
wKš‘ cv`weniY (cv`we‡ÿc) A‡_© we-c~e©K µg& avZz AvZ¥‡bc`x nq| †hgbÑ
we- µg& + jU&-†Z = weµg‡Z (GKRb wePiY K‡i)
we- µg& + jU&-Av‡Z = weµ‡g‡Z (`yRb wePiY K‡i)
we- µg& + jU&-A‡šÍ = weµg‡šÍ (A‡b‡K wePiY K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : gvbmt cÖZ¨ns cÖvZt weµg‡Z| (gvbm cÖwZw`b mKv‡j wePiY K‡i ev nuv‡U|)
Ak¦t `ªæZs weµg‡Z| (†NvovwU `ªæZ‡e‡M †`․ovq|)
D‡jøL¨, cv`weniY (cv`we‡ÿc) wfbœ Ab¨ A‡_© we-c~e©K µg& avZz AvZ¥‡bc`x nq bv, ci‣¯§c`x nq|
†hgbÑ
we- µg& + jU&-wZ = weµvgwZ (GKRb weµg cÖKvk K‡i)
we- µg& + jU&-Zm& = weµvgZt (`yRb weµg cÖKvk K‡i)
we- µg& + jU&-AwšÍ = weµvgwšÍ (A‡b‡K weµg cÖKvk K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : ivRv weµvgwZ| (ivRv weµg cÖKvk Ki‡Q|)
mwÜt weµvgwZ| (mwÜ †f‡½ hv‡”Q|)
130
5. mscÖwZf¨vgbva¨v‡b (cv. 1 / 3 / 46)|
Áv avZz Dfqc`x| †hgbÑ
ci‣¯§c`x iƒc : Áv + jU&-wZ = RvbvwZ (GKRb Rv‡b)
Áv + jU&-Zm& = RvbxZt (`yRb Rv‡b)
Áv + jU&-AwšÍ = RvbwšÍ (A‡b‡K Rv‡b) BZ¨vw`|
AvZ¥‡bc`x iƒc : Áv + jU&-†Z = Rvbx‡Z (GKRb Rv‡b)
Áv + jU&-Av‡Z = Rvbv‡Z (`yRb Rv‡b)
Áv + jU&-A‡šÍ = Rvb‡Z (A‡b‡K Rv‡b) BZ¨vw`|
wKš‘ Abva¨vb A_©vr ¯§iY Kiv wfbœ Ab¨ A‡_© mg& I cÖwZ-c~e©K Áv avZz AvZ¥‡bc`x nq| †hgbÑ
AvZ¥‡bc`x iƒc : mg&- Áv + jU&-†Z = msRvbx‡Z (GKRb AbymÜvb K‡i)
mg&- Áv + jU&-Av‡Z = msRvbv‡Z (`yRb AbymÜvb K‡i)
mg&- Áv + jU&-A‡šÍ = msRvb‡Z (A‡b‡K AbymÜvb K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
AvZ¥‡bc`x iƒc : cÖwZ- Áv + jU&-†Z = cÖwZRvbx‡Z (GKRb A½xKvi K‡i)
cÖwZ&- Áv + jU&-Av‡Z = cÖwZRvbv‡Z (`yRb A½xKvi K‡i)
cÖwZ- Áv + jU&-A‡šÍ = cÖwZRvb‡Z (A‡b‡K A½xKvi K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : cyÎt wcZis msRvbx‡Z| (cyÎ wcZv‡K AbymÜvb Ki‡Q|)
wcZv Kb¨vs `vZzs cÖwZRvbx‡Z| (wcZv Kb¨v †`Iqvi A½xKvi Ki‡Qb|)
D‡jøL¨, ¯§iY A‡_© AvZ¥‡bc`x nq bv, ci‣¯§c`x nq| †hgbÑ
ci‣¯§c`x iƒc : mg&- Áv + jU&-wZ = msRvbvwZ (GKRb ¯§iY K‡i)
mg&- Áv + jU&-Zm& =msRvbxZt (`yRb ¯§iY K‡i)
mg&- Áv + jU&-AwšÍ = msRvbwšÍ (A‡b‡K ¯§iY K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : m wcÖqvs msRvbvwZ| (†m wcÖqv‡K ¯§iY Ki‡Q|)
cÖevmx cyÎt wcZ‡i․ msRvbvwZ| (we‡`wk †Q‡j wcZv-gvZv‡K ¯§iY Ki‡Q|)
6. A‡bviK¤§©Kvr (cv. 1 / 3 / 49)|
e`& avZz ci‣¯§c`x| †hgbÑ
ci‣¯§c`x iƒc : e`& + jU&-wZ = e`wZ (GKRb e‡j)
e`& + jU&-Zm& = e`Zt (`yRb e‡j)
e`& + jU&-AwšÍ = e`wšÍ (A‡b‡K e‡j) BZ¨vw`|
131
wKš‘ gvbyl KZ©v n‡j AKg©K Aby-c~e©K e`& avZz AvZ¥‡bc`x nq| †hgbÑ
AvZ¥‡bc`x iƒc : Aby- e`& + jU&-†Z = Abye`‡Z (GKRb e‡j)
Aby- e`& + jU&-Av‡Z = Abye‡`‡Z (`yRb e‡j)
Aby- e`& + jU&-A‡šÍ = Abye`‡šÍ (A‡b‡K e‡j) BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : m ivgvqYm¨ (ivgvqYer e`wZ) Abye`‡Z (Zzj¨s e`wZ)| (†m ivgvq‡Yi b¨vq ej‡Q|)
K…òt ivgm¨ Abye`‡Z| (ivg †hiƒc ej‡Q, K…òI †mBiƒc ej‡Q|)
D‡jøL¨, mKg©K n‡j AvZ¥‡bc`x nq bv, ci‣¯§c`x nq| †hgbÑ
ci‣¯§c`x iƒc : Aby- e`& + jU&-wZ = Abye`wZ (GKRb e‡j)
Aby- e`& + jU&-Zm& = Abye`Zt (`yRb e‡j)
Aby- e`& + jU&-AwšÍ = Abye`wšÍ (A‡b‡K e‡j) BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : ivgt D³g& Abye`wZ| (ivg c~‡e© hv ejwQj cybivq Zv ej‡Q|)
Avevi, gvbyl KZ©v bv n‡jI AvZ¥‡bc`x nq bv, ci‣¯§c`x nq| †hgbÑ
exYv Abye`wZ| (exYvwU wbw`©ó mgq e¨eav‡b Aby”P kã AbyKiY K‡i|)
7. cÖvØnt (cv. 1 / 3 / 81)|
en& avZz (enb Kiv) Dfqc`x| †hgbÑ
ci‣¯§c`x iƒc :
en& + jU&-wZ = enwZ (GKRb enb K‡i)
en& + jU&-Zm& = enZt (`yRb enb K‡i)
en& + jU&-AwšÍ = enwšÍ (A‡b‡K enb K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
AvZ¥‡bc`x iƒc : en& + jU&-†Z = en‡Z (GKRb enb K‡i)
en& + jU&-Av‡Z = e‡n‡Z (`yRb enb K‡i)
en& + jU&-A‡šÍ = en‡šÍ (A‡b‡K enb K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
wKš‘ cÖ-c~e©K en& (cÖevwnZ nIqv, eIqv) avZz ci‣¯§c`x nq| †hgbÑ
ci‣¯§c`x iƒc : cÖ- en& + jU&-wZ = cÖenwZ (GKwU cÖevwnZ nq)
cÖ- en& + jU&-Zm& = cÖenZt (`ywU cÖevwnZ nq)
cÖ- en& + jU&-AwšÍ = cÖenwšÍ (A‡bK cÖevwnZ nq) BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : MÖvgs wbKlv b`x cÖenwZ| (MÖv‡gi wbKU w`‡q b`x cÖevwnZ n‡”Q|)
cÙv cÖenwZ| (cÙv b`x cÖevwnZ n‡”Q|)
132
D‡jøL¨,Ôc‡ig©„ltÕ (cv. 1/ 3 / 4) m~Îvbymv‡i †hvMwefvM Kíbv K‡i cwi Dcm‡M©i †hv‡MI en& avZz
(cwievwnZ nIqv, eIqv) ci‣¯§c`x n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ
ci‣¯§c`x iƒc : cwi- en& + jU&-wZ = cwienwZ (GKwU cwievwnZ nq)
cwi- en& + jU&-Zm& = cwienZt (`ywU cwievwnZ nq)
cwi- en& + jU&-AwšÍ = cwienwšÍ (A‡bK cwievwnZ nq) BZ¨vw`|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : Ak¦t i_s cwienwZ| (Ak¦ i_ cwievwnZ K‡i|)
Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ DcmM©‡hv‡M ci‣¯§c`x nq bv| †hgbÑ
AvZ¥‡bc`x iƒc : Av- en& + jU&-†Z = Aven‡Z (GKRb enb K‡i)
Av- en& + jU&-Av‡Z = Ave‡n‡Z (`yRb enb K‡i)
Av- en& + jU&-A‡šÍ = Aven‡šÍ (A‡b‡K enb K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
D‡jøL¨, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î ÔcÖengvbÕ k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM cwijwÿZ nq| wKš‘ ÔcÖengvbÕ kãwU ÔcÖvØntÕ
m~Îvbymv‡i fzj| †Kbbv AvZ¥‡bc`x ¯’‡j kvbP& (Avb
gvb) cÖZ¨q nq| en& avZz ¯^wi‡Zr| dj KZ©„Mvgx
n‡j AvZ¥‡bc`x nIqvi K_v| eZ©gvb m~‡Î Zvi wb‡la n‡jv|
8. e¨vO&cwi‡f¨v igt (cv.1 / 3 / 83)|
ig& avZz (†Ljv Kiv) AvZ¥‡bc`x| †hgbÑ
AvZ¥‡bc`x iƒc : ig& + jU&-†Z = ig‡Z (GKRb †Ljv K‡i)
ig& + jU&-Av‡Z = i‡g‡Z (`yRb †Ljv K‡i)
ig& + jU&-A‡šÍ = ig‡šÍ (A‡b‡K †Ljv K‡i) BZ¨vw`|
wKš‘ we, AvO& Ges cwi-c~e©K ig& avZz ci‣¯§c`x nq| †hgbÑ
ci‣¯§c`x iƒc : we- ig& + jU&-wZ = weigwZ (GKRb weiZ nq)
we- ig& + jU&-Zm& = weigZt (`yRb weiZ nq)
we- ig& + jU&-AwšÍ = weigwšÍ (A‡b‡K weiZ nq)
ci‣¯§c`x iƒc : AvO&- ig& + jU&-wZ = AvigwZ (GKRb wekÖvg / Avivg K‡i)
AvO&- ig& + jU&-Zm& = AvigZt (`yRb wekÖvg / Avivg K‡i)
AvO&- ig& + jU&-AwšÍ = AvigwšÍ (A‡b‡K wekÖvg / Avivg K‡i)
ci‣¯§c`x iƒc : cwi- ig& + jU&-wZ = cwiigwZ (GKRb Avbw›`Z nq)
cwi- ig& + jU&-Zm& = cwiigZt (`yRb Avbw›`Z nq)
cwi- ig& + jU&-AwšÍ = cwiigwšÍ (A‡b‡K Avbw›`Z nq)
133
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : QvÎt Aa¨qbvr / cvVvr weigwZ| (QvÎ Aa¨qb / cvV †_‡K weiZ n‡”Q|)
gvbmt M„‡n AvigwZ| (gvbm M„‡n wekÖvg / Avivg Ki‡Q|)
wkït µxovqvs cwiigwZ| (wkï †Ljvq Avbw›`Z nq|)
Dcm‡M©i Av‡iv wKQz we‡kl e¨envi
cÖ-cÖf…wZ wbcvZ GKw`‡K †hgb Dcm‡M©i KvR K‡i Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb MwZiI KvR K‡i| G wbcvZ‡K
DcmM© I MwZ msÁv wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ G‡`i gva¨‡g †hme Kvh© mvwaZ nq †m¸wj n‡jv82:
K) DcmM© Øviv avZzi wfbœ wfbœ A_© jvf
L) DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q
M) MwZ Øviv mwÜ-wbqš¿Y
N) MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y
K) DcmM© Øviv avZzi wfbœ wfbœ A_© jvf
cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU wbcvZ‡K DcmM© msÁv Kivi Rb¨ †hme gva¨g i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ DcmM© Øviv avZzi wfbœ
wfbœ A_© jvf Ab¨Zg| wb‡¤œ GKwU Dchy³ `„óvšÍ Øviv welqwU Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
Ô¯’vÕ-avZz = _vKv
wKš‘ mg&- ¯’v + jU&-†Z = mwšÍô‡Z (mv‡_ _vKv)
Ae- ¯’v + jU&-†Z = AewZô‡Z (A‡cÿv Kiv)
cÖ- ¯’v + jU&-†Z = cÖwZô‡Z (iIbv †`Iqv)
we- ¯’v + jU&-†Z = wewZô‡Z (`~‡i _vKv) BZ¨vw`|
D‡jøL¨, c~‡e© Dcm‡M©i mv‡_ avZzi hZ e¨envi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Zv †_‡KI avZzi wfbœ wfbœ A_© jvf Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
L) DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q
cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU wbcvZ‡K DcmM© msÁv Kivi Rb¨ †hme gva¨g i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡weavb wbY©q Ab¨Zg| mvaviYZ Dfq cÖKvi weav‡b Dcm‡M©i G YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q †`Lv hvq|83
`„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
134
YZ¡-weavb
1. DcmM©v`mgv‡m ’ wc †Yvc‡`km¨ (cv. 8 / 4 / 14)|, b‡kt hvšÍm¨ (cv. 8 / 4 / 36)|
mgvm wKsev Amgvm me©ÎB DcmM©¯’ Y‡Z¡i wbwg‡Ëi ci b&-Kvivw` avZzi b& Y& nq| †hgbÑ
cÖ :
cÖ- bg& + NT& = cÖYvgt (bg¯‥vi, cÖYwZ)
cwi : cwi- bx + AP&& = cwiYqt (weevn)
wbi& : wbi& + bx + AP& = wbY©qt (wbðq, wm×všÍ) BZ¨vw`|
D‡jøL¨, bk& avZzi k&
cÖ :
l& n‡j ZLb DcmM©¯’ wbwg‡Ëi ci bk& avZzi b&
Y& nq bv| †hgbÑ
cÖ- bk& + ³ = cÖbót (mg¨Kfv‡e bvkcÖvß)
cwi : cwi- bk& +³ = cwibót (Pviw`‡K bvkcÖvß)
wbi& : wbi&- bk& + ³ = wbb©ót (bvkcÖvß bq) BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b cÖ, cwi, wbi& cÖf…wZ DcmM© †Kv_vq YZ¡-weavb nq Ges nq bv Zv wbY©q Ki‡Q|
2. K…Z¨Pt (cv. 8 / 4 / 29)|, wbwe©Yœ‡m¨vcmsL¨vbg& (ev.)|
DcmM©¯’ Y‡Z¡i wbwgË c~‡e© _vK‡j Zvi cieZ©x avZzi DËi cÖhy³ ¯^ieY©c~e©K K…r-cÖZ¨‡qi b&
†hgbÑ
cÖ : cÖ- gv + AbU& = cÖgvYg& (wbðq)
cwi : cwi- gv + AbU& = cwigvYg& (gvc) BZ¨vw`|
Y& nq|
wKš‘ DcmM©¯’ Y‡Z¡i wbwgË c~‡e© _vK‡j Zvi cieZ©x avZzi DËi cÖhy³ e¨ÄbeY©c~e©K K…r-cÖZ¨‡qi b&
nq bv| †hgbÑ
cÖ : cÖ- gmR& + ³ = cÖgMœt (mg¨Kfv‡e we‡fvi)
wbi& : wbi&- nb& + ³ = wbwe©Nœt (weNœk~b¨)
D‡jøL¨, fq‡kvKvw`i Øviv KvZi †evSv‡j YZ¡ nq| †hgbÑ
wbi& : wbi&- we`& + ³ = wbwe©Yœt (`ytwLZ, nZvk, `wi`ª)
GLv‡b cÖ-cÖf…wZ DcmM© †Kv_vq YZ¡-weavb nq Ges nq bv Zv wbY©q Ki‡Q|
3. †Ywe©fvlv (cv. 8 / 4 / 30)|
wYRšÍ avZzi cieZ©x K…r-cÖZ¨‡qi b&
weK‡í cÖhy³ nq| †hgbÑ
weK‡í Y& nq| A_©vr G‡ÿ‡Î ÔK…Z¨PtÕ (cv. 8 / 4 / 29) m~ÎwU
cÖ : cÖ- evwn + AbU& = cÖevnYg&, cÖevnbg&
cÖ- hvwc + AbU& = cÖhvcYg&, cÖhvcbg& BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b cÖ-cÖf…wZ DcmM© weK‡í YZ¡-weavb wbY©q Ki‡Q|
135
Y&
4. lvr c`všÍvr (cv. 8 / 4 / 35)|
c`všÍw¯’Z g~a©b¨ l&-Kv‡ii cieZ©x b&
Y& nq bv| †hgbÑ
wbi& : wbi&- cv + AbU& = wb®úvbg& (cvbnxb)
`yi& : `yi-& cv + AbU& = `y®úvbg& (Lvivc cvb) BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b wbi&, `yi& cÖf…wZ DcmM© YZ¡-weavb wb‡la wbY©q Ki‡Q|
lZ¡-weavb
1. DcmM©vr my‡bvwZ-myewZ-m¨wZ-†¯Í․wZ‡¯ÍvfwZ-¯’v-†mbq-†ma-wmP-mÄ-¯^Ävg& (cv. 8 / 3 / 65)|, ózbv ózt
(cv. 8 / 4 / 41)|, jÿ‡Y̤¢~ZvL¨vbfvMexávmy cÖwZch©bet (cv. 1 / 4 / 90)|
BKvivšÍ I DKvivšÍ Dcm‡M©i cieZ©x my cÖf…wZ GMviwU avZzi (my, m~, †mv, ¯‘, ¯‘f,& ¯’v, †mwb, wma&, wmP&,
mÄ&, ¯^Ä&) m& l& nq| †hgbÑ
BKvivšÍ DcmM© : cÖwZ- ¯’v + AbU& = cÖwZôvbg& (ms¯’vi M„n)
DKvivšÍ DcmM© : Aby- ¯’v + AbU& = Abyôvbg& (Avi¤¢, m¤úv`b) BZ¨vw`|
D‡jøL¨, `yt, my DcmM© cÖwZiƒcK wb›`v I ¯‘wZiƒc Ae¨q e‡j wb¤œwjwLZ k‡ã lZ¡ nq bv| †hgbÑ
`ym& : `ym&- ¯’v + A = `yt¯’t, `y¯t’ (`wi`ª, `yie¯’vcbœ)
my : my- ¯’v + A = my¯’t (bx‡ivM, myLx, myw¯’i)
jÿYxq †h, Aby, wbi& DcmM© bv n‡q Kg©cÖePbxq n‡j lZ¡ nq bv| †hgbÑ
Aby : Aby- wmÂ& + jU&-wZ = AbywmÂwZ (†mPb Ki‡Q) [ e„ÿs e„ÿg& Aby wmÂwZ| ]
wbi& : wbi&- wmP& + AK = wbt‡mPKt [ wbi& †mP‡Kv MÖvgt| ]
GLv‡b BKvivšÍ I DKvivšÍ DcmM© †Kv_vq lZ¡-weavb nq Ges nq bv Zv wbY©q Ki‡Q|
2. mywewb`©yf¨©t mywcmywZmgvt| (Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, mgMÖ e¨vKiY †KŠgy`x, c„. 55)
my, we, wbi&, `yi& Dcm‡M©i cieZ©x ¯^c&-avZzi ¯’v‡b RvZ myc& lyc& nq| †hgbÑ
my : my- ¯^c& + ³ = mylyßt (Mfxi wbw`ªZ)
we : we- ¯^c& + ³ = welyßt (Lvivc Nyg)
wbi& : wbi&- ¯^c& + ³ = wbtlyßt (Mfxi wb`ªvgMœ)
`yi& : `yi-& ¯^c& + ³ = `ytlyßt (Lvivc Nyg)
D‡jøL¨, Av‡jvP¨ m~Îvbymv‡i wb¤œwjwLZ kãØqI wm× nq| †hgbÑ
136
my : my- mg& + w¯¿qvg& Avc& = mylgv (cig †kvfv)
we : we- mg& + AbU& = welgg& (Amgvb)
GLv‡b my-cÖf…wZ DcmM© †Kv_vq lZ¡-weavb nq Zv wbY©q Ki‡Q|
3. cwiwbwef¨t †me-wmZ-mq-wmey-mn-myU&-¯‘-¯^Ävg& (cv. 8 / 3 / 70)|
cwi-cÖf„wZ DcmM©c~e©K K…-avZzi myU& AvM‡gi m&
l& nq| †hgbÑ
cwi : cwi- (myU&) + K… + NT& = cwi®‥vit (†kvab)
cwi- (myU&) + K… + jU&-wZ = cwi®‥‡ivwZ (†kvab Ki‡Q)
GLv‡b cwi-cÖf…wZ DcmM© †Kv_vq lZ¡-weavb nq Zv wbY©q Ki‡Q|
M) MwZ Øviv mwÜ-wbqš¿Y
cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU DcmM©mn Ajg&, cyim& Avwem&, A¯Íg,& wZim&, bgm& cÖf…wZ Ae¨q, wP¦ I WvP& cÖZ¨qvšÍ kã
avZzi mv‡_ hy³ n‡j Zv ÔMwZÕ msÁv cÖvß nq| ZvB cÖ-cÖf…wZ wbcvZ‡K MwZ msÁv Kivi Rb¨ †hme gva¨g
i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ MwZ Øviv mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ab¨Zg| mvaviYZ cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi mw܇Z MwZi G mwÜ-wbqš¿Y
†`Lv hvq|84 `„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
¯^imwÜ
1. AKt me‡Y© `xN©t (cv. 6 / 1 / 101)|
AK& (A Av B C D E F 9)-Gi c‡i meY© _vK‡j Dfq wg‡j `xN©¯^i nq| †hgbÑ
[ cÖZxKx wbqg : B / C + B / C = C, D / E + D / E = E, F / F„ / 9 + F / F„ / 9 = F nq| ]
B+B=C
AwZ : AwZ + Be = AZxe
cÖwZ : cÖwZ + BwZ = cÖZxwZ
Awa : Awa + Bbt = Aaxbt
B+C=C
Awa + Ck¦it = Aaxk¦it
cwi : cwi + Cÿv = cixÿv
D+D=E
my : my + D³t = m~³t
my + Dw³t = m~w³t
GLv‡b AwZ, cÖwZ, Awa, cwi, my cÖf…wZ MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
137
2. Av`&¸Yt (cv. 6 / 1 / 87)|
A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kv‡ii ci B C D E F F„ 9 _vK‡j Dfq wg‡j ¸Y nq| †hgbÑ
[ cÖZxKx wbqg : A / Av + B / C = G, A / Av + D / E = I, A / Av + F = Ai&, A / Av + 9 = Aj&
nq| ]
A+C=G
Ac : Ac + Cÿv = A‡cÿv BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b Ac MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
3. B‡Kv hYwP (cv. 6 / 1 / 77)|
BK& (B D F 9)-Gi c‡i AmeY© AP& (¯^ieY©) _vK‡j BK& (B D F 9)
hY& (h& e& i& j&) nq| †hgbÑ
[ cÖZxKx wbqg : B / C + wfbœ ¯^i (A / Av; D / E; G / H ) = h djv ( ¨ ); D / E + wfbœ¯^i (A / Av; B
/ C; G / H) = e-djv (e& ); F / F„ + wfbœ ¯^i (A / Av; D / E; G / H) = i&; 9 + wfbœ ¯^i (A / Av)
= j& nq| ]
B : cÖwZ + Aqt = cÖZ¨qt
cÖwZ + GKt = cÖ‡Z¨Kt
cÖwZ + DcKvit = cÖZz¨cKvit
wb + EbZg& = b~¨bZg&
D : Aby + Aqt = Aš^qt
Aby + GlYg& = A‡š^lYg&
my + AvMZg& =¯^vMZg& BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b cÖwZ, wb, Aby, my cÖf…wZ MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
4. cÖv`y‡nv‡Xv‡X¨‣l‡l¨ly (ev.)|
cÖ-Dcm‡M©i ci En, Ep, Ewp, Gl, Gl¨ _vK‡j Dfq wg‡j e„w× nq| †hgbÑ
[ cÖZxKx wbqg : A + C = G > H (•); A + E = I > J ( †․ ) ]
cÖ : cÖ + Ent = †cÖ․nt [ E J ]
cÖ + Ept = †cÖ․pt
cÖ + Ewpt = †cÖ․wpt
cÖ + Glt = •cÖlt [ G H ]
cÖ + Gl¨t = •cÖl¨t
D‡jøL¨, D³ evwË©KwU ÔAv`& ¸YtÕ (cv. 6 / 1 / 87) m~‡Îi evaK| wKš‘ ÔGwO ciiƒcg&Õ (cv. 6 / 1 / 94)|
m~Î evwaZ n‡q‡Q|
GLv‡b ÔcÖÕ MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
138
e¨ÄbmwÜ
1. †Q P (cv. 6 / 1 / 73)|
n«¯^¯^‡ii (A B D F 9) ci Q&-Kvi _vK‡j n«¯^¯^i
[ cÖZxKx wbqg : ¯^iaŸwb + Q = ¯^iaŸwb > P& nq| ]
Ae + †Q`t = Ae‡”Q`t
cwi + †Q`t = cwi‡”Q`t
we + †Q`t = we‡”Q`t
Aby + †Q`t = Aby‡”Q`t BZ¨vw`|
P& (ZzK = Z&
P&) nq| †hgbÑ
GLv‡b Ae-cÖf…wZ MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
2. †¯Ívt ðzbv ðzt (8 / 4 / 40)|, ózbv ózt (cv. 7 / 4 / 41)|, †Zvwj© (cv. 8 / 4 / 60)|,
S‡qv †nv ’b¨Z im¨vg& (cv. 8 / 4 / 62)|
cÖZxKx wbqg : Z& / `& + P& / Q&; R& / S&; k& ; W&; n&; j& = Z& / `& > P&; R&; P Ges k& > Q&; W&; `& Ges n& > a&;
j nq|
[ Z& / `& + R&, k&, W&, j&, n&, = Z& / `& > R&; P& Ges k& > Q&; W; j&; `& Ges n& > a& nq| ] †hgbÑ
D`& : D`& + R¡jt = D¾¡jt
D`& + k„•Ljt = D”Q…•Ljt
D`& + Wxbt = DÇxbt
D`& + jvmt = Djøvmt
D`& + üwZt = D×…wZt BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b D`& MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
3. D`t ¯’v¯Í‡¤¢vt c~e©m¨ (cv. 8 / 4 / 61)|, Lwi P (cv. 8 / 4 / 55)|, S‡iv Swi me‡Y© (cv. 8 / 4 /
56)|
cÖZxKx wbqg : `& / a&, + K P U Z c; L Q V _ d ev m& = `& / a& > K& P& U& Z& c& nq|
[ D`& Dcm‡M©i cieZ©x ¯’v I ¯Í¤¢&-avZzi m-Kv‡ii weK‡í †jvc nq| ¯§iYxq, †jvc bv n‡j m& > _& nq| ]
†hgbÑ
D`& : D`& + ¯’vbg& = DÌvbg& (c‡ÿ Dr_&_vbg&) [ `& + m& = `& > Z& nq ]
D`& + ¯’vcbg& = DÌvcbg& (c‡ÿ Dr_&_vcbg&)
D`& + ¯Í¤¢bg& = Dˤ¢bg& (c‡ÿ Dr_&Z¤¢bg&)
GLv‡b D`& MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
139
4. †gv ’ bymvit (cv. 8 / 3 / 23)|, †gv ivwR mgt †K¡․ (cv. 8 / 3 / 25)|
cÖZxKx wbqg : g& + AšÍ¯’aŸwb ev D®§aŸwb = g& > s nq| †hgbÑ
mg& : mg& + hgt = mshgt
mg& + jvct = msjvct
mg& + mvit = msmvit
mg& + kqt = mskqt BZ¨vw`|
D‡jøL¨, wK¡c& cÖZ¨qvšÍ ivR& avZz c‡i ( ivR& + wK¡c& = ivU&) _vK‡j mg& Gi g > s nq bv| †hgbÑ
mg& + ivU& = m¤ªvU& (ivRv)
GLv‡b mg& MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
5. †gv ’ bymvit (cv. 8 / 3 / 23)|, ev c`všÍm¨ (cv. 8 / 4 / 59)|
cÖZxKx wbqg : g& + eM©xq aŸwb (K& Ñ g&) = g > s ev †mB e‡M©i bvwmK¨ aŸwb nq| †hgbÑ
mg& : mg& + L¨v = msL¨v / m•Lv
mg& + MxZt = msMxZt / m½xZt
mg& + Pqt = mÂqt
mg& + b¨vmt = mbœ¨vmt BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b mg& MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
6. mgt mywU (cv. 8 / 3 /5)|, mscwif¨vs K‡iv‡Z․ f~l‡Y (cv. 6/1/ 117)|, mscysKvbvs †mv e³e¨t (ev.)|
cÖZxKx wbqg : mg& / cwi + K…-avZz wb®úbœ kã = mg& Ges cwiÑGi ci h_vµ‡g m& I l& Kv‡ii AvMg nq
Ges mg&-Gi g& > s nq| †hgbÑ
mg& : mg&-(myU&) + K…Zt = ms¯‥…Zt
mg&-(myU&) + Kvit = ms¯‥vit
mg&-(myU&) + K…wZt = ms¯‥…wZt
cwi : cwi-(myU&) + Kvit = cwi®‥vit
cwi-(myU&) + K…Zt = cwi®‥…Zt BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b mg&, cwi MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
140
wemM©mwÜ
1. wemR©bxqm¨ mt (cv. 8 / 3 / 34)|, †¯Ívt ðzbv ðzt (cv. 6 / 4 / 40)|, ózbv ózt (cv. 8 / 4 / 41)|
cÖZxKx wbqg : t + P / Q; U / V; Z / _ = t h_vµ‡g k&, l& I m& nq| †hgbÑ
wbt : wbt + Pqt = wbðqt
wbt + Vzit = wbôzit
wbt + Zät / ¯Íät= wb¯Íät / wbt¯Íät
`yt : `yt + Zit = `y¯iÍ t
`yt + mt = `y¯’ / `yt¯’ (`wi`ª) BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b wbt (wbi& / wbm&), `yt& (`yi& / `ym&) MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
2. bg¯úy‡mvM‡Z¨vt (cv. 8 / 3 / 50)|
cÖZxKx wbqg : (A / Av + t) + K& L& M& N& O&; c& d& e& f& g& / K& L& c& d& = h_vµ‡g t m& nq|
[ bgm& I cyim& MwZ msÁv cÖvß n‡j Zv‡`i m&-RvZ t m& n‡e, hw` K& L& c& d& c‡i _v‡K| ] †hgbÑ
bgt : bgt + Kvit = bg¯‥vit (cÖYvg)
bgt + K‡ivwZ = bg¯‥‡ivwZ (cÖYvg Ki‡Q)
D‡jøL¨, ÔmvÿvrcÖf…Zxwb PÕ (cv. 1 / 4 / 74) m~Îvbymv‡i K…-avZzi †hv‡M bgm& weK‡í MwZmsÁK nq| A_©vr
MwZ bv n‡j Ôbgt KviÕ I Ôbgt K‡ivwZÕ n‡e|
cyit : cyit + Kvit = cyi¯‥vit (cvwi‡ZvwlK)
cyit + K‡ivwZ = cyi¯‥‡ivwZ (cvwi‡ZvwlK Ki‡Q) BZ¨vw`|
D‡jøL¨, Ôc‡iv ’e¨qg& (cv. 1 / 4 / 67) m~Îvbymv‡i cyit Ae¨q MwZ msÁv cÖvß nq| wKš‘ ÔcyitÕ hLb cyi&
(bMi A‡_©) kã †_‡K Drcbœ nq, ZLb Zv Ae¨q bq| †m‡ÿ‡Î DwjøwLZ wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| †hgbÑ
cyit + cÖ‡eóe¨vt = cyit cÖ‡eóe¨vt|
GLv‡b, bgt (bgm&) I cyit (cyim&) MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
3. B`y`ycam¨ PvcÖZ¨qm¨ (cv. 8 / 3 / 41)|
cÖZxKx wbqg : (B / D + t) + K& L& M& N& O&; c& d& e& f& g& / K& L& c& d& = h_vµ‡g t l& nq|
[ wbt, Avwet, ewnt, `yt cÖf„wZ `y-KvivšÍ I D-KvivšÍ MwZ k‡ãi c‡i K& L& c& d& _vK‡j D³ B I D-KvivšÍ
MwZ k‡ãi t l& nq| ] †hgbÑ
wbt : wbt + Kvgt = wb®‥vgt
Avwet + Kvit = Avwe®‥vit
ewnt + K…Zt = ewn®‥…Zt
`yt : `yt + cÖvc¨ = `y®úÖvc¨
`yt + Kit = `y®‥it BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b wbt (wbi& / wbm&), `yt (`yi& / `ym&) cÖf…wZ B-KvivšÍ I D-KvivšÍ MwZ kã mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
141
4. wZi‡mv ’ bvZim¨vg& (cv. 8 / 3 / 42)
cÖZxKx wbqg : (A / Av + t) + K& L& M& N& O&; c& d& e& f& g& / K& L& c& d& = h_vµ‡g t
[ wZit MwZ msÁv cÖvß n‡j D³ kã RvZ t weK‡í m& nq| ] †hgbÑ
m& nq|
wZit : wZit + Kvit = wZi¯‥vit, wZit Kvi (AeÁv)
wZit + KZ©v = wZi¯‥Z©v, wZit KZ©v (AeÁvKvix)
wZit + K…Zt = wZi¯‥…Zt, wZit K…Zt (Abv`„Z)
GLv‡b ÔwZitÕ MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
¯^vw`mwÜ
1. mmRy‡lv iæt (cv. 8 / 2 / 66)|
cÖZxKx wbqg : A, Av wfbœ ¯^ieY© / t (MwZi †ÿ‡Î) + A Av; e‡M©i 3q, 4_©, 5g eY©; h& i& j& e& n& = t
i& / © (†id) nq| †hgbÑ
`yt : `yt + AšÍt = `yišÍt
`yt + bxwZt = `yb©xwZt
wbt : wbt + AvKvit = wbivKvit
wbt + MZ = wbM©Zt
wbt + fqt = wbf©qt BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b `yi& / `ym& (`yt), wbi& / wbm& (wbt) MwZ ¯^vw`mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
2. †ivwi (cv. 8 / 3 / 14)|, Xª‡jv‡c c~e©m¨ `x‡N©v ’Yt (cv. 6 / 3 / 111)|
cÖZxKx wbqg : (B / D + t) [ MwZi †ÿ‡Î ] + i = ÔtÕ †jvc Ges B / D `xN© nq (C / E)| †hgbÑ
wbt : wbt + iet = bxiet
wbt + †ivMt = bx‡ivMt
wbt + imt = bximt BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b wbt (wbi& / wbm&) MwZ ¯^vw`mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
N) MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y
cÖ-cÖf…wZ wbcvZ‡K MwZ msÁv Kivi Rb¨ †hme gva¨g i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y Ab¨Zg|
mvaviYZ Ae¨qxfve, Zrcyiæl (MwZ, cÖvw`) I eûeªxwn mgv‡m MwZi G mgvm-wbqš¿Y †`Lv hvq|85
`„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
142
Ae¨qxfve mgvm
1. Ae¨qs wefw³-mgxc-mg„w×-e„¨×¨_©vfvevZ¨qvm¤úªwZ-kãcÖv`yfv© e-cðv`&h_vbyc~e©-†h․Mc`¨-mv`„k¨-m¤úwËmvKj¨všÍev‡bly (cv. 2/1/6)|, Ae¨qxfveð (cv. 2 /4 /18), be¨qxfvev`‡Zv ’g&Z¡cÂg¨vt (2/4/ 83)|
Av‡jvP¨ m~Îvbymv‡i mgxc (wbK‡U), mg„w× (mg¨K Fw×), e„¨w× (Fw×bvk), A_©vfve (`ªe¨vfve), AZ¨q
(aŸsm), Am¤úªwZ (A‡b․wPZ¨), cðvr (wcQ‡b), h_v (†hvM¨Zv, exáv), Avbyc~e© (†c․e©vch©) cÖf„wZ A‡_©
DcmM© Øviv mgvm wbqwš¿Z nq| †hgbÑ
wefw³ : M„‡n = AwaM„ng& (N‡ii g‡a¨)
AvZ¥wb = Aa¨vZ¥g& (AvZ¥vi g‡a¨, AvZ¥wel‡q)
mgxc : ebm¨ mgxcg& = Dcebg& (e‡bi wbK‡U)
M„nm¨ mgxcg& = DcM„ng& (N‡ii wbK‡U)
mg„w× : g`ªvYvs mg„w× = myg`ªg& (g`ª‡`i Fw×)
e„¨w× : hevbvs e„¨w×t = `yh©ebg& (heb‡`i Fw×bvk)
Afve : wfÿvqvt Afvet = `ywf©ÿg& (AvKvj, wfÿvi Afve)
gwÿKvbvg& / gwÿKvqvt Afvet = wbg©wÿKg& (gwÿKvi ev gvwQi Afve)
AZ¨q : kxZm¨ AZ¨qt = AwZkxZg& (AZ¨waK kxZ)
Am¤úªwZ : wb`ªv m¤úªwZ b hyR¨‡Z = AwZwb`ªg& (AZ¨waK wb`ªv)
cðvr : M„nm¨ cðvr = AbyM„ng& (N‡ii wcQ‡b)
h_v :
iƒcm¨ †hvM¨g& = Abyiƒcg& (†hvM¨)
w`bs w`bs / w`‡b w`‡b = cÖwZw`bg& (cÖZ¨n, w`b w`b)
Avbyc~e© : †R¨ôg& Aby / †Rôm¨ Avbyc~‡e©¨Y = Aby‡R¨ôg&
eY©m¨ / eY©vbvg& Avbyc~‡e©¨Y = AbyeY©g&
GLv‡b wefw³, Dc-cÖf…wZ MwZ wewfbœ A‡_© Ae¨qxfve mgvm wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
2. Ae¨qxfv‡e kircÖf„wZf¨t (cv. 5 / 4 / 107)
Ae¨qxfve mgv‡m kir cÖf…wZ k‡ãi DËi mgvmvšÍ UP& (A) cÖZ¨q nq| †hgbÑ
ki`t mgxcg& = Dcki`& + UP& Dcki`g& (kirKv‡ji wbKU)
wngeZt mgxcg& = Dcwnger + UP& DcwngeZg& (ei‡di wbKU)
GLv‡b ÔDcÕ MwZwU Ae¨qxfve mgvm wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
143
cÖwZcimgby‡f¨v ’ÿèt (ev.)|
cÖwZ, ci, mg& I AbyÑ GB PviwU Dcm‡M©i ci ÔAwÿÕ k‡ãi DËi mgvmvšÍ UP& (A) cÖZ¨q nq| †hgbÑ
A‡ÿèvt AvwfgyL¨g& = cÖZ¨wÿ + UP& cÖZ¨ÿg& (†Pv‡Li mvg‡b)
A‡ÿèvt cig& = c‡ivwÿ + UP& c‡ivÿg& (†Pv‡Li evwn‡i)
A‡ÿèvt mvgxc¨g / †hvM¨g& = mgwÿ + UP& mgÿg& (cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †Pv‡Li wbK‡U)
A‡ÿèvt cðvr = Aš^wÿ + UP& Aš^ÿg& (†Pv‡Li wcQ‡b)
GLv‡b cÖwZ, ci, mg& I Aby MwZ Ae¨qxfve mgvm wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
3. Abð (cv. 5 / 4 / 108)
Ae¨qxfve mgv‡m Ab& fvMvšÍ k‡ãi DËi weK‡í mgvmvšÍ UP& (A) cÖZ¨q nq| †hgbÑ
Pg©Yt mgxcg& = DcPg©Y + UP& DcPg©g& ev DcPg© (P‡g©i wbKU)
AvZ¥wb BwZ = Aa¨vZœb& + UP& Aa¨vZ¥g& ev Aa¨vZ¥ (AvZ¥wel‡q)
GLv‡b ÔDcÕ MwZ Ae¨qxfve mgvm wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
4. b`x-†c․Y©gvm¨vMÖnvqbxf¨t (cv. 5 / 4 / 110)|
Ae¨qxfve mgv‡m b`x, †c․Y©gvmx I AvMÖnvqYxÑ GB wZbwU kã DËic` n‡j weK‡í mgvmvšÍ UP& (A)
cÖZ¨q nq| †hgbÑ
b`¨vt mgxcg& = Dcb`x + UP& Dcb`g& ev Dcbw` (b`xi wbKU)
†c․Y©gvm¨vt mgxcg& = Dc‡c․Y©gvmx + UP& Dc‡c․Y©gvmg& ev Dc‡c․Y©gvwm (c~Y©gv‡mi wbKU)
AMÖnvqb¨vt mgxcg& = DcvMÖnvqYx + UP& DcvMÖnvqYg& ev DcvMÖnvqwY (AMÖnvqY gv‡mi wbKU)
GLv‡b ÔDcÕ MwZ Ae¨qxfve mgvm wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
5. wM‡ið †mbKm¨ (cv. 5 / 4 / 112)
Ae¨qxfve mgv‡m ÔwMwiÕ kã DËic` n‡j weK‡í mgvmvšÍ UP& (A) cÖZ¨q nq| †hgbÑ
wM‡it mgxcg& = DcwMwi + UP&
DcwMig& ev DcwMwi (ce©‡Zi wbKU)
GLv‡bI ÔDcÕ MwZwU Af¨qxfve mgvm wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
144
MwZ-Zrcyiæl
1. KzMwZcÖv`qt (cv. 2 / 2 / 18)|
K) MwZð (cv. 1 / 4 / 60)|
L) DcmM©vt wµqv‡hv‡M (1 / 4 / 59)|, †Z cÖvM& av‡Zvt (cv. 1 / 4 / 80)|
M) mgv‡m ’bT& c~‡e© †Ë¡v j¨vc& (cv. 7 / 1 / 37)|
cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU DcmM©; Ajg&, cyim& Avwem&, A¯Íg&, wZim&, bgm& cÖf…wZ Ae¨q Ges wP¦ I WvP& cÖZ¨qvšÍ kã
avZzi mv‡_ hy³ n‡j Zv ÔMwZÕ msÁv cÖvß nq|
avZzi mv‡_ MwZ-i †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K MwZ-Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| mvaviYZ MwZi ciw¯’Z Ë¡vP& cÖZ¨q w`‡q
GB mgv‡mi D`vniY †`qv nq| wKš‘ mgvm nIqvi d‡j ÔË¡vP&Õ Gi ¯’v‡b j¨c& nq ( wR + Ë¡vP& = wRZ¡v
civ- wR + j¨c& = civwRZ¨)| ¯§iYxq, GB mgvm A¯^c`weMÖn wbZ¨mgvm| †hgbÑ
cÖ-cÖf„wZ DcmM© : cÖ- wek& + j¨c& = cÖwek¨ (cÖ‡ek K‡i)
wb- cv + j¨c& = wbcxq (cvb K‡i)
wKQz Ae¨q : Ajg&- K… + j¨c& = AjsK…Z¨ (f~wlZ K‡i)
cyim&- K… + j¨c& = cyi¯‥…Z¨ (cyi¯‥…Z K‡i)
Avwem&- K… + j¨c& = Avwe®‥…Z¨ (Avwe®‥vi K‡i)
A¯Íg&- K… + j¨c& = A¯ÍsK…Z¨ (A¯Í wM‡q)
wZim&&- K… + j¨c& = wZi¯‥…Z¨ (wZi¯‥vi K‡i)
bgm&&- K… + j¨c& = bg¯‥…Z¨ (bg¯‥vi K‡i)
wP¦-cÖZ¨q : `yi& + wP¦- K… + j¨c& = `~ixK…Z¨ (`~i K‡i)
Ewi + wP¦- K… + j¨c& = EixK…Z¨ (¯^xKvi K‡i)
mr + wP¦- wR + f~ + j¨c& = m¾xf~q (mw¾Z n‡q)
¯^ + wP¦- K… + j¨c& = ¯^xK…Z¨ (¯^xKvi K‡i)
WvP&-cÖZ¨q : cUr + WvP& + K… + j¨c& = cUcUvK…Z¨ (cUr kã K‡i)
D‡jøL¨, MwZ n‡Z n‡j wµqvi m‡½ _vK‡Z n‡e Ges wbZ¨B mgvm n‡e|
GLv‡b MwZ mgv‡mi wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
145
cÖvw`-Zrcyiæl
1. KzMwZcÖv`qt (cv. 2 / 2 / 18)|
K) cÖv`qt (cv. 1 / 4 / 58)|
L) DcmM©vt wµqv‡hv‡M (cv. 1 / 4 / 59), †Z cÖv»v‡Zvt (cv. 1 / 4 / 80)|
cÖ-cÖf„wZ 20wU wbcvZ wµqvi m‡½ hy³ n‡j, Zv‡K DcmM© e‡j| wµqvi m‡½ hy³ n‡j Zv‡K MwZI e‡j|
GKvi‡Y DcmM©¸wji Av‡iKwU msÁv nq MwZ|
myešÍc‡`i mv‡_ DcmM©hy³ wµqvc‡`i †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K cÖvw`-Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| ¯§iYxq, G mgvmI
A¯^c`weMÖn wbZ¨mgvm| †hgbÑ
AvMZt AvPvh©t = AvPvh©t (wek¦we`¨vj‡qi P¨vb&‡mji) [ cÖv`‡qv MZv`¨‡_© cÖ_gqv (ev.)| ]
DcMZt AvPvh©t = DcvPvh©t (AvPv‡h©i mnKvix)
cÖMZt AvPvh©t = cÖvPvh©t (f~Zc~e© Aa¨vcK)
cÖMZt wcZvgnt = cÖwcZvgnt
myMZt / †kvfbt cyiælt = mycyiælt
wewkøóv gvZv = wegvZv
†kvfbt ivRv = myivRv
`yót Rbt = `yR©bt
D`&MZt †ejvg& = D‡Øjt [ AZ¨v`q µvšÍv`¨‡_© wØZxqqv (ev.)|]
AwZµvšÍt evj¨g& = AwZevj¨t
AwZµvšÍt gvjvg& = AwZgvjt
GLv‡b cÖvw` (DcmM©hy³ wµqvc`) mgvm-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
D‡jøL¨, cÖvw` n‡Z n‡j Aek¨B mye‡šÍi m‡½ _vK‡Z n‡e Ges wbZ¨B mgvm n‡e|
eûeªxwn mgvm
1. M܇m¨`yr-c~wZ-my-myiwff¨t (cv. 5 / 4 / 135)|
eûeªxwn mgv‡m D`&, my Dcm‡M©i cieZ©x ÔMÜÕ k‡ãi AšÍeY© ¯’v‡b Br (B) Av‡`k nq| †hgbÑ
D`& : D`&MZt MÜt hm¨ mt = D`&MwÜt ()
my : †kvfbt MÜt hm¨ mt = myMwÜt (my›`i MÜwewkó)
GLv‡b D`& I my MwZ mgvm-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
146
2. myü`&-`yü©‡`․ wgÎvwg·qvt (5 / 4 / 150)|
eûeªxwn mgv‡m h_vµ‡g wgÎv‡_© I AwgÎv‡_© my, `yi& Dcm‡M©i cieZ©x ü`q
†hgbÑ
†kvfbs (my) ü`qs hm¨ mt = myü`& (eÜz)
`yós (`yi)& ü`qs hm¨ mt = `yü©`& (kÎæ)
GLv‡b my I `yi& MwZ mgvm-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
avZzi c~‡e© ms¯‹…Z mKj Dcm‡M©i e¨envi
wbcvZ‡b ü`& Av‡`k nq|
[ mKj DcmM© + avZz ]
•ew`K fvlvq Dcm‡M©i h‡_”Q e¨envi cwijwÿZ nq| wKš‘ ms¯‥…Z fvlvq (`y-GKwU †ÿÎ Qvov) DcmM©
†Kej avZzi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© A_©vr avZzi c~‡e© hy³ Ae¯’vq e¨eüZ nq| wb‡¤œ ms¯‥…Z fvlvi mKj Dcm‡M©i
avZzi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© hy³ Ae¯’vq MVb †`Lv‡bv n‡jv86 :
K) ¯^ivw` Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡ÎÑ
1. AwZ- µg& + jU&-wZ = AwZµvgwZ (AwZµg K‡i)
2. Awa- Avm& + jU&-†Z = Aa¨v‡¯Í ( Awaôvb K‡i, evm K‡i)
3. Aby- K… + jU&-wZ = AbyK‡ivwZ (AbyKiY K‡i)
4. Awc- av + †jvU&-wn = Awc‡awn / wc‡awn (Xv‡Kv)
Awc- av + Ze¨ = AwcavZe¨ / wcavZe¨ (XvKv DwPZ)
Awc- av + ³ = AwcwnZ / wcwnZ (AvM‡j †i‡LwQj)
[ fv¸wi •eqvKi‡Yi g‡Z, avZzi c~‡e© hy³ ÔAwcÕ Dcm‡M©i ÔAÕ weK‡í †jvc nq|]
5. Ac- Cÿ& + jU&-†Z = A‡cÿ‡Z (A‡cÿv K‡i)
6. Ae- Avc& + jU&-wZ= Aev‡cœvwZ (jvf K‡i)
Ae- Mvn& + j¨c& = AeMvn¨ / eMvn¨ (AeMvnb K‡i)
[ fv¸wi •eqvKi‡Yi g‡Z, avZzi c~‡e© hy³ ÔAeÕ Dcm‡M©iI ÔAÕ weK‡í †jvc nq|]
7. Awf- Am& + jU&-wZ = Af¨m¨wZ (Af¨vm K‡i)
8. AvO& = Av- K…l+
& jU&-wZ = AvKl©wZ (AvKl©Y K‡i)
Av- e„r+ jU&-†Z = AveZ©‡Z (†Nv‡i)
9. D`&- Pi& + jU&-wZ = D”PiwZ (Dc‡i I‡V)
D`&- B + jU&-wZ = D‡`wZ (Dw`Z nq)
10. Dc- B+ jU&-wZ = D‣cwZ (jvf K‡i)
Dc- µg& + jU&-†Z = Dcµg‡Z (ïiæ K‡i)
Dc- Cÿ + †jvU&-¯^ = D‡cÿ¯^ (D‡cÿv K‡iv)
------------------------147
L) e¨Äbvw` Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡ÎÑ
11. `yi-& Rbt = `yRb© t (Lvivc †jvK)
`yt- ¯’v + W = `yt¯’, `y¯’ (`wi`ª)
12. `yi& = `ym&- Z…„+ NT& = `y¯iÍ t (hv cvi nIqv KwVb)
13. wbi&- bx + jU&-wZ = wbY©qwZ (wbY©q K‡i)
14. wbi& = wbm&- Z…„+ NT& = wb¯Ívit (wb¯Ívi cvq)
15. wb- wÿc& + jU&-wZ = wbwÿcwZ (wb‡ÿc K‡i)
16. cÖ- Avc& + jU&-wZ = cÖv‡cœvwZ (cvq)
17. civ- Aq& + jU&-†Z = cjvq‡Z (cjvqb K‡i)
18. cwi- Cÿ + jU&-†Z = cixÿ‡Z (cixÿv K‡i)
19. cÖwZ- Cÿ& + †jvU&-¯^ = cÖZxÿ¯^ (cÖZxÿv K‡iv)
cÖwZ- B + jU&-wZ = cÖ‡Z¨wZ (wek¦vm K‡i)
20. we- K… + jU&-†Z = weKze©‡Z (B”QvgZ KvR K‡i)
we- Avc& + jU&-wZ = e¨v‡cœvwZ (QovBqv c‡o)
21. my-Kwe = myKwet (fv‡jv Kwe)
my- ¯’v + W = my¯’ (bx‡ivM, myLx)
22. mg&- Mg& + jU&-†Z = m½”Q‡Z (wgwjZ nq)
D‡jøL¨, fv¸wi •eqvKiY Ae¨q m¤^‡Ü e‡jbÑ ÔAeÕ Ges ÔAwcÕÑ GB `yB Dcm‡M©i Avw` A-Kv‡ii weK‡í
†jvc Ges njšÍ k‡ãi DËi Uvc& †hvM n‡Z cv‡i| Zuvi Dw³wU GiƒcÑ
ewó fv¸wii‡jøvcgev‡c¨viæcmM©‡qvt|
Avcs •Pe njšÍvbvs h_v evPv wbkv w`kv \87
D`vniY :
Ae : Ae- Mvn& + j¨c& = AeMvn¨ / eMvn¨ (AeMvnb K‡i)
e`& + jO&-Zvg& = Ae`Zvg& / e`Zvg& (e‡jwQj)
Awc : Awc- av + ³ = AwcwnZ / wcwnZ (AvM‡j ivLv)
Awc- bn& + ³ = Awcb× / wcb× (cwiwnZ)
njšÍ (e¨ÄbvšÍ) : evP& + Uvc& = evPv (evK¨)
wbk& + Uvc& = wbkv (ivwÎ)
w`k& + Uvc& = w`kv (w`K)
148
Ae, Awc DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi weKí iƒ‡ci e¨enviÑ
nwe‡l `xN©mÎm¨ mv †P`vbxs cÖ‡PZmt|
fyR½wcwnZØvig& cvZvjgwawZôwZ \ [ Kvwj`vm, iNyeskg&, 1 / 80 ]
[ †m (myiwf) GLb ive‡Yi `xN©Kvjxb GK h‡Ái N„Z †hvM hvi R‡b¨ cvZv‡j evm Ki‡Q| mvc AvM‡j Av‡Q
†mB cvZv‡ji Øvi| ]
D³ †køvKvwU‡Z ÔwcwnZÕ c`wU ÔAwcwnZÕ c‡`iB weKí iƒc|
A¯‘¨Ëivm¨vs w`wk †`eZvZ¥v, wngvj‡qv bvg bvMvwaivRt|
c~e©vc‡i․ †Zvqwbax eMvn¨, w¯’Zt c„w_e¨v Be gvb`Ðt \ (Kvwj`vm, Kzgvim¤¢eg&, 1/1)
[ e½vbyev` : DËi w`‡K wngvjq bv‡g †`eZvZ¥v wMwiivR c„w_exi gvb`‡Ði g‡Zv c~e© I cwðg mvM‡i
AeMvnb K‡i eZ©gvb| ]
D³ †køvKwU‡Z ÔeMvn¨Õ c`wU ÔAeMvn¨Õ c‡`iB weKí iƒc|
jÿYxq †h, `yt (Lvivc ev `ytmva¨) I my (DËg) DcmM© `ywU cÖvqB bvgc‡`i c~‡e© hy³ nq| †m‡ÿ‡Î G
DcmM©Øq Øviv hy³ c` we‡klY nq| †hgb`yi& / `ym& = `yt-Rbt = `yR©bt (Lvivc †jvK)
my = my-Kwet = myKwet (fv‡jv Kwe)
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq mKj DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi e¨envi
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq Avgiv avZzi wewfbœ A_© cwieZ©‡b Dcm‡M©i e¨envi †`Ljvg| Dcm‡M©i wb‡R¯^ A_© bv
_vK‡jI avZzi A_© cwieZ©‡b we‡kl ÿgZv Av‡Q| ms¯‥…Z fvlvq (`y-GKwU †ÿÎ Qvov †hgbÑ Aby, cÖwZ,
cwi e¨ZxZ) †ewkifvM DcmM©‡K avZzi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© hy³ Ae¯’vq †`Lv hvq| Z‡e Ô`ytÕ I ÔmyÕ
DcmM©Ø‡qi †ÿ‡Î e¨wZµg Av‡Q| †Kbbv G`ywU A‡bK mgq bvg ev cÖvwZcw`‡Ki c~‡e©I e‡m| Dcm‡M©i G
Ae¯’v cvwYwb Zuvi Aóva¨vqx‡Z m~‡Îi gva¨‡g †`wL‡q‡Qb| ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i Giƒc e¨envi Ab¨vb¨ fvlvqI
(evsjv cÖf…wZ) cÖfve †d‡j| d‡j ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i e¨envi cvwYwbcieZ©x e¨vKiYwe`‡`i Kv‡Q Zvrch©c~Y©
n‡q I‡V| Dc‡i m~‡Îi gva¨‡g ms¯‥…Z me Dcm‡M©i (22wU) e¨envi ms¯‥…Z fvlvi ev‡K¨ Av‡jvPbv m¤¢e
nqwb| ZvB G‡ÿ‡Î ms¯‥…Z me Dcm‡M©i (22wU = ¯^ivw` 10wU + e¨Äbvw` 12wU) e¨envi ms¯‥…Z fvlvi
ev‡K¨ bvbv‡_© avivevwnKfv‡e Zz‡j aiv n‡jv88 :
149
bvbv‡_© mKj Dcm‡M©i e¨envi
K) ¯^ivw` Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡ÎÑ
1. AwZµvgwZ : evjKt e„×gwc ¸‡Yb AwZµvgwZ| (evjK e„ׇKI ¸‡Y AwZµg K‡i|)
2. Aa¨v‡¯Í : weòzt •eKzÉg& Aa¨v‡¯Í| (weòz •eKz‡É evm K‡ib|)
3. AbyK‡ivwZ : wkït eq¯‥g& AbyK‡ivwZ| (wkï eo‡K AbyKiY K‡i|)
4. Awc‡awn / wc‡awn : Awc‡awn / wc‡awn Øvig&| (`iRv / `yqvi Xv‡Kv|)
wcavZe¨ : wcavZe¨s Øvig&| (`iRv / `yqvi XvKv DwPZ|)
wcavZ‡e¨․ : ¸‡ivt hÎ cixev`t ZÎ K‡Y©․ wcavZ‡e¨․| (†hLv‡b ¸iæi Awf‡hvM †mLv‡b Kvb XvKv DwPZ|)
5. A‡cÿ‡Z : m gvg& A‡cÿ‡Z| (†m Avgvi Rb¨ A‡cÿv Ki‡Q|)
6. Aev‡cœvwZ : `xbt `ytLg& Aev‡cœvwZ| (`xb `ytL jvf K‡i|)
7. Af¨m¨wZ : gywbt †e`vb& Af¨m¨wZ| (gywb †e` Af¨vm K‡i|)
8. AvKl©wZ : MvwqKv jZv gayeMx‣Zt wPËg& AvKl©wZ| (MvwqKv jZv gayi Mv‡b wPˇK AvKl©Y K‡i|)
AveZ©‡Z : c„w_ex m~h©s cwiZt AveZ©‡Z| (c„w_ex m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K †Nv‡i|)
9. D‡`wZ : m~h©t c~e©m¨vs w`wk D‡`wZ| (m~h© c~e©w`‡K Dw`Z nq|)
10. D‡cÿ¯^ : cÖfzKvh©s b D‡cÿ¯^| (cÖfzKvh© D‡cÿv K‡iv bv|)
-------------------------L) e¨Äbvw` Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡ÎÑ
11. `yt¯’t, `y¯t’ / `yR©bt : mt `y¯t’ gvbet| (†m `wi`ª gvbyl)
`yRb© t cwinZ©e¨| (`yR©b‡K cwiZ¨vM Kiv DwPZ|)
12. `y¯iÍ t : Am¨vt wec`t `y¯iÍ t| (G wec‡`i cvi nIqv KwVb|)
13. wbY©qwZ : mt Am¨ KviYs wbY©qwZ| (†m Gi KviY wbY©q Ki‡Q|)
14. wb¯Ívit : Am¨vt Avc`t wb¯Ívet KzÎ| (G Avc‡`i wb¯Ívi †Kv_vq?)
15. wbwÿcwZ : e¨vat eivns cÖwZ kis wbwÿcwZ| (e¨va k~K‡ii cÖwZ evY wb‡ÿc Ki‡Q|)
16. cÖv‡cœvwZ : ¸Yx m¤§vbs cÖv‡cœvwZ| (¸Yx m¤§vb cvq|)
17. cjvq‡Z : Z¯‥it f‡qb cjvq‡Z| (†Pvi f‡q cvjvj|)
18. cixÿ‡Z : ¯^Y©Kvit ¯^Y©s cixÿ‡Z| (¯^Y©Kvi ¯^Y© cixÿv K‡i|)
150
19. cÖZxÿ¯^ : cÖZxÿ¯^ ÿYg& AÎ| (GLv‡b wKQzÿY A‡cÿv K‡iv|)
cÖ‡Z¨wZ : a~Z©m¨ eP‡b b †Kv ’ wc cÖ‡Z¨wZ| (a~‡Z©i K_vq †KD wek¦vm K‡i bv|)
20. e¨v‡cœvwZ : a~gt •eKzÉg& e¨v‡cœvwZ| (†avqv AvKv‡k Qwo‡q co‡Q|)
21. my¯t’ / myKwet : mt my¯t’ gvbet| (†m bx‡ivM ev myLx gvbyl|)
myKwet Ackãs b cÖhyO&‡³| (fv‡jv Kwe Ackã e¨envi K‡ib bv|)
22. m½”Q‡Z : mvayt mvaybv m½”Q‡Z| (mvay mvayi m‡½ wgwjZ n‡”Qb|)
ms¯‹…Z Dcm‡M©i ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq DcmM©mg~‡ni jÿY, msL¨v, A_© I e¨envi cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î GK mywbqwš¿Z Av‡jvPbv †`Lv hvq|
G‡`i A_© wePv‡i ms¯‥…Z fvlvi ga¨gwY cvwYwb bxie wQ‡jb| cvwYwbi wewfbœ m~Î we‡køl‡Y g‡b nq wZwb †hb
ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, Avm‡j avZzi g‡a¨B wewfbœ A‡_©i e¨Äbv Av‡Q| cieZ©x mg‡q Zuvi e¨vKiYva¨vwqMYI
Dcm‡M©i A_© ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv| Zuv‡`i fvlvq Dcm‡M©i †`¨vZKZv (A_© m„wó Kivi ÿgZv) Av‡Q wKš‘
evPKZv (wbR¯^ A_©) †bB (DcmM©¯Í¡_©we‡klm¨‡`¨vZKvt| A_ev, DcmM©vt c`v_©vbvs †`¨vZKv b Zz evPKvt|)|
Giv †Kej avZzi g‡a¨ jxb _vKv A_©‡K ejc~e©K A_©vr †Rvi K‡i Ab¨w`‡K wb‡q hvq (Dcm‡M©Y avZ¡‡_©v
ejv`b¨Î bxq‡Z| / cÖnvivnvimsnviwenvicwinvier \)| Avi e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î •ew`K A‡cÿv ms¯‥…‡Z (`yGKwU e¨wZµg Qvov) GKwU cwi”Qbœ wbw`©ó wbq‡g A_©vr avZzi c~‡e© hy³ Ae¯’vq e¨eüZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
G‡`i Giƒc avZzi A_© Ab¨w`‡K wb‡q hvIqv Ges wbw`©ó wbq‡g e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y ms¯‥…Z kãfvÐvi fvlv I
kãMZ w`K †_‡K A‡bK mg„× n‡q‡Q| ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i Gme welq AvR‡Ki Avgiv hviv e¨vKiY cvVK I
wRÁvmy ZvivI A‡bK †ÿ‡Î F× n‡qwQ| Giv ÔavZzi c~‡e© hy³ Ae¯’vq e¨eüZ nqÕ-GB wbw`©ó wbqg †hgb
•ew`K †_‡K ms¯‥…‡Z G‡m‡Q †Zgwb cieZ©x fvlvi (evsjv cÖf…wZ) e¨vKi‡YI cÖ‡ek K‡i Hme fvlvi
kãfvÐvi‡K mg„× Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| Gme w`K we‡ePbv K‡i ejv hvq †h, ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i ¸iæZ¡ I
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg|
151
Z_¨wb‡`©k I UxKv
1. H.H. Wilson and Bhāṣya of Sāyaṇācārya, ṚGVEDA SAṀHITᾹ, Vol. 1-4, Parimal Publications,
Delhi, 2002, Page, 433
2. i‡gkP›`ª `Ë Ab~w`Z I kÖxwniY¥q e‡›`¨vcva¨vq KZ…©K f~wgKv m¤^wjZ, F‡M¦`-mswnZv (cÖ_g I wØZxq
LÐ), PZz_© gy`ª©Y, KjKvZv, 2000, c„. 539
3. Wv. igvk¼i wgkª m¤úvw`Z, Aóva¨vqxm~ÎcvV, Z…Zxq cybgy©`ªY, w`jøx, 2017, c„. 44, 151, 168
4. K) m¤úwif¨vs K‡iv‡Z․ f~l‡Y (cv. 6 / 1 / 137)|
L) ms¯‥…Zs fÿvt (cv. 4 / 2 / 16)|
M) ms¯‥…Zg& (cv. 4 / 4 / 3)|
N) mgev‡q P (cv. 6 / 1 / 138)|
5. H.H. Wilson and Bhāṣya of Sāyaṇācārya, ṚGVEDA SAṀHITᾹ, Vol. 1-4, op cit, page. 515
6. Z‡`e, Page, 64
7. evj¥xwK, ivgvqYg& (my›`iKvÐÑ9), kÖx Ag‡ik¦i VvKzi KZ©…K ms¯‥viK…Z Ges cwi‡kvwaZ, wØZxq ms¯‥iY,
KjKvZv, 2015, c„. 3756
8. cÖv¸³
9. W. gyivwi‡gvnb †mb / †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx / Zvivc` fÆPvh© / W. iwek¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq m¤úvw`Z, ms¯‥…Z
mvwnZ¨m¤¢vi, 2q LÐ (†gN`~Z, AwfÁvbkKzšÍj, Kzgvim¤¢e), 2q cÖKvk, KjKvZv, 2011, c„. 315 /
258
10. kÖxc‡ikP›`ª gRyg`vi, ms¯‹…Z I cÖvK…Z fvlvi µgweKvk, Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY, KjKvZv, 2000, c„. 61
11. ax‡i›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm, wØZxq ms¯‥i‡Yi wØZxq gy`ªY, KwjKvZv 2005, c„.
3 I 5 (f~wgKv)
12. Z‡`e
13. Aa¨vcK D`qP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Ges beviæY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i mvaK, cÖ_g cÖKvk,
KjKvZv, 2013, c„. 12 (cÖvK&K_b)
14. ax‡i›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm, cÖv¸³, c„. 482
15. Sen, Dr. Sukamar : History and pre-History (University of Mysore, Extension Lecture, 1957),
page. 15
16. ax‡i›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm, cÖv¸³, c„. 5 (f~wgKv)
17. AvPvh©¨ KgjvKvšÍ, `kw`e‡mly ms¯‹„Zs e`Zz, cÖ_g cÖKvk, ea©gvb, 2004, c„. 4
18. W±i kÖxK„ò‡Mvcvj †Mv¯^vgx kv¯¿x I Aa¨vwcKv W±i Avjcbv †Mv¯^vgx, ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm I
ms¯‹…‡Zi wÎaviv, bZzb ms¯‥iY, KjKvZv, 2013, c„. 1
19. AvPvh©¨ KgjvKvšÍ, `kw`e‡mly ms¯‹„Zs e`Zz, cÖv¸³, c„. 88
20. Z‡`e
21. Aa¨vcK D`qP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Ges beviæY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i mvaK, cÖv¸³, c„. 42
22. cÖv¸³
23. kÖxc‡ikP›`ª gRyg`vi, ms¯‹…Z I cÖvK…Z fvlvi µgweKvk, Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY, KjKvZv, 2000, c„. 1
24. W. iv‡gk¦i kÕ, mvaviY fvlvweÁvb I evsjv fvlv, Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY, KjKvZv, 1403, c„. 530
25. Z‡`e, c„. 532
152
26. Z‡`e, c„. 538
27. cÖv¸³, c„. 608
28. cÖv¸³, c„. 608
29. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&, evsjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë, wØZxq gy`ªY, XvKv, 1999, c„. cwiwkó
30. K) H.H. Wilson and Bhāṣya of Sāyaṇācārya, ṚGVEDA SAṀHITᾹ, Vol. 1-4, op cit, page. 1
L) i‡gkP›`ª `Ë Ab~w`Z I kÖxwniY¥q e‡›`¨vcva¨vq KZ…©K f~wgKv m¤^wjZ, F‡M¦`-mswnZv (cÖ_g I
wØZxq LÐ), cÖv¸³, c„. 81
31. W. wek¦iƒc mvnv, †e`fvlvwbwg©wZ ev ms¯‹…Z e¨vKiY, cÖ_g cÖKvk, KwjKvZv, 1997, c„. 6
32. mywßOšÍs c`g& (cv. 1 / 4 / 14)|
33. kÖx mZ¨iÄb e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ms¯‹…Z ebvg evO&jv e¨vKiY, cÖ_g cÖKvk, KjKvZv, 2013, c„. 33
34. ax‡i›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm, cÖv¸³, c„. 481
35. Z‡`e
36. f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ, wm×všÍ-†KŠgy`x, KweivR kÖxwe‡bv`jvj †mb m¤úvw`Z I kÖxmZ¨iÄb
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq KZ©„K f~wgKv m¤^wjZ, wØZxq cÖKvk, KjKvZv, 2005, c„. 2
37. AwgqKzgvi fÆvPvh©¨, ms¯‹…Z e¨vKi‡Yi mswÿß BwZnvm, cÖ_g cÖKvk, KjKvZv, 2011, c„. 12
38. W. mZ¨bvivqY PµeZ©x, cvwYbxq kãkv¯¿, cÖ_g cÖKvk, KjKvZv, 2003, c„. 2 (DcµgwYKv)
39. f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ, wm×všÍ-†KŠgy`x, KweivR kÖxwe‡bv`jvj †mb m¤úvw`Z I kÖxmZ¨iÄb
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq KZ©„K f~wgKv m¤^wjZ, cÖv¸³, c„. 9
40. Z‡`e, c„. 10
41. K) jy¨U& P (cv. 3 / 3 / 115)|
L) KiYvwaKiY‡qvð (cv. 3 / 3 / 117)|
M) hy‡evibv‡K․ (cv.7/1/1)|
[D‡jøL¨, cvwYwbi GB m~Π·qi gva¨‡g e¨vKiY kãwU wb®úbœ n‡q‡Q]
42. cZÄwj, e¨vKiY-gnvfvl¨ (c¯úkvwýK), `wЯ^vgx `v‡gv`i AvkÖg Abyevw`Z I m¤úvw`Z, cÖ_g
cÖKvk, KwjKvZv, 1925 kKvã, c„. 206
43. ax‡i›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm, cÖv¸³, c„. 508
44. Aa¨vcK W. Zcbk¼i fÆvPvh©¨, •ew`K e¨vKiY, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, KjKvZv, 2016, c„. 476
45. cZÄwj, e¨vKiY-gnvfvl¨ (c¯úvkvwýK), `wЯ^vgx `v‡gv`i AvkÖg Abyevw`Z I m¤úvw`Z, cÖv¸³, c„.1
46. cZÄwj, gnvfvl¨ (c¯úkvwýK), m•NwgÎv †mb¸ß (`vk ¸ß) m¤úvw`Z, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, KwjKvZv,
1407, c„. 20
47. f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ, wm×všÍ-†KŠgy`x, KweivR kÖxwe‡bv`jvj †mb m¤úvw`Z I kÖxmZ¨iÄb
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq KZ©„K f~wgKv m¤^wjZ, cÖv¸³, c„. 1 (f~wgKv)
48. fË©„nwi, evK¨-c`xq eªþ-KvÐ (cÖ_g LÐ), weòzc` fÆvPvh© m¤úvw`Z, Z…Zxq gy`ªY, KwjKvZv, 2017,
c„. 34
49. Z‡`e, c„. 39
50. AwgqKzgvi fÆvPvh©¨, ms¯‹…Z e¨vKi‡Yi mswÿß BwZnvm, cÖv¸³, c„. 2
51. Z‡`e
52. cÖv¸³
153
53. cZÄwj, e¨vKiY-gnvfvl¨ (c¯úkvwýK), `wЯ^vgx `v‡gv`i AvkÖg Abyevw`Z I m¤úvw`Z, cÖv¸³,
c„. 30
54. Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, mgMÖ e¨vKiY-†KŠgy`x, Avï‡Zvl †`e (m¤úvw`Z), gnvg‡nvcva¨vq `yM©vPiY
mvsL¨‡e`všÍZx_© (ms‡kvwaZ I cwiewa©Z), cwÐZcÖei Aa¨vcK m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ †mb (Av`¨šÍ ms‡kvwaZ),
†`e mvwnZ¨ KzwUi (cÖv. wj.), KwjKvZv, 1999, c„.7-12
55. W. wek¦iƒc mvnv, †e`fvlvwbwg©wZ ev ms¯‹…Z e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 433
56. cÖv¸³
57. kÖx mZ¨iÄb e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, ms¯‹…Z ebvg evO&jv e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 841
58. b‡M›`ªbv_ kv¯¿x, ÔA Modern Sanskrit Grammar and Composition (cvwYYxqg&), Revised
Enlarge Edition, 2019, Kolkata, c„. 27
59. fv‡e (cv.3 / 3 / 18)|
60. K) Ashoke kumar Bandyopadhyay, cvwYbxq Helps to the study of Sanskrit Grammar and
Composition, cÖ_g cÖKvk, KjKvZv, 2008, c„. 220
L) Monier Willams, A Practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language, First Indian edition,
Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, New Delhi, 1978, Page.322-323
61. W. mZ¨bvivqY PµeZ©x, cvwYbxq kãkv¯¿, cÖv¸³, c„. 184
62. K) A. A. Macdonel , A Vedic Grammar for Student, Reprint, Delhi, 2010, Page, 208-210
L) kÖxc‡ikP›`ª gRyg`vi, ms¯‹…Z I cÖvK…Z fvlvi µgweKvk, cÖv¸³, c„. 151Ñ152
63. Janakinath Sastri, Helps to the study of Sanskrit, Revised Edition, Calcutta, 1979, c„. 137
64. Ashoke kumar Bandyopadhyay, cvwYbxq Helps to the study of Sanskrit Grammar and
Composition, cÖv¸³, c„. 211
65. W. mZ¨bvivqY PµeZ©x, cvwYbxq kãkv¯¿, cÖv¸³, c„. 185, 214
66. Z‡`e, c„. 185
67. W±i cÖ‡evaP›`ª jvwnox I cwÐZ ülx‡Kk kv¯¿x, cvwYbxqg& A higher Sanskrit Grammar and
Composition, cybgy`ª©Y, KwjKvZv, 2008, c„, 357
68. b‡M›`ªbv_ kv¯¿x, ÔA Modern Sanskrit Grammar and Composition (cvwYYxqg&), cÖv¸³, c„. 26
69. K) kÖxülx‡Kk †`ekg©v, Hints On Sanskrit Grammar andComposition, PZz_© ms¯‥iY, ZvjcyKzi,
1956, c„, 134
L) W±i kÖxK„ò‡Mvcvj †Mv¯^vgx kv¯¿x I Aa¨vwcKv W±i Avjcbv †Mv¯^vgx, ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm
I ms¯‹…‡Zi wÎaviv, cÖv¸³, c„. 77
70. b‡M›`ªbv_ kv¯¿x, ÔA Modern Sanskrit Grammar and Composition (cvwYYxqg&), cÖv¸³, c„. 26
71. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mn‡hvwMZvq cÖ`wk©Z wPÎwU †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
72. W. mZ¨bvivqY PµeZ©x, cvwYbxq kãkv¯¿, cÖv¸³, c„. 185
73. K) Janakinath Sastri, Helps to the study of Sanskrit, cÖv¸³, c„, 137Ñ146
L) M. R Kale, A Higher Sanskrit Grammar, Reprint, Delhi, 1977, Page, 224-227
74. W. mZ¨bvivqY PµeZ©x, cvwYbxq kãkv¯¿, cÖv¸³, c„. 184
75. Ashoke kumar Bandyopadhyay, cvwYbxq Helps to the study of Sanskrit Grammar and
Composition, cÖv¸³, c„. 220
76. cÖv¸³
154
77. Aa¨vcK W±i mw”P`vb›` gy‡Lvcva¨vq m¤úvw`Z, f‡ÆvRx `xwÿZ-K…Z •eqvKiY wm×všÍ‡KŠgy`x (KviKcÖKiY), cybg©y`ªY, KwjKvZv, 1989, c„. 45Ñ55
78. cÖv¸³, c„. 138Ñ142 I 228Ñ231
79. Z‡`e, c„. 35Ñ39
80. W. mZ¨bvivqY PµeZ©x, cvwYbxq kãkv¯¿, cÖv¸³, c„. 185
81. Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, mgMÖ e¨vKiY-†KŠgy`x, Avï‡Zvl †`e (m¤úvw`Z), gnvg‡nvcva¨vq `yM©vPiY
mvsL¨‡e`všÍZx_© (ms‡kvwaZ-cwiewa©Z) I cwÐZcÖei Aa¨vcK m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ †mb (Av`¨šÍ ms‡kvwaZ),
cÖv¸³, c„. 377Ñ387
82. K) b‡M›`ªbv_ kv¯¿x, ÔA Modern Sanskrit Grammar and Composition (cvwYYxqg&), cÖv¸³, c„. 24
L) W. mZ¨bvivqY PµeZ©x, cvwYbxq kãkv¯¿, cÖv¸³, c„. 184
83. K) W. mZ¨bvivqY PµeZ©x, cvwYbxq kãkv¯¿, cÖv¸³, c„. 74Ñ81
L) W. wek¦iƒc mvnv, †e`fvlvwbwg©wZ ev ms¯‹…Z e¨vKiY, cÖ_g cÖKvk, cÖv¸³, c„. 62Ñ69
84. W. mZ¨bvivqY PµeZ©x, cvwYbxq kãkv¯¿, cÖv¸³, c„. 34, 41, 47-48, 51-54, 56, 60-61,
63Ñ65, 71-72
85. K) W. mw”P`vb›` gy‡Lvcva¨vq, f‡ÆvRx `xwÿZ-K…Z •eqvKiY wm×všÍ‡KŠgy`x (mgvm-cÖKiY),
cwigvwR©Z ms¯‥iY, 1978, c„. 38, 94Ñ104, 106, 385-86, 394-95
L) b‡M›`ªbv_ kv¯¿x, ÔA Modern Sanskrit Grammar and Composition (cvwYYxqg&), cÖv¸³, c„.
507Ñ509
86. ms¯‥…Z myweL¨vZ e¨vKiYwe`‡`i e¨vKiY MÖš’ †_‡K ÔavZzi c~‡e© mKj Dcm‡M©i e¨enviÕ m¤úwK©Z
DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi MVb msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
87. K) W. mZ¨bvivqY PµeZ©x, cvwYbxq kãkv¯¿, cÖv¸³, c„. 173
L) b‡M›`ªbv_ kv¯¿x, ÔA Modern Sanskrit Grammar and Composition (cvwYYxqg&), cÖv¸³, c„. 35
88. ms¯‥…Z myweL¨vZ e¨vKiYwe`‡`i iwPZ e¨vKiY MÖš’ †_‡K Ôms¯‥…Z fvlvq mKj DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi
e¨enviÕ m¤úwK©Z evK¨¸‡jv msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
155
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq : evsjv DcmM©
K. evsjv fvlv I e¨vKiY
evsjv fvlv I Zvi Kvj
c„w_exi cÖvPxb fvlves‡ki Ab¨Zg fvlvesk n‡jv B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq (fviZ-BD‡ivcxq ev Avh©) fvlvesk|
GB B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlves‡ki Avevi Ab¨Zg cÖvPxb kvLv B‡›`v-Bivbxq (fviZ-Bivbxq) kvLv| GB
B‡›`v-Bivbxq kvLvi Ab¨Zg cÖvPxb kvLv fviZxq Avh© (Indo Aryan, AvbygvwbK 1200Ñ800 wLª. c~. /
1500-600 wLª. c~.ch©šÍ) kvLvi wZbwU ¯Íi1Ñ 1. cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv (Old Indo-Aryan) [ wb`k©b :
•ew`K-ms¯‥…Z, Kvj : wLª. c~ . Øv`k / cÂ`k n‡Z wLª. c~. 6ô kZvãx ch©šÍ ] 2. ga¨ fviZxq Avh©fvlv
(Middle Indo-Aryan) [ wb`k©b : cÖvPxb = cvwj, ga¨ = cÖvK…Z I be¨ = Acåsk, Kvj : wLª. c~ . 6ô n‡Z
wLª÷xq beg / `kg kZvãx ch©šÍ] I 3. be¨ fviZxq Avh©fvlv (New Indo-Aryan) [ wb`k©b : evsjv,
Iwoqv, wnw›` cÖf…wZ; Kvj : wLª÷xq 10g kZvãx n‡Z AvaywbKKvj ch©šÍ ]| GB wZbwU ¯Í‡ii Ab¨Zg ¯Íi
Ôbe¨ fviZxq Avh©fvlvÕ †_‡K evsjv fvlvÕ-i Rb¥| cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlvi wVK KZw`b c‡i Ôevsjv fvlvÕ
Pvjy n‡qwQj Zv mwVKfv‡e ejv m¤¢e bq| ZviciI evsjv fvlvi Kvj wbY©‡q wewfbœ cwÐZ wewfbœ gZ cÖKvk
K‡i‡Qb|
1. fvlvwe` W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Zuvi ÔThe Origin and Development of the Bengali
Language Õ MÖ‡š’ e‡jb cÖvPxb ev½vjv fvlvi D™¢eKvj wLª÷xq 1100 kZK|
2. fvlvwe` W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& Zvui Ôev½vjv fvlvi BwZe„ËÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jb evsjv fvlvi DrcwËKvj
wLª÷xq 7g kZvãx|
3. myKzgvi †mb Zvui Ôfvlvi BwZe„ËÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jb evsjv fvlvi DrcwËKvj wLª÷xq `kg kZK|
4. ûgvqyb AvRv` Zvui Ôjvj bxj `xcvewjÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jb `kg kZ‡Ki ga¨fv‡M G‡m cÖvK…Z fvlvi Av‡iv
e`jv‡bv GKwU iƒc †_‡K evOjv fvlvi D™¢e nq|
156
evsjv fvlvi hyM wefvM
evsjv fvlv‡K Kvj Abymv‡i wZbwU hy‡M fvM Kiv nq|2 hyM wZbwU n‡”Q :
1. cÖvPxb hyM : 950 †_‡K 1200 wLª÷vã
2. ga¨hyM : 1350 †_‡K 1800 wLª÷vã
3. AvaywbK hyM : 1800 †_‡K eZ©gvb ch©šÍ|
RxešÍ fvlvi ag©B n‡jv cwieZ©bkxjZv| evsjv fvlvI Gi e¨wZµg bq| D³ wZb hy‡MB evsjv fvlv
GZLvwb c„_K iƒc jvf K‡iwQj †h, cÖ‡Z¨K hy‡M iwPZ wfbœ wfbœ mvwnZ¨ MÖ‡š’ Zv Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB| g~jZ
GB wZb hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨B evsjv fvlv| wKš‘ welqe¯‘‡Z, iPbvixwZ‡Z G wZb hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ wZb iKg wQj|
we‡kl K‡i cÖvPxbhy‡M Kvýcv`, keicv` cÖgyL; ga¨hy‡M eo– PÐx`vm cÖgyL I AvaywbKhy‡M DBwjqvg †Kwi
(cÖ_g M`¨ cÖ‡YZv), gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ëmn †jLKe„‡›`i fvlv Zzjbv Ki‡jB †`Lv hv‡e evsjv fvlv wKfv‡e
cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc :
cÖvPxb hyM : GB hy‡M cvIqv hvq GKwU gvÎ eB, hvi bvg ÔPh©vc`Õ| GB Ph©vc‡`i fvlvi GKwU wb`k©b wb‡¤œ
Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
1. DÂv DÂv cveZ Zuwn emB meix evjx|
†gviw½ cx”Q ciwnY meix MxeZ ¸Äix gvjx \
DgZ me‡iv cvMj me‡iv gv Ki ¸jx ¸nvov †Zv‡n․wi|
wYA NwiYx Yv‡g mnR my›`ix \3
Ph©vMxwZÑ 28, kei cv` (ivMÑ ejvwÇ)
D‡jøL¨, cÖvPxb hy‡Mi ci †`ok eQi (1200 †_‡K 1350 wLª÷vã) evsjv fvlvq †Kv‡bv mvwnZ¨ iwPZ
nqwb| Kv‡jv, dmjk~b¨ G mgqwU‡K ejv nq ÔAÜKvi hyMÕ|
ga¨hyM : AÜKvi hy‡Mi ci Av‡m ga¨hyM| G hyMwU my`xN©| G hy‡Mi cÖ_g wb`k©b ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ| cieZ©x
mg‡q Av‡iv AmsL¨ Kve¨Ñ Ô•eòec`vewjÕ; g½jKve¨Ñ Ôgbmvg½jÕ, ÔPÐxg½jÕ, ÔAbœ`vg½jÕ cÖf…wZ iwPZ
nq| ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kv‡e¨i fvlvi GKwU wb`k©b wb‡¤œ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
cvwL b‡nuv Avi VvB Dox cwo RuvI|
†g`bx we`vi †`D cwmAvu jyKvIu \
eb †cv‡o AvM eovwq RMR‡b Rvbx|
†gvi gb †cv‡o †hý Kz¤¢v‡ii cYx \4
eo– PÐx`vm, kÖxK…òKxZ©b : eskxLÐ
D‡jøL¨, cÖvPxb hy‡M I ga¨hy‡M M`¨ ej‡Z we‡kl wKQz wQj bv| G hyM؇q wQj ïay KweZv ev c`¨|
157
AvaywbK hyM : ga¨hy‡Mi Aemv‡b Av‡m AvaywbK hyM| GB‡Zv †mw`b, 1800 A‡ã| G hy‡Mi me‡P‡q eo
Ae`vb M`¨| Gi cÖ_g †jLK DBwjqvg †Kwi| DBwjqvg †Kwii fvlvi (¯¿x‡jv‡Ki K‡_vcK_b) GKwU
wb`k©b wb‡¤œ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
Avm‡Mv VvKzi wS bv‡Z hvB|
I‡Mv w`w` Kvwj †Zviv wK †i‡ÜwQwj|
Avgiv gvP Avi KjvBi WvBj Avi ev¸b †QuPwK K‡iwQ‡jg|
†Zvi‡`i wK nBqvwQj|
Avgv‡`i RvgvB Kvwj Avwmqv‡Q ivggywb‡K wb‡Z| ZvB‡Z kv‡Ki NÈ
my³wb Avi eov ev¸b fvRv gy‡Mi WvBj Bjmv gv‡Pi fvRv †Svj wW‡gi
eov Avi cvKv Kjvi A¤ø nBqvwQj|5
(ms‡ÿwcZ)
AvaywbK hy‡Mi Lvmv c‡`¨i †jLK gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë (1824-1873)| Zuvi Ô†gNbv`eaÕ Kve¨ †_‡K
AvaywbK evsjv fvlvi GKwU D¾¡j `„óvšÍ wb‡¤œ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
†Kvb& a¤§© g‡Z, Kn `v‡m, ïwb,
ÁvwZZ¡, åvZ…Z¡, RvwZ, Ñ G mK‡j w`jv
RjvÄwj? kv‡¯¿ e‡j, ¸Yevb hw`
ciRb, ¸Ynxb ¯^Rb, Z_vwc
wb¸©Y ¯^Rb †kÖqt, cit cit m`v !6
[ cit = •ew`K DcmM© ]
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë, †gNbv`ea Kve¨ (6ô mM©)
158
evsjv fvlvi Drm
evsjv fvlvi Drm MÖv‡d cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv :
GK bR‡i evsjv fvlvi Drm
•ew`K-ms¯‥…Z
cÖvPxb = cvwj
ga¨ = cÖvK…Z I
be¨ = Acåsk
evsjv cÖf…wZ
wPÎ : 1
159
evsjv fvlvi DrcwË I µgweKvk
c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q evsjv fvlv cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©fvlv (•ew`K-ms¯‥…Z) †_‡K Drcbœ n‡q‡Q| GwU •ew`Kms¯‥…Z fvlvi µge`‡ji dj| G e`‡ji wKš‘ wbqg i‡q‡Q; Lvg‡Lqv‡j fvlv e`jvq bv| fvlv †g‡b P‡j
KZ¸wj wbqgKvbyb| cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh© fvlv GKw`b cwiewZ©Z n‡q iƒc †bq ÔcvwjÕ bvgK GK fvlvq|
cvwj fvlv µ‡g Av‡iv cwiewZ©Z n‡q Rb¥ †bq ÔcÖvK…Z fvlvÕ| cÖvK…Z fvlv Avevi e`jv‡Z _v‡K, A‡bK
w`b a‡i e`jvq| G cÖvK…Z fvlvi iƒc e`jv‡bv (= Acåsk) †_‡K D™¢~Z nq AvR‡Ki evsjv| evsjv fvlvi
µge`‡ji avivwU7 wb¤œiƒcÑ
•ew`K-ms¯‥…Z
cÖvK…Z-Acåsk
evsjv
n¯Í
nÌ, nv_
nvZ
P›`ª
P›`
Puv`
ea~
eû
eD
b„Z¨
b”P
bvP
Kvh©
K¾
KvR
f³
fË
fvZ BZ¨vw`|
fvlv I evsjv fvlvi msÁv
wewfbœ cwÐZ wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K fvlvi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| wb‡¤œ ¯^bvgab¨ K‡qKRb cwЇZi `„wó‡Z fvlv I
evsjv fvlvi msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv :
1. fvlvwe` W±i mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Zvui Ôfvlv cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiYÕ MÖ‡š’ fvlvi msÁvq
e‡j‡Qb, Ôg‡bi fve-cÖKv‡ki Rb¨, evM&h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ D”PvwiZ aŸwbi Øviv wb®úbœ, †KvbI we‡kl
Rbmgv‡R e¨eüZ, ¯^Zš¿fv‡e Aew¯’Z, Z_v ev‡K¨ cÖhy³, kã-mgwó‡K fvlv e‡j|Õ8
2. fvlvwe` W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& Zuvi Ôev½vjv e¨vKiYÕ MÖ‡š’ fvlvi msÁvq e‡j‡Qb, Ôgbyl¨ RvwZ †h
aŸwb ev aŸwb mKj `¦viv g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i, Zvnvi bvg fvlv|Õ
wZwb evsjv fvlvi msÁvq e‡jb, Ôev½vjv RvwZ †h fvlv e¨envi K‡i, Zvnvi bvg evOvjv fvlv
9
(Bengali Language)|Õ
160
3. W. myKzgvi †mb Zuvi Ôfvlvi BwZe„ËÕ MÖ‡š’ fvlvi msÁvq e‡j‡Qb, Ôgvby‡li D”PvwiZ, A_©en
eûRb‡eva¨ aŸwb mgwóB fvlv|Õ10
4. gybxi †P․ayix I †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †P․ayix Zuv‡`i Ôevsjv fvlvi e¨vKiYÕ MÖ‡š’ fvlvi msÁvq
e‡j‡Qb, Ôgvby‡li KÉwbtm„Z evK& ms‡K‡Zi msMVb‡K fvlv ejv nq| A_©vr evM&h‡š¿i Øviv m„ó
A_©‡evaK aŸwbi ms‡K‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ gvby‡li fve cÖKv‡ki gva¨gB n‡e fvlv|Õ11
5. cÖg_ †P․ayix Zuvi ÔK_vi K_vÕ cÖe‡Ü e‡jb, Ôevsjv fvlv Kv‡K e‡j ? evOvwji gy‡L G cÖkœ †kvfv
cvq bv| GB cÖ‡kœi mnR DËi GB bq †h, †h-fvlv Avgiv mK‡j Rvwb ïwb eywS, †h-fvlvq Avgiv
fvebv-wPšÍv myL`ytL webv Avqv‡m webv †K¬‡k eûKvj n‡Z cÖKvk K‡i AvmwQ, Ges m¤¢eZ AviI
eûKvj ch©šÍ cÖKvk Kie, †mB fvlvB evsjv fvlv| evsjv fvlvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖK…wZev` Awfav‡bi
wfZ‡i bq, evOvwji gy‡L|Õ12
G As‡k Avgiv mnR K_vq ej‡Z cvwi, Avgiv evOvwjiv †h fvlvq K_v ewj, g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kwi
Zv‡K ejv nq evsjv fvlv| evsjv, evOjv, ev½vjv, ev½vjx (evOvjx / evOvwj) cÖf…wZ kã e½ k‡ãiB
iKg‡di|
evsjv fvlvi KzjRx
c„w_exi fvlv¸wj K‡qKwU Avw` Drm †_‡K Rb¥ jvf K‡i‡Q| GB Avw` Drm¸wj‡K c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg
fvlvesk ejv nq| fvlvZË¡we`‡`i g‡Z GB fvlves‡ki wefvM wb‡q gZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| kÖxc‡ikP›`ª
gRyg`vi Zuvi Ôms¯‹…Z I cÖvK…Z fvlvi KªgweKvkÕ MÖ‡š’ c„w_exi cÖvq wZb nvRvi fvlv‡K AvbygvwbK 25 /
26wU cwiev‡i fvM K‡ib|13 Ab¨w`‡K W. iv‡gk¦i kÕ Zuvi ÔmvaviY fvlvweÁvb I evsjv fvlvÕ MÖ‡š’ c„w_exi
cÖvq Pvi nvRvi fvlv‡K K‡qKwU cÖavb fvlves‡k fvM K‡ib|14Ñ
1. B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq ev Avh© (Indo-European / Aryan)
2. †mgxq-nvgxq (Semito-Hamitic)
3. ev›Uz (Bantu)
4. wd‡bœv-DMÖxq (Finno-Ugrian)
5. ZzK©-†gv½j-gvÂz (Turko-Mongol-Manchu)
6. K‡Kkxq (Caucasian)
7. `ªvweo (Dravidian)
8. AwֻK& (Austric)
161
9. †fvU-Pxbxq (Tibeto-Chinese)
10. DËic~e© mxgvšÍxq (Hyperborean)
11. GmwK‡gv (Esquimo)
12. Av‡gwiKvb Avw`g fvlveM© (American Indian Languages)
W. iv‡gk¦i kÕ e‡jb DwjøwLZ cÖavb fvM¸wj QvovI fvlvZË¡we`‡`i g‡Z Av‡iv wKQz fvlvesk i‡q‡Q|
†hgbÑ †Kvixq-Rvcvbx (Korean and Japanese), AvB‡eixq-ev¯‥ (lbero-Basque), Av›`vgvbx
(Andamanese), cvcyqvb& (Papuan) cÖf…wZ|
Dch©y³ fvlvesk¸wji g‡a¨ B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq fvlvesk Ab¨Zg| GB fvlvesk †_‡K Avevi `kwU cÖvPxb
kvLvi Rb¥ nq|15Ñ
kZg& (satam) :
†Kš‘g&
1. B‡›`v-Bivbxq (Indo- Iranian)
2. evj‡Zv-¯øvweK& (Balto-Slavic)
3. Avj‡ebxq (Albanian)
4. Av‡g©bxq (Armenian)
(centum) :
5. †KjwZK& (Celtic)
6. BZvwjK& (Italic)
7. Rvg©vwbK& (Germanic)
8. MÖxK& (Greek)
9. wnËxq / wnwÆ (Hittite)
10. †ZvLvixq (Tokharian)
GB `kwU kvLv‡K Avevi `ywU ¸‡”Q fvM Kiv nq|16Ñ
7. kZg& / mZg& [ g~j fvlvi cyitKɨ K (k) aŸwb wkmaŸwb‡Z (k& l& m& )
A_©vr k&-Kvi A_ev m&-Kv‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q]
2. †Kš‘g& [ g~j fvlvi cyitKɨ K (k) aŸwb ]
Dch©y³ B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq cÖvPxb kvLv¸wji cÖ_g PviwU mZg& ¸‡”Qi AšÍf©y³| Aewkó QqwU †Kš‘g& ¸‡”Qi
AšÍM©Z| mZg& ¸‡”Qi B‡›`v-Bivbxq cÖvPxb kvLvwU Avevi wZbwU fv‡M wef³|17Ñ
1. Bivbxq Avh© (Iranian Aryan)
2. `i`xq (Dardic)
3. cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh© (Old Indian Aryan)
162
GB wZbwU kvLvi ÔfviZxq Avh©Õ (Indo Aryan) kvLvwU wZbwU ¯Í‡i wef³|18Ñ
1. cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©
2. ga¨ fviZxq Avh©
3. be¨ fviZxq Avh©
D³ be¨ fviZxq Avh© †_‡K Ôevsjv fvlviÕ Rb¥|
Ôevsjv fvlvi KzjRxÕ Q‡K cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv :
c„w_exi g~j fvlveskmg~n
1. B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq ev Avh© (Av. 5000 Lªx. c~)
2. †mgxq-nvgxq
3. ev›Uz
4. wd‡bœv-DMÖxq
5. ZzK©-†gv½j-gvÂz
6. K‡Kkxq
7. `ªvweo
8. AwֻK&
9. †fvU-Pxbxq
10. DËic~e© mxgvšÍxq
11. GmwK‡gv
12. Av‡gwiKvi Avw`g fvlveM©
1. B‡›`v-Bivbxq 2. evj‡Zv-¯øvweK& 3. Avj‡ebxq 4. Av‡g©bxq 5. †KjwZK& 6. BZvwjK& 7. Rvg©vwbK&
kZg& (Av. 3500 Lªx. c~ )
1. Bivbxq Avh©
2. `i`xq
8. MÖxK& 9. wnËxq 10.†ZvLvixq
†Kš‘g& (1800 Lªx. c~ )
3 . fviZxq Avh©
(Av. 1200Ñ800 Lªx. c~)
1. cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh©
2. ga¨ fviZxq Avh©
wb`k©bÑ cÖvPxb : 1. Ph©vc` (jyBcv, Kvýcv cÖgyL)
ga¨ : kÖxK…òKxZ©b (eo– PÐx`vm) cÖf…wZ
be¨ : K) M`¨Ñ K‡_vcK_b (DBwjqvg †Kwi) cÖf…wZ
L) c`¨Ñ †gNbv`ea (gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë) cÖf…wZ
D‡jøL¨, cÖ`Ë Q‡K e¨eüZ ÔKvjÕ W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&-i gZvbymv‡i|19
163
3. be¨ fviZxq Avh©
(evsjv cÖf…wZ)
evsjv fvlvi •ewkó¨
evsjv fvlv g~jZ AbykxwjZ me© evOvwj‡`i mvaviY ¯^xK…Z fvlv| G fvlv AvR mKj evOvwji ü`‡qi fvlv
wn‡m‡e M‡o D‡V‡Q| Avgiv Rvwb, evsjv fvlvi wZbwU hy‡Mi g‡a¨ cÖvPxb hy‡Mi wb`k©bÑÔPh©vc`Õ, ga¨hy‡Mi
wb`k©bÑ ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ cÖf…wZ Ges be¨ ev AvaywbK hy‡Mi wb`k©bÑ M`¨ I c`¨ DfqB cÖf…wZ| cieZ©x
mg‡q ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq, Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë, ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, iex›`ªbv_
VvKzi, kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, Rxebvb›` `vk, Rmxg D`&`xb cÖgyL †jL‡Ki iPbvq
evsjv fvlvi cwic~Y© weKvk N‡U|
D³ evsjv fvlv I evsjv fvlvi †jLK‡`i g‡a¨ Avgiv †h evsjv fvlvi cwiPq cvB Zvi cÖavb •ewkó¨ n‡”Q
iƒcvšÍwiZ e¨envi| g‡b Kiv nq cÖvK& evsjv fvlvi gbxwlMY (jyBcv, fzmyKzcv, keicv, Kz°zicv cÖgyL) Ges
ga¨ evsjv fvlvi gbxwlMY (eo– PÐx`vm, PÐx`vm, we`¨vcwZ, fviZP›`ª, AvjvIj cÖgyL) n‡Z Gu‡`i cieZx©
A_©vr be¨ ev AvaywbK hy‡Mi gbxwlM‡Yi (DBwjqvg †Kwi, ivRv ivg‡gvnb, Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, gvB‡Kj
gaym~`b `Ë, ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg, Rxebvb›`
`vk, Rmxg D`&`xb cÖgyL) nv‡Z evsjv fvlv GKwU mycwiKwíZ wbqg †g‡b P‡j, hv AvRI engvb| G fvlvi
`ywU ixwZ GKwU †g․wLK Ab¨wU •jwLK| Df‡qiB `ywU K‡i iƒc i‡q‡Q| A_©vr †g․wL‡Ki `ywU iƒcÑ GKwU
cÖwgZ (= PwjZ) Ab¨wU AvÂwjK| •jwL‡KiI `ywU ixwZÑ GKwU PwjZ Ab¨wU mvay| Dfq‡f‡` PwjZ iƒc
mvaviY|
evsjv fvlvi iƒcmg~‡ni †iLvwPÎ cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv20 :
evsjv fvlv
•jwLK
mvay
†g․wLK
PwjZ = cÖwgZ
164
AvÂwjK
W. wbwLj iÄb wek¦vm Zuvi Ôevsjv fvlvi Drm I Dcv`vbÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jbÑ GB ixwZmg~‡ni mvay ixwZ‡Z
ms¯‥…Z ev Zrmg k‡ãi msL¨v 55% †_‡K 60% Ges †g․wLK ixwZ‡Z 65% †_‡K 70% fvM| 21 evsjv
fvlvq evwK kã n‡”Q evsjv fvlvi wbR¯^ (†Kvj, `ªvweo, Aw÷ªK, gyÐv cÖf…wZ) I wKQz we‡`kx (Aviwe,
dviwm, Bs‡iwR, cZz©MxR cÖf…wZ) k‡ãi wgkÖY| W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK Zuvi Ôe¨vKiY gÄixÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jb Ñ
iex›`ªbv_, bRiæj, kirP›`ª, Rmxg D`&`xb cÖgyL †jL‡Ki fvlvq k‡ãi AbycvZ n‡jv Zrmg = 25 % +
Aa©Zrmg = 5% + Z™¢e = 60% + we‡`kx = 8% + †`kx = 2% = 100%|22
aŸwbZË¡ I evK¨Z‡Ë¡i †ÿ‡Î evsjv fvlvi i‡q‡Q ¯^KxqZv| •ew`K I ms¯‥…Z evK¨Z‡Ë¡i m‡½ Gi A‡bK
cv_©K¨| †Kbbv evsjv fvlvq GLb AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î cÖZ¨q I wefw³ jyß nevi d‡j evsjv Amgevqx
†kÖwYfz‡³i w`‡K GwM‡q hv‡”Q| wKš‘ •ew`K I ms¯‥…Z m¤ú~Y© cÖZ¨q I wefw³ wbf©i fvlv| •ew`K I
ms¯‥…‡Z wefw³nxb †Kv‡bv kã ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kbbv wefw³i Øviv D³ (•ew`K-ms¯‥…Z)
fvlv؇qi A_© wbw`©ó nq| evsjv Giƒc bq| •ew`K fvlv hZUv bv e¨vKi‡Yi k„•L‡j Ave× wKš‘ ms¯‥…Z fvlv
m¤ú~Y© e¨vKi‡Yi k„•L‡j Ave×| evsjv fvlv Zv †_‡K gy³| evsjv fvlvq Avgiv †h AbyKvi kã (Rj-Uj,
†Nvov-†Uviv, †`k-†Uk cÖf…wZ) I mnKvix wµqvc` (e‡m co, wj‡L †dj, †L‡q †dj cÖf…wZ) e¨envi Kwi
Zv g~jZ Avh©c~e© Rb‡Mvôxi (`ªvweo cÖf„wZ) fvlvi cÖfveRvZ| aŸwbZ‡Ë¡i †ÿ‡Î •ew`K fvlvi i‡q‡Q
Avjv`v •ewkó¨| •ew`K fvlv ¯^icÖavb| •ew`‡K ¯^‡ii cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y k‡ãi A‡_©iI cwieZ©b NUZ|
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq G •ewkó¨ jyß cÖvq| Avi evsjv fvlvq G •ewkó¨ †bB| •ew`K I ms¯‥…‡Z kãiƒ‡ci †ÿ‡Î
†hgb Avgiv myc& wefw³‡Z ev kã wefw³‡Z wewfbœ cv_©K¨ †`wL, evsjvq Zv †`wL bv| avZziƒ‡ci †ÿ‡Î G
`yfvlvq cv_©K¨ nq| wKš‘ evsjvq nq bv| •ew`K fvlv A_©vr gš¿ ev evK¨ †e‡` †hgb D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q
†ZgbB D”PviY Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ ms¯‥…Z fvlvq wefw³ wbw`©óZvi Kvi‡Y evK¨ ¯^vaxb g‡Zv ejv hvq| Avi
evsjv fvlvq wefw³ Awbw`©óZvi Kvi‡Y evK¨ B”Qv g‡Zv ejv hvq bv| Z‡e evsjv fvlvq mvaviYZ ÔKZ©v +
Kg© + wµqvÕ ÑGB m~Î ev wbqg AbymiY K‡i evK¨ ejv n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e G wbq‡gi e¨wZµgI Kg bq|
†hgbÑ
gvbylwU GKwU cvwL †`L‡Q| (KZ©v + Kg© + wµqv)
e¨wZµgÑ †m MÖv‡g hvq|
A_ev, †m hvq MÖv‡g|
A_ev, MÖv‡g hvq †m|
165
evsjv e¨vKiY
•ew`K I ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY †hgb Dfq fvlvi weï×Zv iÿvi Rb¨ wewa-weavb ev wbq‡gi wbM‡o Dfq‡K
k„•LwjZ K‡i Z`ªƒc evsjv e¨vKiYI evsjv fvlvi weï×Zv iÿvi Rb¨ wewa-weav‡bi ev wbq‡gi wbM‡o Zv‡K
k„•LwjZ K‡i‡Q| GB wbqg k„•Ljv‡KB Ôe¨vKiYÕ e‡j| GK K_vq ejv hvq fvlv cÖ‡qv‡Mi Kjv‡K․kj
wkÿv`vb KivB e¨vKi‡Yi KvR| myZivs e¨vKiY ej‡Z Avgiv GKwU kv¯¿‡K eywS, hv Øviv fvlv ï×iƒ‡c
ej‡Z, co‡Z, wjL‡Z Ges eyS‡Z cviv hvq|
G‡ÿ‡Î Avgv‡`i Av‡jvP¨ welq evsjv e¨vKiY| ZvB †h kv‡¯¿ evsjv fvlv e¨env‡ii wbqg-Kvbyb m¤^‡Ü
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges evsjv k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM, D”PviYwewa, kãiƒc, avZziƒc, cÖZ¨q, DcmM©, c`,
evK¨MVb, KviK-wefw³, mgvm cÖf…wZ wek`fv‡e e¨vL¨vZ n‡q‡Q ZvB evsjv e¨vKiY| fvlvwe` W±i
mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Zvui Ôfvlv cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiYÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb,
Ôev½vjv fvlvi e¨vKiYÕ ewj‡j, †h e¨vKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ GB fvlvi ¯^iƒcwU mew`K w`‡q Av‡jvPbv Kwiqv
eywS‡Z cviv hvq, Ges ï×-iƒ‡c Bnv cwo‡Z I wjwL‡Z I Bnv‡Z evK¨vjvc Kiv hvq, †mBiƒc e¨vKiY
eySvq|Õ23
evsjv fvlvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖ_g w`KKvi e¨vKiY MÖš’ n‡jvÑ cZz©wMR cvw`ª g‡bvGj `¨ Avmmy¤úmuvDi
Ô†fvKveyjvwiI Gg Bw`Igv †e½jøvÕ (1743 wLª÷vã, †ivgvb nid), Bs‡iR b¨v_vwb‡qj eªvwm †nj‡nW ev
n¨v‡j‡Wi ÔG MÖvgvi Ad w` †e½j j¨v½y‡qRÕ (1778 wLª÷vã) I ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi Ô†MŠoxq e¨vKiYÕ
(1833 wLª÷vã, cÖ_g evsjv e¨vKiY)|
Gici evsjv fvlvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨vKiY MÖš’ n‡jvÑ
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& cÖYxZ Ôev½vjv e¨vKiYÕ (1935 wLª÷vã), mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq iwPZ Ôfvlv-cÖKvk
ev½vjv e¨vKiYÕ (1939 wLª÷vã) I W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK iwPZ Ôe¨vKiY gÄixÕ (1952 wLª÷vã)|
GQvov iwdKzj Bmjvg, Aveyj Kvjvg gÄyi †gvi‡k`, ûgvqyb AvRv` cÖgy‡Li evsjv fvlvi e¨vKi‡Yi bvgI
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi e¨vKi‡Yi g‡Z evsjv fvlvi e¨vKi‡YiI PviwU Av‡jvP¨ welq i‡q‡Q, h_vÑ
166
1. eY©wePvi (e‡Y©i †f`, D”PviY I evbvb cÖf…wZi Av‡jvPbv)
2. kãwePvi (k‡ãi †f`, iƒccwieZ©b cÖf„wZi Av‡jvPbv)
3. evK¨wePvi (evK¨MVb, evK¨‡f` I evK¨we‡kølY cÖf…wZi Av‡jvPbv) Ges
4. A_©wePvi (k‡ãi A_©-wePvi Av‡jvPbv)
Avgv‡`i GB Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvP¨ welqwU kãwePv‡ii AšÍf©y³ |
evsjv e¨vKiY iPbvi c×wZ
•ew`K I ms¯‥…Z fvlvq e¨vKiY iPbvq †hgb c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY iPbvqI †Zgb
c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| A_©vr fviZe‡l© e¨vKi‡Yi `„wóMÖvn¨ †g․wjK welq (aŸwbZË¡, iƒcZË¡,
evK¨ZË¡ I A_©ZË¡) Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© KZ¸wj cÖ‡qvRbxq cwifvlv (ms‡ÿcv_© ms‡KZ) m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv
†`qv nq| G cwifvlv¸wj fv‡jvfv‡e ey‡S wb‡j e¨vKiY Aa¨qb mnR nq|
evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ •eqvKi‡Yiv KwZcq cvwifvwlK (cwifvlv m¤^Üxq) kã e¨envi K‡i‡Qb|
G ai‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQz cwifvwlK k‡ãi cwiPq wb‡¤œ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv 24:
1. cÖvwZcw`K (Word-Base) : wefw³nxb bvg kã‡K cÖvwZcw`K e‡j| †hgbÑ
wefw³nxb bvg kã : nvZ
eB
Kjg BZ¨vw`|
2. mvwaZ kã (Composed Words) : †g․wjK kã (Root Words) e¨ZxZ Ab¨ me kã‡KB (wefw³,
cÖZ¨q cÖf„wZ hy³) mvwaZ kã e‡j| †hgbÑ
nvZv (nvZ + Av)
Mowgj (wg‡ji Afve)
`¤úwZ (Rvqv I cwZ) BZ¨vw`|
mvwaZ kã `yB cÖKvi| h_vÑ
K) bvg kã I
L) wµqv kã
G cÖ‡Z¨KwU †f‡`i Avevi `ywU K‡i Ask _v‡K| h_vÑ
K) cÖK…wZ (Root) I
L) cÖZ¨q (Affix / Suffix)
167
welqwU †iLvwP‡Î cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv :
mvwaZ kã
bvg kã
cÖK…wZ
wµqv kã
cÖZ¨q
cÖK…wZ
cÖZ¨q
cÖK…wZ (Root) : †Kv‡bv k‡ãi †h Ask‡K Avi †Kv‡bv ÿy`ªZi As‡k fvM Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡K cÖK…wZ e‡j|
†hgbÑ
nvZ
dzj
Pj&
wjL& BZ¨vw`|
cÖK…wZ `yB cÖKvi| h_vÑ
K) bvg cÖK…wZ (Noun-Root) I
L) wµqv cÖK…wZ ev avZz (Verb-Root)
bvg cÖK…wZ (Noun-root) : mvwaZ bvg k‡ãi cÖ_g Ask‡K e‡j bvg cÖK…wZ| †hgbÑ
nvZ + j = nvZj
dzj + Gj = dz‡jj BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b mvwaZ bvg kã nvZj I dz‡jj Gi cÖ_g Ask ÔnvZÕ I ÔdzjÕ bvg cÖK…wZ|
wµqv cÖK…wZ ev avZz (Verb-Root) : mvwaZ wµqv k‡ãi cÖ_g Ask‡K e‡j wµqv cÖK…wZ ev avZz| †hgbÑ
Pj& + AšÍ = PjšÍ
wjL& + BZ = wjwLZ BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b mvwaZ wµqv kã PjšÍ I wjwLZ Gi cÖ_g Ask ÔPj&Õ I ÔwjL&Õ wµqv cÖK…wZ ev avZz|
cÖZ¨q (Affix / Suffix) : bvg cÖK…wZ Ges wµqv cÖK…wZi ci †h kãvsk hy³ nq, Zv‡K cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgbÑ
nvZ + Av = nvZv
gyL + i = gyLi
Pj& + Ab = Pjb
we`& + BZ = wew`Z BZ¨vw`|
168
GLv‡b bvg cÖK…wZ (nvZ, gyL) Ges wµqv cÖK…wZi (Pj&, we`&) ci h_vµ‡g Av, i, Ab I BZ kãvsk hy³
n‡q‡Q| G¸wj cÖZ¨q|
cÖZ¨q `yB cÖKvi| h_vÑ
K) Zw×Z cÖZ¨q (Secondary Affix) I
L) K…r cÖZ¨q (Primary Affix)
Zw×Z cÖZ¨q (Secondary Affix) : bvg k‡ãi m‡½ †h cÖZ¨q hy³ nq, Zv‡K Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgbÑ
kxZ + j = kxZj
dzj + Gj = dz‡jj BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b bvg kã kxZ I dzj Gi m‡½ ÔjÕ I ÔGjÕ hy³ n‡q‡Q| G¸wj Zw×Z cÖZ¨q|
K…r cÖZ¨q (Primary Affix) : avZzi m‡½ †h cÖZ¨q hy³ nq, Zv‡K K…r cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgbÑ
Wze& + AšÍ = WzešÍ
wkÿ& + BZ = wkwÿZ BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b avZz Wze& I wkÿ& Gi mv‡_ ÔAšÍÕ I ÔBZÕ hy³ n‡q‡Q| G¸wj K…r-cÖZ¨q|
D‡jøL¨ †h, Zw×Z cÖZ¨q mvwaZ kã‡K e‡j Zw×ZvšÍ kã Avi K…r cÖZ¨q mvwaZ kã‡K e‡j K…`šÍ kã|
DcmM© (Prefix) : †h mKj Ae¨q kã K…`šÍ ev bvg kã k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m kã¸wji A‡_©i cwieZ©b,
m¤úªmviY, ms‡KvPb ev Ab¨ †Kvb cwieZ©b mvab K‡i, H mKj Ae¨q kã‡K evsjv fvlvq DcmM© e‡j|
†hgbÑ
evsjv K…`šÍ k‡ãi c~‡e© : KvR (Kg©) A-KvR = AKvR (Lvivc Kg©)
my-KvR = myKvR (DËg Kg©)
ms¯‥…Z K…`šÍ k‡ãi c~‡e© : Rq (Rqx nIqv) civ-Rq = civRq (†n‡i hvIqv)
`k©b (†`Lv) cwi-`k©b = cwi`k©b (mg¨Kiƒ‡c `k©b)
Mgb (hvIqv) Av-Mgb = AvMgb (Avmv)
GLv‡b civ, cwi, Av Ae¨q kã¸wj Rq, `k©b, Mgb K…`šÍ k‡ãi A‡_©i cwieZ©b NwU‡q‡Q| myZivs civ,
cwi, Av G¸wj DcmM©|
evsjv bvg k‡ãi c~‡e© : fvZ (Abœ)
nv-fvZ = nvfvZ (fv‡Zi Afve)
ivg (eo) ANv-ivg = ANvivg (g~L©)
ms¯‥…Z bvg k‡ãi c~‡e© : dj (cwiYvg) wbt-dj = wbõj (e„_v †Póv)
K‚j (Zxi) Dc-K~j = DcK~j (K~‡ji wbKU)
GLv‡b nv, ANv, wbt, Dc Ae¨q kã¸wj fvZ, ivg, dj, K~j bvg k‡ãi A‡_©i cwieZ©b NwU‡q‡Q| myZivs
nv, ANv, wbt, Dc G¸wj DcmM©|
169
D‡jøL¨, Awfm›`‡f©i Av‡jvP¨ welq †h‡nZz DcmM© †m‡nZz GwU cieZ©x mg‡q h_v¯’v‡b we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvwPZ
n‡e e‡j G‡ÿ‡Î Av‡jvPbv mxgve× Kiv n‡jv|
AbymM© ev cimM© ev Kg©cÖePbxq (Post-Position) : evsjv fvlvq †h Ae¨q k㸇jv KL‡bv ¯^vaxb c`iƒ‡c,
Avevi KL‡bv kã wefw³i b¨vq ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ n‡q ev‡K¨i A_© cÖKv‡k mvnvh¨ K‡i, †m¸‡jv‡K AbymM© ev
cimM© ev Kg©cÖePbxq e‡j| †hgbÑ webv, w`‡q, m‡b BZ¨vw`|
m~Î : cÖvwZcw`K + AbymM©
cÖ‡qvM : `ytL webv myL jvf nq wK gnx‡Z ? (cÖvwZcw`‡Ki ci)
m~Î : wefw³Ñ K) †K + AbymM©
L) i + AbymM©
†Zvgv‡K w`‡q Avgvi Pj‡ebv| (wØZxqvi Ô†KÕ wefw³hy³ k‡ãi ci)
gq~ixi m‡b bvwP‡Q gq~i| (6ôx wefw³hy³ k‡ãi c‡i)
D‡jøL¨, evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY eyS‡Z DwjøwLZ cwifvlv¸wj AZ¨šÍ mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| ZvB G¸wj
cÖ_‡g ey‡S †bIqv Avek¨K|
evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi •ewkó¨
c„w_exi cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi g‡Zv evsjv fvlvi e¨vKi‡YI PviwU †g․wjK welq Av‡Q, h_vÑ aŸwb, kã, evK¨ I
A_© A_©vr aŸwbZË¡ (Phonology), kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡ (Morphology), evK¨ZË¡ (Syntax) I A_©ZË¡ ev
kãv_©ZË¡ (Semantics)| Gme †g․wjK •ewk‡ó¨i g‡a¨ Avevi i‡q‡Q ¯^Zš¿ •ewkó¨| Avi G ¯^Zš¿ •ewk‡ó¨i
Kvi‡Y G‡KK fvlv Aci fvlv †_‡K c„_K fvlv bv‡g AwfwnZ (•ew`K, ms¯‥…Z, evsjv cÖf…wZ)| Z‡e G‡`i
†g․wjKZ¡ •ewk‡ó¨i Kvi‡Y (A_©vr cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi PviwU †g․wjK •ewkó¨ aŸwb, kã, evK¨ I A_©) ci¯ú‡ii
Ici cÖfveI we`¨gvb| †hgb ms¯‥…‡Zi Ici •ew`K fvlvi e¨vKi‡Yi cÖfve i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb ms¯‥…Z
e¨vKi‡Yi Øviv evsjv fvlv A‡bK F× n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î D‡jøL¨ †h, aŸwbZ‡Ë¡ evsjvi fvlvi aŸwb wePvi,
kãZ‡Ë¡ ev iƒcZ‡Ë¡ evsjv fvlvi k‡ãi MVb, evK¨Z‡Ë¡ evsjv fvlvi evK¨MVb Ges A_©ZË¡ ev kãv_©Z‡Ë¡
evsjv fvlvi e¨vKi‡Yi †`‡ni AvZ¥welqK Av‡jvPbv Z_v evsjv fvlvi k‡ãi A_© wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv
Kiv nq|
170
evsjv fvlvqI kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡ n‡”Q e¨vKi‡Yi †`nwelqK Av‡jvPbvi (aŸwbZË¡, iƒcZË¡ I evK¨ZË¡)
GKwU Ab¨Zg Ask| k‡ãi ÿz`ªvsk‡K ejv nq iƒc| k‡ãi G iƒc wb‡q †hLv‡b we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq
ZvB kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡| kãZË¡ ev iƒcZ‡Ë¡ fvlvi kãMVb c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| evsjv fvlvqI
kãZ‡Ë¡ evsjv fvlvi hveZxq kãMVb Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| evsjv kãZ‡Ë¡i Av‡jvP¨ welq DcmM©, cÖZ¨q,
mgvm cÖf…wZ| evsjv fvlvq G kãZ‡Ë¡i GKwU Ab¨Zg welq DcmM©| evsjv fvlvi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î Dcm‡M©i
kãMVb, e¨envi I ¸iæZ¡ jÿYxq| g~jK_v n‡”Q evsjv e¨vKi‡Y Dcm‡M©i ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| GKvi‡Y
DcmM©‡K Awfm›`‡f©i welq wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
evsjv DcmM©
evsjv fvlvq DcmM©, cÖZ¨q, mwÜ, mgvm I aŸb¨vZ¥K kã Øviv kã MwVZ nq| Gme cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ DcmM©
Øviv kãMVb Ab¨Zg| G fvlvq A‡bK DcmM© Av‡Q| •ew`K fvlvq e¨eüZ 20wU DcmM© cieZ©x mg‡q
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq G‡m‡Q| ms¯‥…Z fvlv †_‡K Avevi ûeû cieZ©x Kv‡j evsjv fvlvq G‡m‡Q| Avevi wKQz
DcmM© (20wUi g‡Zv e¨eüZ) G‡m‡Q we‡`kx fvlv (Bs‡iwR, dviwm, Aviwe cÖf…wZ) †_‡K| Avi wKQz †Zv
evsjv fvlvi wbR¯^ DcmM© (21wU)| cÖvPxb Avh©fvlv (•ew`K fvlv) I Zvi cieZ©x fvlvšÍ‡i (ms¯‥…Z fvlv)
avZzi c~‡e© (A_©vr avZz w`‡q •Zwi k‡ãi c~‡e©) DcmM© †hvM K‡i avZzi wewfbœ A_© cÖKvkK iƒc •Zwi Kiv
n‡Zv| cieZ©x Kv‡j evsjv fvlvq DcmM© kã ev bvgavZzi c~‡e© e¨envi Kiv nq| G Kvi‡Y DcmM©‡K
A‡b‡K Av`¨ ev Avw` cÖZ¨q ev c~e© cÖZ¨q e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib|25 fvlvkv‡¯¿ ev e¨vKi‡Y DcmM© Qvov †hme
kã (Avwet, wZit cÖf…wZ) Dcm‡M©i g‡Zv k‡ãi c~‡e© em‡Zv Zv‡`i‡K ejv n‡Zv MwZ| ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiYwe`
cvwYwbI DcmM©‡K MwZ msÁvq AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| eZ©gv‡b evsjv DcmM©‡K AvaywbK fvlvcwÐZMY MwZ
bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib|26 evsjv fvlvq •eqvKi‡Yiv c`‡K wZb fv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb|27 wZb fv‡Mi g‡a¨
Zuviv wbcvZ (Ae¨qÑ DcmM©)-†K Ab¨Zg e‡j‡Qb| wefvM wZbwU n‡jv :
1. myešÍ
2. wZOšÍ
3. wbcvZ
myešÍ †kÖwY‡Z c‡o we‡kl¨, we‡klY I me©bvg| wZOšÍ †kÖwY‡Z c‡o mgvwcKv wµqv| Avi wbcvZ †kÖwY‡Z
c‡o Ae¨q (cÖ, civ; w`ev, ivwÎ, A_ev cÖf…wZ)| myešÍ c‡` Ômyc&Õ A_©vr Kvi‡Ki wefw³Ñ (cÖ_gvÑmßgx)
hy³ nq| wZOšÍ c‡` ÔwZO&Õ A_©vr Kvj-fve-evP¨ †`¨vZK wefw³ hy³ nq| wbcvZ c‡` (cÖ, civ, Dc, mg&,
171
wb; w`ev, ivwÎ, A_ev cÖf…wZ) †Kvb wefw³ hy³ nq bv| d‡j GB †kÖwYi c‡`i †Kvb cwieZ©b N‡U bv| 28
wefvMwU wb‡¤œ Q‡K cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv :
evsjv fvlvi •eqvKiY g‡Z
c`
myešÍ
wZOšÍ
(we‡kl¨, we‡klY I me©bvg)
wbcvZ
(mgvwcKv wµqv)
(Ae¨qÑ cÖ, civ, Dc, mg&, wb cÖf…wZ †g․wjK
wbcvZ ev Ae¨q| Ab¨vb¨ wbcvZ w`ev, ivwÎ,
A_ev, Clr cÖf…wZ| D‡jøL¨, G¸wj GKmgq
myešÍ c‡`i AšÍfy³
© wQj|)
evsjv Ae¨q
evsjv DcmM© m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi c~‡e© Avgv‡`i evsjv Ae¨q m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| b e¨q =
Ae¨q| hvi e¨q ev cwieZ©b nq bv, A_©vr hv AcwieZ©bxq kã ZvB Ae¨q| mvaviYZ wbcvZ A‡_© Ae¨q
kã‡K eySv‡bv nq| ms¯‥…Z •eqvKi‡Yiv wbcv‡Zi g‡a¨ DcmM©, MwZ I Kg©cÖePbxq‡KI a‡i‡Qb (cÖ_g I
wØZxq Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)| wbcvZmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †h¸wj wµqvi mv‡_ †hvM nq †m¸wj cÖvw` DcmM©| Avi †h¸wj
†hvM nq bv †m¸wj wbcvZ| Ab¨w`‡K evsjv •eqvKiY‡`i g‡Z DcmM© GKai‡Yi Ae¨qm~PK kãvsk hv
¯^vaxb c` wn‡m‡e ev‡K¨ e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| G¸wj Ab¨ k‡ãi (K…`šÍ ev bvg-kã) c~‡e© e‡m| †hgbÑ
KvR (Kvh©) = A-KvR = AKvR (wb›`bxq KvR)
K~j (ZU,Zxi) = cÖwZ-K~j = cÖwZK~j (K~‡ji wecixZ)
kvU© (Rvgv) = nvd-kvU© = nvdkvU© (†QvU Rvgv)
GLv‡b ÔAÕ, cÖwZ, nvd DcmM©¸wj Ab¨ k‡ãi (K…`šÍ ev bvg-kã) c~‡e© e‡m‡Q| AZGe G¸wj Ae¨q|
evsjv •eqvKi‡Yiv Ae¨q‡K Pvifv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| h_vÑ
1. wµqv-we‡klY (Adverb)
2. c`vš^qx Ae¨q (Preposition)
3. ms‡hvRK Ae¨q (Conjunction) Ges
4. we¯§qm~PK kã (Interjection)
D‡jøL¨, DcmM©¸wj wµqv-we‡klY I c`vš^qx Ae¨‡qi AšÍM©Z|
172
evsjv Dcm‡M©i msÁv ev ¯^iƒc
evsjvq DcmM© K_vwUi A_© Dcm„wó (Dc- m„R& + w³)|29 A_©vr DcmM©hy³ ev DcmM©m¤^Ü kã‡K Dcm„wó
e‡j| ÔDcmM©Õ kãwUi ÔDcÕI GKwU DcmM©| ÔDcÕ K_vwUi A_© Dc‡i ev mvg‡b ev c~‡e©, Avi ÔmM©Õ gv‡b
m„wó ev e¨envi (D‡jøL¨, ÔmM©Õ gv‡b MÖš’vw`i Aa¨vqI nq| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î ÔmM©Õ gv‡b m„wó ev e¨envi|
Av‡iKwU Ô¯^M©Õ gv‡b Heaven †hUv evbv‡b cv_©K¨)| myZivs mvaviYf‡e DcmM© ej‡Z eySvq hv c~‡e© e¨eüZ
nq ZvB DcmM©| DcmM©¸wj eY© ev eY© mgwó| Giv GK ai‡bi Ae¨q| bZzb bZzb kã m„wó KivB G‡`i
cÖavb KvR| Giv evsjv fvlvq K…`šÍ ev bvg-k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q K…`šÍ ev bvgk‡ãi A‡_©i wewkóZv `vb
K‡i _v‡K| GKK_vq Dc A_©vr Ab¨ c‡`i (K…`šÍ ev bvg kã) Av‡M e‡m e‡j G‡`i bvg DcmM©|
evsjv fvlvq AvaywbK evsjv e¨vKiYwe`MY (W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&, W. myKzgvi
†mb, W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, gyn¤§` Avãyj nvB cÖgyL) bvbvfv‡e DcmM©‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| wb‡¤œ Guiv
Dcm‡M©i msÁv m¤ú‡K© hv e‡j‡Qb Zv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
1. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Zuvi Ômij fvlvcÖKvk evOjv e¨vKiYÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡QbÑ Ôms¯‥…‡Z KZ¸‡jv
ÔAe¨qÕ Av‡Q, †hgb avZzi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q avZzi A_© cwieZ©b NUvq, avZzi †bvZzb A‡_©i m„wó K‡i|
ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Y avZzi c~‡e© cÖhy³ Giƒc Ae¨q‡K ejv n‡q‡Q DcmM©|Õ30
2. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& Zuvi ÔevOvjv e¨vKiYÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡QbÑ ÔcÖ, civ cÖf…wZ KZ¸wj kã avZzi c~‡e©
ewmqv GKB avZzi bvbvwea A_© cÖKvk K‡i, Bnvw`M‡K DcmM© (Prefix) e‡j|Õ31
3. W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK Zuvi Ôe¨vKiY gÄixÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡QbÑ Ô†h-mKj Ae¨q-kã K…`šÍ ev bvgc‡`i
c~‡e© ewmqv kã¸wji A‡_©i ms‡KvPb, m¤úªmviY ev Ab¨ †Kvb cwieZ©b mvab K‡i, HmKj Ae¨qkã‡K evsjv fvlvq DcmM© (Prefixes) e‡j|Õ32
4. myKzgvi †mb Zuvi Ôfvlvi BwZe„ËÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡QbÑÔ†Kvb k‡ãi A_© mywbw`©ó Kwievi Rb¨ Aci
GKwU c` Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© mgvme× A_ev wew”Qbœfv‡e e¨eüZ nB‡Z cv‡i| mgvme× c~e©Mvgx Ggb
c`‡K ms¯‥…‡Z e‡j DcmM© ev MwZ (Preposition)| Ab¨_v ms¯‥„Z e¨vKi‡Y e‡j Kg©cÖePbxq,
Bs‡iwR‡Z Preposition, ev½vjvq DcmM©|Õ33
[
Dch©y³ AvaywbK •eqvKiY‡`i Dcm‡M©i msÁvi mvims‡ÿc Zz‡j aiv hvq Gfv‡eÑ
†hme Ae¨q K…`šÍ I bvgevPK k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q bZzb kã •Zwi K‡i Zv‡`i DcmM© e‡j| †hgbÑ
173
K…`šÍ k‡ãi c~‡e© :
ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡ÎÑ
jc& (ejv) + NT& (A) = jvc (K_b)
g~j kã
Av
Avjvc (K‡_vcK_b)
cÖ
cÖjvc (Ab_©KevK¨)
Aby
Abyjvc (cybt cybt K_b)
jvc
we
wejvc (†L‡`vw³)
we-cÖ
mg&
my-cÖ
Ac
wecÖjvc (we‡ivaevK¨)
msjvc (ci¯úi K_vevZ©v)
mycÖjvc (my›`ievK¨)
Acjvc (A¯^xKvi)
GLv‡b Av, cÖ cÖf…wZ Ae¨q ms¯‥…Z K…`šÍ k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q‡Q| AZGe G¸wj DcmM©|
A_ev,
gv (cwigvc Kiv) + jy¨U& (AbU&) = gvbg& gvb (gvÎv, mgvb)
g~j kã
Awf
Aby
cÖ
cwi
Ac
Awfgvb (An¼vi)
Abygvb (aviYv)
cÖgvY (`„óvšÍ)
cwigvY (gvÎv)
Acgvb (jvÃbv)
gvb
GLv‡b Awf, Aby cÖf…wZ Ae¨q ms¯‥…Z K…`šÍ k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q‡Q| AZGe G¸wj DcmM©|
evsjv Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡ÎÑ
K… (Kiv) + N¨Y& = Kvh©
A
my
K¾
KvR (Kg©)
g~j kã
AKvR (wb›`bxq KvR)
myKvR (cÖmskbxq KvR)
KvR
GLv‡b A cÖf…wZ Ae¨q evsjv K…`šÍ k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q‡Q| AZGe G¸wj DcmM©|
174
bvg-k‡ãi c~‡e© :
ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡ÎÑ
K~j (Zxi) + K = K‚j, K~j + myc& = K~jg& (ms¯‥…Z iƒc)
K~j (evsjv iƒc)
g~j kã
Dc
Aby
DcK~j (K~‡ji mgx‡c)
AbyK~j (mnvq)
K~j
GLv‡b Dc cÖf…wZ Ae¨q ms¯‥…Z bvgk‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q‡Q| AZGe G¸wj DcmM©|
evsjv Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡Î
fR& (†mev Kiv) + ³ = f³ (I`b, fvZ)
g~j kã
nv
fvZ
fË
fvZ (iuvavPvj)
nvfvZ (fv‡Zi Afve)
cÖfvZ
GLv‡b nv cÖf…wZ Ae¨q evsjv bvgk‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q‡Q| AZGe G¸wj DcmM©|
we‡`kx Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡Î
g~j kã
dyj
nvd
dzj c¨v›U (eo c¨v›U)
nvdc¨v›U (†QvU c¨v›U)
c¨v›U
GLv‡b dzj cÖf…wZ Ae¨q we‡`kx bvgk‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q‡Q| AZGe G¸wj DcmM©|
evsjv fvlvq GKwU k‡ãi c~‡e© wewfbœ DcmM© hy³ n‡q wfbœv_©K bZzb bZzb kã •Zwi K‡i evsjv fvlvi
kãfvÐvi‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q| GB bZzb bZzb A_©hy³ kã •Zwi †`‡LB iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi ÔevsjvfvlvÑ cwiPqÕ
MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡QbÑ
DcmM© _v‡K mvg‡b, cÖZ¨q _v‡K wcQ‡b| Zviv Av‡Q GKB k‡ãi bvbv A_© evbvevi Kv‡R| bZzb kã •Zwi
Kievi †ejvq Zv‡`i bB‡j P‡j bv|34
175
D‡jøL¨, ms¯‥…Z fvlvq †Kej avZzi c~‡e© hy³ wbcvZ‡KB DcmM© e‡j| Avi wµqvi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z bv n‡j cÖ,
civ cÖf…wZ‡K DcmM© bv e‡j wbcvZ ejv nq| Aciw`‡K evsjv fvlvq K…`šÍ ev bvgevPK k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³
wbcvZ‡K DcmM© e‡j| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
ms¯‥…‡Z DcmM© / wbcvZ ev Ae¨q : Av- ü + NT& = Avnvi
Av-mgy`ª = Avmgy`ª
GLv‡b Avnvi I Avmgy`ª kã؇qi ÔAvÕ Dfq g~jZ wbcvZ ev Ae¨q| wKš‘ Avnvi k‡ãi ÔAvÕ avZzi (ü)
c~‡e© hy³ nIqvq Zv DcmM©| Ab¨w`‡K Avmgy`ª k‡ãi ÔAvÕ avZzi c~‡e© hy³ bv nIqvq A_©vr bvg-k‡ãi c~‡e©
hy³ nIqvq Zv DcmM© bq, ï× wbcvZ ev Ae¨q|
evsjv DcmM© : Av-nvi = Avnvi
Av-mgy`ª = Avmgy`ª
GLv‡b Avnvi I Avmgy`ª kã؇qi ÔAvÕ K…`šÍ ev bvgevPK k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ nIqvq Dfq DcmM©| wKš‘
ÔAvmgy`ªÕ-Gi †ÿ‡Î †`Lv †Mj ÔAvÕ ms¯‥…‡Z wbcvZ ev Ae¨q| Avi evsjvq GUv DcmM©|
evsjv Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v
c~‡e©B D³ n‡q‡Q evsjv fvlvq •ew`K I ms¯‥…Z fvlvi 20wU DcmM© ûeû G‡m‡Q| wKQz DcmM© we‡`kx fvlv
(Bs‡iwR, dviwm, Aviwe cÖf…wZ) †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Avi wKQz DcmM© evsjv fvlvi wbR¯^ DcmM©| GB wn‡m‡e
Dcm‡M©i wZbwU aviv|35 †hgbÑ
1. ms¯‥…Z DcmM© (Sanskrit Prefix)
2. evsjv DcmM© (Bengali Prefix)
3. we‡`kx DcmM© (Foreign Prefix)
ms¯‥…Z aviv‡Z Av‡Q KzwowU (20) DcmM©, evsjv avivq Av‡Q 21wU DcmM© Ges we‡`kx avivi evsjvq
e¨eüZ DcmM© Av‡Q 20wU (Bs‡iwR 4wU, dviwm 10wU, Aviwe 4wU I D`©y-wnw›` 2wU) | wb‡¤œ Dcm‡M©i
avivwUi †iLvwPÎ cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv :
evsjv fvlvi Dcm‡M©i avivÑ
DcmM©
ms¯‥…Z DcmM©
evsjv DcmM©
(20wU)
(21wU)
wZbwU avivi DcmM©‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e mvwR‡q mn‡R g‡b ivLv hvqÑ
176
we‡`kx DcmM©
(20wU cÖf…wZ)
ms¯‥…Z DcmM© (20wU)
¯^ivw` DcmM© (10wU)
1. AwZ
2. Awa
3. Aby
4. Awc
5. Ac
6. Ae
7. Awf
8. Av
9. D`&
10. Dc
e¨Äbvw` DcmM© (10wU)
11. `yi&
12. wbi& (wbt)
13. wb
14. cÖ
15. civ
16. cwi
17. cÖwZ
18. we
19. my
20. mg&
myZivs ms¯‥…Z DcmM© =¯^ivw` DcmM© (10wU) + e¨Äbvw` DcmM© (10 wU) = 20wU|
D³ 20wU DcmM©‡K g‡b ivLevi Rb¨ Kwe Q‡›` wb‡¤œv³ †køv‡K †Mu‡_ w`‡q‡QbÑ
cÖ-civc-mgš^e-wb`y©iwfe¨wa-m~`wZ-wb-cÖwZ-ch©cqt|
Dc AvwOwZ weskwZ‡il m‡L
DcmM©wewat Kw_Zt Kwebv \36
D‡jøL¨, fvlvwe` mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Av‡iv GKwU DcmM© ms‡hvRb K‡i‡Qb| †mwU n‡jv : AšÍi& ev
AšÍt|
jÿYxq †h, evsjv fvlvq A‡bK ms¯‥…Z kã Av‡Q| ms¯‥…Z k‡ãi m‡½ m‡½ ms¯‥…Z DcmM©¸wj evsjvq
G‡m‡Q| ZvB ms¯‥…Z DcmM©¸wj ms¯‥…Z k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m|
evsjv DcmM© (21wU)
¯^ivw` DcmM© (10wU)
1. A
2. ANv
3. AR
4. Abv
5. Av
6. Avo
7. Avb
8. Ave
9. BwZ
10. Db (Dbv)
e¨Äbvw` DcmM© (11wU)
11. K`&
12. Kz
13. wb
14. cvwZ
15. we
16. fi
17. ivg
18. m
19. mv
20. my
21. nv
myZivs evsjv DcmM© = ¯^ivw` DcmM© (10wU) + e¨Äbvw` DcmM© (11 wU) = 21wU|
177
D‡jøL¨, evsjv DcmM© I ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i w`‡K ZvKv‡j †`Lv hvqÑ Av, wb, we, my GB 4wU DcmM© Dfq
†ÿ‡ÎB we`¨gvb| Z‡e GB 4wU DcmM© Dfq fvlv‡Z eZ©gvb _vK‡jI Zrmg (ms¯‥…Z) DcmM© Zrmg K…`šÍ
ev Zrmg bvgk‡ãi c~‡e© Ges evsjv DcmM© evsjv K…`šÍ ev evsjv bvgk‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m|
we‡`kx DcmM© (20wU)
Bs‡iwR
1. dzj
2. nvd
3. †nW
4. mve
dviwm
1. Kvi
2. `i
3. bv
4. wbg
5. wd
6. e`&
7. †e
8. ei
9. e
10. Kg
Aviwe
1. Avg
2. Lvm
3. jv
4. Mi
D`©y-wnw›`
1. ni
2. n‡iK
myZivs we‡`kx DcmM© = Bs‡iwR DcmM© (4wU) + dviwm DcmM© (10wU) + Aviwe DcmM© = 4wU + D`©ywnw›` DcmM© (2wU) = 20wU
D‡jøL¨, evsjv fvlvq A‡bK we‡`kx kã Av‡Q| we‡`kx k‡ãi m‡½ we‡`kx DcmM©¸wj evsjvq G‡m‡Q| ZvB
we‡`kx DcmM©¸wj we‡`kx k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m| mPivPi †hme we‡`kx DcmM© evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ nq †Kej
†m¸wjB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
evsjv Dcm‡M©i KvR
evsjv fvlvq DcmM© bvbvwea KvR K‡i _v‡K| c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q DcmM© K…`šÍ ev bvg-k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m D³
k‡ãi bvbv ai‡bi cwieZ©b mvab K‡i|44 cwieZ©b¸wj wb¤œiƒcÑ
1. bZyb A_©‡evaK kã m„wó
2. k‡ãi A‡_©i c~Y©Zv mvab
3. k‡ãi A‡_©i m¤úªmviY
4. k‡ãi A‡_©i ms‡KvPb
5. k‡ãi A‡_©i cwieZ©b
6. k‡ãi A‡_©i wewkóZv `vb
7. k‡ãi evbv‡b cwieZ©b
178
1. bZzb A_©‡evaK kã •Zwi : DcmM© K…`šÍ ev bvg-k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m bZzb A_©‡evaK kã •Zwi K‡i|
†hgbÑ
K…`šÍ kã :
ü (Pzwi ev niY Kiv) + NT& = nvi (Mjvi gvjv, civRq)
nvi : cÖ-nvi (Aj¼vi) = cÖnvi (gviv)
Dc-nvi (Aj¼vi) = Dcnvi (Dc‡X․Kb)
Av-nvi (Aj¼vi) = Avnvi (LvIqv) BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b K…`šÍ kã nvi k‡ãi c~‡e© h_vµ‡g cÖ, Dc, Av DcmM© hy³ n‡q bZzb A_©‡evaK kã cÖnvi, Dcnvi
I Avnvi m„wó n‡q‡Q|
bvg-kã :
cÖ-Qvqv (cÖwZwe¤^) = cÖ”Qvqv (MÖn‡Yi mgq P›`ª ev c„w_ex †_‡K wbwÿß wbweo Qvqv)
cÖ-fvZ (Av‡jvwKZ, `xß) = cÖfvZ (mKvj)
GLv‡b bvg-kã Qvqv I fvZ k‡ãi c~‡e© cÖ DcmM© hy³ n‡q bZzb A_©‡evaK kã cÖ”Qvqv I cÖfvZ m„wó
n‡q‡Q|
2. k‡ãi A‡_©i c~Y©Zv mvab : DcmM© K…`šÍ ev bvg-k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m D³ k‡ãi A‡_©i c~Y©Zv mvab K‡i|
†hgbÑ
cywó (ea©b, e„w×) cwi-cywó = cwicywó (mycywó)
GLv‡b bvg-kã cywó k‡ãi c~‡e© cwi DcmM© hy³ n‡q k‡ãi A‡_©i c~Y©Zv mvwaZ n‡q‡Q|
3. k‡ãi A‡_©i m¤úªmviY : DcmM© K…`šÍ ev bvg-k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m D³ k‡ãi A‡_©i m¤úªmviY K‡i|
†hgbÑ
c~Y©v (fiv) cwi-c~Y©v = cwic~Y©v (m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c fiv)
Zvc (`ytL) cwi-Zvc = cwiZvc (we‡kl `ytL ev †L`)
GLv‡b bvg-kã c~Y©v I Zvc k‡ãi c~‡e© cwi DcmM© hy³ n‡q k‡ãi A‡_©i m¤úªmviY n‡q‡Q|
4. k‡ãi A‡_©i ms‡KvPb : DcmM© K…`šÍ ev bvg-k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m D³ k‡ãi A‡_©i ms‡KvPb NUvq| †hgbÑ
KvR (Kg©, Kvh©) A-KvR = AKvR (wb›`bxq KvR)
ivwR (m¤§Z) wbg-ivwR = wbgivwR (cÖvq ivwR, Avav m¤§Z)
nvwRi (Dcw¯’Z) Mi-nvwRi = MinvwRi (Dcw¯’wZi Afve)
GLv‡b bvg-kã KvR, ivwR I nvwRi k‡ãi c~‡e© A, wbg I Mi DcmM© hy³ n‡q k‡ãi A‡_©i ms‡KvPb
n‡q‡Q|
179
5. k‡ãi A‡_©i cwieZ©b : DcmM© K…`šÍ ev bvg-k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m D³ k‡ãi A‡_©i cwieZ©b NUvq| †hgbÑ
Kvi (Kvh©) Ac-Kvi = AcKvi (ÿwZ Kiv)
K_v (K_bxq, K_b‡hvM¨) Dc-K_v = DcK_v (DcL¨vb, iƒcK_v)
GLv‡b K…`šÍ ev bvg-kã Kvi I K_v k‡ãi c~‡e© Ac I Dc DcmM© hy³ n‡q k‡ãi A‡_©i cwieZ©b
NwU‡q‡Q|
6. k‡ãi A‡_©i wewkóZv cÖ`vb : DcmM© K…`šÍ ev bvg-k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m D³ k‡ãi A‡_©i wewkóZv `vb
K‡i| †hgbÑ
†ej (djwe‡kl) K`-†ej = K`‡ej (GKwU d‡ji bvg)
GLv‡b bvg-kã †ej k‡ãi c~‡e© K` DcmM© hy³ n‡q k‡ãi A‡_©i wewkóZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q|
D‡jøL¨, evsjvq `yB GKwU e¨wZµg Qvov DcmM© GKv GKv wKQzB Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| K…`šÍ ev bvg-k‡ãi c~‡e©
bv em‡j Gi †Kv‡bv g~j¨B †bB| Z‡e G¸wj A‡b¨i DcKvi I AcKvi `ywUB Ki‡Z cv‡i| Dch©y³
D`vniYB Zvi cÖgvY|
e¨wZµg `„óvšÍ : AwZ-eo e„× cwZ| (AwZ = AwaK)
cÖwZ-Ni MwY‡Z nB‡e| (cÖwZ = cÖ‡Z¨K)
GLv‡b AwZ I cÖwZ DcmM© m¤ú~Y© GKv e‡m GKwU cwic~Y© A_© cÖKvk K‡i‡Q|
7. k‡ãi evbv‡b cwieZ©b : DcmM© †h‡nZz kã MVb K‡i †m‡nZz k‡ãi evbv‡bi m‡½ Gi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
Gi cÖfv‡e k‡ãi evbv‡b KLb cwieZ©b N‡U KLb ev N‡U bv| †hgbÑ
ms¯‥…Z, evsjv I we‡`kx DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi evbv‡b cwieZ©b :
ms¯‥…Z : cÖ-bg& + NT& = cÖYvg
mg& + Pq = mÂq
D`& + bwZ = DbœwZ
GLv‡b cÖ, mg& I D`& DcmM©¸wji cÖfv‡e cÖYvg, mÂq I DbœwZ k‡ãi evbv‡b cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q|
evsjv : K`& + AvKvi = K`vKvi
GLv‡b K`& Dcm‡M©i cÖfv‡e K`vKvi k‡ãi evbv‡b cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| A_©vr K`& k‡ãi nm& ( &) wP‡ýi
cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q|
we‡`kx : e`& + bvg = e`bvg
GLv‡b e`& Dcm‡M©i cÖfv‡e e`bvg k‡ãi evbv‡b cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| A_©vr e`& k‡ãi nm& ( &) wP‡ýi cwieZ©b
N‡U‡Q|
180
ms¯‥…Z, evsjv I we‡`kx DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi evbv‡b AcwieZ©b :
ms¯‥…Z : civ + Rq = civRq
Dc + K~j = DcK~j
GLv‡b civ I Dc Dcm‡M©i cÖfv‡e civRq I DcK~j k‡ãi evbv‡b †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b N‡Uwb|
evsjv : ANv + ivg = ANvivg
ivg + QvMj = ivgQvMj
GLv‡b ANv I ivg Dcm‡M©i cÖfv‡e ANvivg I ivgQvMj k‡ãi evbv‡b †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b N‡Uwb|
we‡`kx : †nW + gv÷vi = †nWgv÷vi
Mi + wgj = Miwgj
Kvi + Lvbv = KviLvbv
GLv‡b †nW, Mi I Kvi DcmM©¸wji cÖfv‡e †nWgv÷vi, Miwgj I KviLvbv k‡ãi evbv‡b †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b
N‡Uwb|
evsjvq Dcm‡M©i A_©wePvi
evsjv fvlvi •eqvKi‡Yiv Dcm‡M©i A_© wePv‡i A‡bKUv ga¨cš’x| Dcm‡M©i A_© wePv‡i mvaviY gZev`
n‡jvÑ ÔDcm‡M©i †`¨vZKZv Av‡Q wKš‘ evPKZv †bB|Õ37 DcmM©‡hv‡M avZzi A‡_©i cwieZ©b N‡U, wKš‘
¯^Zš¿fv‡e DcmM©¸wji wK wbR¯^ A_© Av‡Q ? GB cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb cÖvPxb •eqvKi‡Yiv| AvPvh© kvKUvqb e‡jb
avZy-wew”Qbœ n‡j Dcm‡M©i wb‡Ri †Kv‡bv A_© _v‡K bv (cÖ_g Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)|38 wKš‘ MvM©¨, hv¯‥ cÖgyL
•eqvKi‡Yiv e‡jb, c„_Kfv‡eI Dcm‡M©i A_© Av‡Q (cÖ_g Aa¨vq `ªóe¨)|39 ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiYwe`‡`i ga¨gwY
cvwYwb G wel‡q ¯úóZ †Kv‡bv gZ †`bwb, Z‡e Zuvi wewfbœ m~Îwe‡kølY K‡i g‡b nq wZwb †hb ej‡Z
†P‡q‡Qb, Avm‡j avZzi g‡a¨ wewfbœ A‡_©i e¨Äbv Av‡Q, DcmM© †mBme fvecÖKvkK Dcjÿ gvÎ|40Z‡e
AvaywbK evsjv •eqvKi‡Yiv e‡jbÑ DcmM© A‡_©i †`¨vZbv Ki‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ Zvi wbR¯^ A_© †bB| GB wb‡q
K~UZ‡K©i g‡a¨ bv wM‡q Zuviv e‡j‡Qb Ô†`¨vZKZvÕ Avi ÔevPKZvÕ A‡bKUv GKB| †hgbÑÔcÖÕ -Gi g‡a¨
GKUv cÖ_g ev cÖK‡l©i A_© jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| cÖfvZ, cÖYvg BZ¨vw` A‡_© H A_© aiv c‡o| Gfv‡e evsjv
fvlvq Dcm‡M©i †gvUvgywU A_© I Zv w`‡q kã MVb Kiv nq|41 ¯^bvgab¨ fvlvwe` mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq
Zuvi Ôfvlv cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKi‡YÕ I W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& Zuvi Ôev½vjv e¨vKi‡YÕ, †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx Zuvi
Ôevsjv fvlvi e¨vKiYÕ W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK Zuvi Ôe¨vKiY gÄixÕ-†Z I W. iwdKzj Bmjvg Zuvi Ôevsjv
e¨vKiY mgxÿvÕ MÖ‡š’ evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ ms¯‥…Z, evsjv I we‡`kx Dcm‡M©i A_© Av‡Q Zv ¯^xKvi
K‡i‡Qb|42 evsjv fvlvq ms¯‥…Z ÔAwZÕ I ÔcÖwZÕ Dcm‡M©i ¯^Zš¿ cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq| †hgbÑ
181
AwZ evo fv‡jv bq| (AwZ = evovevwo)
gv_v cÖwZ GK UvKv Puv`v| (cÖwZ = cÖ‡Z¨K)
GLv‡b AwZ I cÖwZ DcmM© m¤ú~Y© GKv e‡m GKwU cwic~Y© A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Q| AZGe D`vniYØq †_‡K ejv
hvq Dcm‡M©i A_© wQj Ges Av‡Q| mg‡qi †cÖÿvc‡U Avgiv Zv nvwi‡q †d‡jwQ| Avi hw` Dcm‡M©i A_©
bvB _vKZ Zvn‡j DcmM©¸wji c„_K c„_K bvgKiY n‡Zv bv|
D‡jøL¨, AwZ I cÖwZ e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Dcm‡M©i evsjv fvlvq ¯^vaxb cÖ‡qvM `„ó nq bv|
Z‡e GKwU K_v ms¯‥…Z †Kv‡bv Dcm‡M©i †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó A_© ejv hvq bv| KviY GKB Dcm‡M©i bvbv iKg
A_© n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡¤œ mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq I W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&-i g‡Z Dcm‡M©i bvg I A_©
ch©vqµ‡g Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡ZÑ
ms¯‥…Z DcmM© (21wU)
µwgK bs
Dcm‡M©i bvg
1
AwZ
2
Awa
3
Aby
4
Awc
5
Ac
6
Ae
7
Awf
8
Av
9
D`&
10
Dc
11
AšÍi& / AšÍt
12
`yi& (`yt)
13
wbi& (wbt)
14
wb
15
cÖ
16
civ
17
cwi
18
cÖwZ
19
we
20
my
21
mg&
Dcm‡M©i A_©
AwZwi³
Dc‡i
c‡i
wfZ‡i, Dc‡i
`~‡i, ga¨ †_‡K
wb‡¤œ ev wb¤œw`‡K
cÖwZ-Dc‡i-w`‡K
cÖwZ-Dc‡i
Dc‡i, evwn‡i
w`‡K, cÖwZ
g‡a¨, wfZ‡i
g›` ev Kz A‡_©
ewnM©Z ev bvB
wb‡¤œ, wfZ‡i, g‡a¨
m¤§y‡L, †kÖô
`~‡i, evwn‡i
PZzw`©‡K
wecixZ fv‡e, weiæ×
wewkó, evwn‡i
g½j, DrKl©
mwnZ
182
evsjv DcmM© 21wU
µwgK bs
Dcm‡M©i bvg
1
A
2
ANv
3
AR
4
Abv
5
Av
6
Avo
7
Avb
8
Ave
9
BwZ
10
Db
11
K`&
12
Kz
13
wb
14
cvwZ
15
we
16
fi
17
ivg
18
m
19
mv
20
my
21
nv
Dcm‡M©i A_©
bv, g›`
†evKv
g›`
bv, g›`
bv, g›`
eµ
bv
A¯úóZv
G
Kg
wbw›`Z
wb›`v
bv
ÿz`ª
bv, wb›`v
c~Y©
eo
mwnZ
DrK…ó
cÖkm¨
nZv_©, weMZv_©
D‡jøL¨, mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq Dch©y³ 21wU Dcm‡M©i g‡a¨ 11wU evsjv Dcm‡M©i bvg I A_© Zuvi MÖ‡š’
D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, hv †evì UvB‡c `vMvw¼Z| evwK DcmM©¸wji bvg I A_© evsjv fvlvi ¯^bvgab¨
e¨vKiYwe`‡`i (gybxi †P․ayix I †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †P․ayix, gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK cÖgyL) MÖš’ †_‡K Zz‡j aiv
n‡q‡Q|
we‡`kx DcmM© (12wU) [ Bs‡iwR, dviwm I Aviwe ]
µwgK bs
1
2
3
4
5
Dcm‡M©i bvg
mve
†nW
dzj
nvd
Wej
Dcm‡M©i A_©
Aaxb
cÖavb
c~Y©
Aa©
wØZ¡
183
1
2
3
4
5
6
`i
bv
wd
e`&
†e
ni
wb¤œ¯’, ga¨¯’
bT‡_©, bv A‡_©
cÖ‡Z¨K
wb›`v, Lvivc
bv, wb›`bxq
cÖ‡Z¨K, me©
1
2
jv
Mi
bq
bv
D‡jøL¨, mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq we‡`kx Dcm‡M©i g‡a¨ 4wU Bs‡iwR, 6wU dviwm I 2wU Aviwe Dcm‡M©i
bvg I A_© Zuvi MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&-i g‡ZÑ
ms¯‥…Z DcmM© (20wU)
µwgK bs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Dcm‡M©i bvg
AwZ
Awa
Aby
Awc
Ac
Ae
Awf
Av
D`&
Dc
`yi& (`yt)
wbi& (wbt)
wb
cÖ
civ
cwi
cÖwZ
we
my
mg&
Dcm‡M©i A_©
AwZkh¨
AvwacZ¨
cðvr
mgy”Pq
•ecixZ¨
wbðq, Abv`i
me©‡Zvfve
Clr, Aewa
Ea٩
mvgxc¨
Afve
Afve
wbðq, wb‡la
cÖKl©
•ecixZ¨
AvwZkh¨
mv`„k¨, exáv
we‡kl, •ecixZ¨
DËg
mg¨Kiƒc
184
evsjv DcmM© 21wU
µwgK bs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Dcm‡M©i bvg
A
ANv
AR
Abv
Av
Avo
Avb
Ave
BwZ
Db
K`&
Kz
wb
cvwZ
we
fi
ivg
m
mv
my
nv
Dcm‡M©i A_©
wbw›`Z
†evKv
g›`
Afve
Afve
eµ
bv
A¯úóZv
G
Kg
wbw›`Z
KzrwmZ
Afve
†QvU
wfbœZv
c~Y©Zv
eo
m‡½
DrK…ó
DËg
Afve
D‡jøL¨, W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& Dchy©³ evsjv 21wU Dcm‡M©i g‡a¨ 6wU Dcm‡M©i bvg I A_© Zuvi MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb, hv †evì UvB‡c `vMvw¼Z| evwK DcmM©¸wji bvg I A_© evsjv fvlvi ¯^bvgab¨ e¨vKiYwe`‡`i
(gybxi †P․ayix I †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †P․ayix, W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK cÖgyL) MÖš’ †_‡K Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
we‡`kx DcmM© (6wU) [ dviwm, Aviwe ]
µwgK bs
Dcm‡M©i bvg
Dcm‡M©i A_©
1
†e
•ecixZ¨
2
e
mwnZ
3
bv
Afve
4
wd
cÖ‡Z¨K
1
2
Mi
jv
•ecixZ¨
Afve
185
D‡jøL¨, W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& we‡`kx Dcm‡M©i g‡a¨ 4wU dviwm I 2wU Aviwe Dcm‡M©i bvg I A_© Zuvi MÖ‡š’
D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq I W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&i G Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq evsjv fvlvqI Dcm‡M©i A_©
Av‡Q Zv ¯^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
¯^bvgab¨ †jLK w؇R›`ªbv_ VvKzi Zuvi ÔDcm‡M©i A_© wePviÕ43 cÖe‡Ü e½-fviZx Ges B½-fviZx GB `yB
fvlv †_‡K AvMZ 20wU Dcm‡M©i g‡a¨ 14wU Dcm‡M©i A_© wePvi wb‡q KvR K‡i‡Qb| evwK 6wU DcmM©‡K
wePv‡ii `vq n‡Z Ae¨vnwZ ev wb®‥…wZ w`‡q‡Qb| †Kbbv G‡`i g‡a¨ RwUjZv wKQzB †bB| meB w`ev‡jv‡Ki
b¨vq my¯úó| wZwb Dcm‡M©i A_© wePv‡i †Kv‡bv AåvšÍ gZ ms¯’vcb Ki‡Z †Póv K‡ibwb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb
AcÿcvZx Ges AKcU hyw³ I wePvi Avgv‡K †h c‡_ Pvwj‡q‡Q Avwg †mB c‡_ P‡jwQ| Zuvi Dcm‡M©i A_©
wePv‡ii welqwU ms‡ÿ‡c Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
µwgK bs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Dcm‡M©i bvg
cÖ
wb
ms
we
Ac
cwi
Ae
cÖwZ
civ
Awf
wbt
Dc
Av
Awa
Dcm‡M©i A_©
m¤§y‡Li w`‡K
wfZ‡ii w`‡K
†K›`ªvwfgywLZv
cvk¦©cÖeYZv
weeR©b, †nqZv
PZzw`©‡K
bx‡Pi w`‡K
w`K& •ecixZ¨
`~iZ¡, kÎæZv
mg¨K w`‡K
ewn®‥vi , wenxbZv
jNxqvb welq
wbK‡U Avmv, ch©šÍ, Aewa
mxgv ch©šÍ
186
`„óvšÍ / mvÿx
cÖk¦vm
wbtk¦vm
msMg
wewÿß
AcMZ, AcKg©
ch©vq
AeZiY
cÖZxwP, cÖ‡Z¨K
civRq, civµg
Awfavb
wb‡¯ÍR, wbtm¤^j
DcK~j, Dc‡ekb
AvMgb, Avmgy`ª, AvRb¥
Awaôvb
e½-fviZx Ges B½-fviZx DcmM© (20
6 wU)
µwgK bs Dcm‡M©i bvg
Dcm‡M©i A_©
1
2
3
my
`yt
Aby
fvj
wb›`bxq, KóRbK
cðvr cðvr
4
D`&
Dci w`‡K
5
20
AwZ
Awc
evovevwo
AveiY
evsjvq DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb (ms¯‹…Z, evsjv I we‡`kx)
evsjv fvlvq kãMV‡bi Dcv`vb¸wji g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg DcmM©| GB DcmM©‡hv‡M AmsL¨ bZzb kã MwVZ n‡q
evsjv fvlvi kãfvÐvi‡K K‡i‡Q mg„w×kvjx| wb‡¤œ ms¯‥…Z, evsjv I we‡`kx DcmM©‡hv‡M AšÍZ GKwU
kãMVb Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
evsjvq ms¯‹…Z DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb
evsjv fvlvq A‡bK ms¯‥…Z ev Zrmg kã Av‡Q| ms¯‥…Z k‡ãi m‡½ ms¯‥…Z DcmM©¸wjI evsjvq G‡m‡Q|
ZvB ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i K_v Avgv‡`i wkL‡ZB n‡e| evsjv fvlvq DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMV‡bi †ÿ‡Î mywbw`©ó ixwZ
eZ©gvb| G ixwZi e¨wZµg NU‡j fvlvq ¸iæPÐvwj †`vl R‡b¥| GB ixwZ‡K g‡b ivL‡j evsjv k‡ãi Drm
I cwiPq wba©viY mnR nq| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e evsjv DcmM© †hgb evsjv K…`šÍ ev bvg k‡ãi Av‡M e‡m bZzb
kã MVb K‡i, †Zgwb Zrmg (ms¯‥…Z) DcmM© Zrmg K…`šÍ ev Zrmg bvg k‡ãi Av‡M e‡m kãMVb K‡i|
GK K_vq Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †hme ms¯‥…Z Ae¨q K…`šÍ (A_©vr avZz w`‡q •Zwi k‡ãi c~‡e©) ev bvg-k‡ãi
c~‡e© hy³ n‡q K…`šÍ ev bvg-k‡ãi A‡_©i cwieZ©b NUvq, A‡_©i wewkóZv `vb K‡i Ges bZzb bZzb kã m„wó
K‡i †mme Ae¨q‡K ms¯‥…Z ev Zrmg DcmM© e‡j|45 wb‡¤œ evsjvq ms¯‥…Z ev Zrmg DcmM©¸wj wKfv‡e
K…`šÍ ev bvg-k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m kãMVb I A_© cwieZ©b K‡i Zv Q‡K cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv :
187
[ kãMVb cÖwµqv : ms¯‥…Z DcmM© + ms¯‥…Z kã (K…`šÍ ev bvg-kã) = ms¯‥…Z DcmM©hy³ kã ]
µwgK bs
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
ms¯‥…Z DcmM©
AwZ
Awa
Aby
Awc
Ac
Ae
Awf
Av
D`&
Dc
`yi& (`yt)
wbi& (wbt)
wb
cÖ
civ
cwi
cÖwZ
we
my
mg&
Zrmg kã
e„wó
Kvi
Pi
wbwnwZ
gvb
†iva
b›`b
KÉ
R¡j
Kvi
wfÿ
aviY
K…ó
MwZ
Rq
fvlv
Áv
bx
K…wZ
AveZ©b
MwVZ bZzb kã
AwZe„wó, AwZgvbe
AwaKvi
AbyPi
AwcwbwnwZ
Acgvb
Ae‡iva
Awfb›`b
AvKÉ
D¾¡j
DcKvi
`ywf©ÿ, `yRb©
wba©viY, bxie
wbK…ó
cÖMwZ
civRq
cwifvlv
cÖwZÁv, cÖwZg~wZ©
webq
myK…wZ, mybxj
mgveZ©b
jÿYxq †h, D`& (ms¯‥…Z iƒc) = Dr (evsjv iƒc) GwU k‡ãi c~‡e© em‡j KLb mwÜ nq, KLb mwÜ nq bv|
Z‡e mwÜ n‡j Zv nq e¨Äb mwÜi wbq‡g (D`& + R¡j = D¾¡j)| Avi mwÜ bv n‡j mivmwi hy³ nq (D`& +
MÖxe = D˜MÖxe, D`& + wÿß = Drwÿß)| Avevi `yi& = `yt Ges wbi& = wbt ÑGB `ywU DcmM© k‡ãi c~‡e©
em‡j mwÜ nq| Avi G mwÜ nq wemM© mwÜi wbq‡g (`yt + Rb = `yR©b, wbt + ie = bxie)|
D‡jøL¨, mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z Av‡iKwU ms¯‥…Z DcmM© i‡q‡Q, hvi bvg AšÍi& ev AšÍt (wfZ‡i
BZ¨vw` A‡_©)|46 GwUmn ms¯‥…Z DcmM© 21wU| GwU †hv‡M MwVZ kã wb¤œiƒc :
188
µwgK bs
ms¯‥…Z DcmM©
21
AšÍi& ev AšÍt
Zrmg kã
avb
A½
Cÿ
MwVZ bZzb kã
AšÍa©vb
AšÍi½
AšÍixÿ
evsjvq GKvwaK ms¯‹…Z DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb
jÿYxq †h, GKUv k‡ãi c~‡e© †h ïay GKUv DcmM© e‡m Zv bq| A‡bK mgq G‡Ki †P‡q †ewkI e‡m|
evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ Zrmg k‡ãi Giƒc GKvwaK DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZkã wb¤œiƒc47 :
`ywU DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ kã : cÖZ¨vnvi = cÖwZ-Av + nvi
[ ü +NT& (A) ]
Dcmsnvi = Dc-mg& + nvi
[
ü +NT& (A) ]
e¨vKiY = we-Av + KiY
[ K… + AbU& ]
AZz¨K…ó = AwZ-Dr + K…ó
[ K… + ³ ]
myms¯‥…Z = my-mg& + K…Z
[ K… + ³ ]
cÖZz¨cKvi = cÖwZ-Dc + Kvi
[ K… + NT& (A) ]
wZbwU DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ kã : `yiwfmwÜ = `yi&-Awf-mg& +wa
[ av + wK ]
Ace¨envi (fzj e¨envi) = Ac-we-Ae + nvi
[ ü + NT& (A) ]
PviwU DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ kã : mgwfe¨vnvi (m½, mvnPh©) = mg&-Awf-we-Av + nvi [
ü + NT& (A) ]
evsjv DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb
evsjv fvlvq evsjv DcmM©¸wj ïay †`kx ev evsjv k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m kãMVb K‡i|48 G¸wj ms¯‥…‡Zi g‡Zv
me©Î avZzi m‡½ hy³ bq| G¸wj mvaviYZ we‡kl¨ ev me©bv‡gi Av‡M e‡m| wb‡¤œ evsjv DcmM©¸wj wKfv‡e
we‡kl¨ ev me©bv‡gi c~‡e© e‡m kãMVb I A_© cwieZ©b K‡i Zv Q‡K cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡jv :
[ kãMVb cÖwµqv : evsjv DcmM© + evsjv kã (we‡kl¨ ev me©bvg) = evsjv DcmM©hy³ kã ]
µwgK bs
1
2
3
4
5
6
evsjv DcmM©
A
ANv
AR
Abv
Av
Avo
†`kx / evsjv kã
KvR
ivg
g~L©
`i
MvQv
†Pv‡L
189
MwVZ bZzb kã
AKvR
ANvivg
ARg~L©
Abv`i
AvMvQv
Avo‡Pv‡L
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Avb
Ave
BwZ
Db (Dbv)
K`&
Kz
wb
cvwZ
we
fi
ivg
m
mv
my
nv
gbv
Wvj
nvm
cuvRy‡i, fvZ
†ej
KvR
jvR
KvK
f~uB
†cU
QvMj
ie
†Rvqvb
KvR
fvZ
Avbgbv
AveWvj
BwZnvm
DbcuvRy‡i, DbvfvZ
K`‡ej
KzKvR
wbjvR
cvwZKvK
wef~uB
fi‡cU
ivgQvMj
mie
mv‡Rvqvb
myKvR
nvfvZ
jÿYxq †h, GKwU DcmM© Øviv A‡bK kãMVb Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kej GKwU DcmM© Øviv AšÍZ GKwU
kã MVb K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| Zvi gv‡b DcmM© Øviv †h A‡bK kã MVb Kiv hvq †mUv †`Lv‡bvB g~j jÿ¨|
evsjvq we‡`kx DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb
evsjv fvlvq A‡bK we‡`kx kã Av‡Q| we‡`kx k‡ãi m‡½ we‡`kx DcmM©¸wjI evsjvq G‡m‡Q| ZvB
we‡`kx Dcm‡M©i K_v Avgv‡`i wkL‡ZB n‡e| evsjv fvlvq we‡`kx Dcm‡M©i msL¨v Kg bq| G DcmM©¸wj
g~jZ BsiwR, dviwm, Aviwe I D`©y-wnw›` fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q| ZvB G¸wj we‡`kx k‡ãi Av‡M e‡m| ms¯‥…Z
DcmM©¸wj evsjvq ms¯‥…Z K…`šÍ ev ms¯‥…Z bvgk‡ãi Av‡M e‡m| Avi evsjv DcmM©¸wj avZzi Av‡M bv e‡m
evsjv we‡kl¨ ev me©bv‡gi (ev evsjv K…`šÍ / evsjv bvgk‡ãi) Av‡M e‡m| wKš‘ we‡`kx DcmM©¸wj evsjv
Dcm‡M©i g‡Zv e‡m A_©vr we‡`kx we‡kl¨ ev me©bv‡gi Av‡M e‡m bZzb kã MVb K‡i| 49 wb‡¤œ evsjvq
we‡`kx DcmM©¸wj wKfv‡e we‡kl¨ ev me©bv‡gi Av‡M e‡m kãMVb I A_© cwieZ©b K‡i Zv Q‡K cÖ`k©b
Kiv n‡jv :
190
[ kãMVb cÖwµqv : we‡`kx DcmM© + we‡`kx kã (we‡kl¨ ev me©bvg) = we‡`kx DcmM©hy³ kã]
Bs‡iwR DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb
µwgK bs
we‡`kx DcmM©
1
dzj
2
nvd
3
†nW
4
mve
5
Wej
Bs‡iwR kã
kvU©
c¨v›U
gv÷vi
RR
gvmyj
MwVZ bZzb kã
dzjkvU©
nvdc¨v›U
†nWgv÷vi
mveRR
Wej gvmyj
dviwm DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb
µwgK bs
dviwm DcmM©
1
Kvi
2
`i
3
bv
4
wbg
5
wd
6
e`
7
†e
8
ei
9
e
10
Kg
dviwm kã
Lvbv
Lv¯Í
ivR
ivwR
mb
†gRvR
Zvi
†Ljvc
bvg
†cv³
MwVZ bZzb kã
KviLvbv
`iLv¯Í
bvivR
wbgivwR
wd-mb
e`‡gRvR
†eZvi
ei‡Ljvc
ebvg
Kg‡cv³
Aviwe DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb
µwgK bs
Aviwe DcmM©
1
Avg
2
Lvm
3
jv
4
Mi
Aviwe kã
`ievi
gnj
cvËv
wgj
MwVZ bZzb kã
Avg`ievi
Lvmgnj
jvcvËv
Miwgj
D`©y-wnw›` DcmM©‡hv‡M kãMVb
µwgK bs
1
2
D`©y-wnw›` DcmM©
ni
n‡iK
D`©y-wnw›` kã
†ivR
iKg
MwVZ bZzb kã
ni‡ivR
n‡iKiKg
jÿYxq †h, GKwU DcmM© Øviv A‡bK kãMVb Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kej GKwU DcmM© Øviv AšÍZ GKwU
kã MVb K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| Zvi gv‡b DcmM© Øviv †h A‡bK kã MVb Kiv hvq †mUv †`Lv‡bvB g~j jÿ¨|
191
evsjvq DcmM© e¨env‡ii wbqg [ ms¯‹…Z, evsjv, we‡`kx ]
evsjv fvlvq ms¯‥…Z, evsjv I we‡`kx Dcm‡M©i e¨envi •ew`K I ms¯‥…Z fvlvi DcmM© e¨env‡ii wbqg
†_‡K A‡bKUv m‡i G‡m‡Q| G fvlvq •ew`K ev ms¯‥…Z DcmM© e¨env‡ii †Kej GKwU wbqg cÖ‡ek
K‡i‡Q| A_©vr avZzi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© e¨eüZ wbqgwU G‡m‡Q| Z‡e †m‡ÿ‡ÎI iƒcvšÍi N‡U‡Q| G fvlvq
GwU QvovI `y-GKwU •ewPΨc~Y© e¨envi m„wó n‡q‡Q| evsjv •eqvKi‡Yiv DcmM© e¨env‡ii †mB •ewPΨ¸wj
Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| evsjvq Dcm‡M©i e¨envi‡K wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e mvRv‡bv hvqÑ
K) K…`šÍ k‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©
L) bvg k‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©
M) ¯^vZš¿¨
wb‡¤œ evsjvq DcmM© e¨env‡ii wbqgmg~n Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
K) K…`šÍ k‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©
[ DcmM© + K…`šÍ kã ]
•ew`‡K ev ms¯‥…‡Z DcmM© e¨env‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg wbqg n‡”Q avZzi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© emv| wKš‘ evsjvq
ms¯‥…Z I evsjv K…`šÍ k‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© DcmM© e¨eüZ nq| †hgbÑ
ms¯‥…Z K…`šÍ k‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©Ñ
cwi : cwi-bq = cwiYq (weevn) BZ¨vw`|
[ bx + AP&& = bq ]
evsjv K…`šÍ k‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©Ñ
A : A-KvR = AKvR (wb›`bxq Kg©) BZ¨vw`| [ K… + N¨Y& = Kvh©
K¾
KvR ]
GLv‡b ÔcwiÕ I ÔAÕ DcmM© ms¯‥…Z I evsjv K…`šÍ k‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
L) bvg k‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©
[ DcmM© + bvg kã ]
•ew`‡K ev ms¯‥…‡Z DcmM© e¨env‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg wbqg bvgk‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© emv| Z‡e Dfq‡ÿ‡Î
DcmM© bvgk‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© e¨eüZ n‡j Zv‡K DcmM© bv e‡j wbcvZ ejv nq| wKš‘ evsjvq DcmM©
ms¯‥…Z, evsjv I we‡`kx bvgk‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© e¨eüZ n‡j Zv‡K DcmM©B ejv nq| †hgbÑ
ms¯‥…Z bvgk‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©Ñ
cÖwZ : cÖwZ-Kzj = cÖwZK~j (K~‡ji wecixZ)
evsjv bvgk‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©Ñ
nv : nv-fvZ = nvfvZ (fv‡Zi Afve)
192
we‡`kx bvgk‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©Ñ
†nW : †nW-gv÷vi = †nWgv÷vi (cÖavb wkÿK)
GLv‡b ÔcÖwZÕ, ÔnvÕ I Ô†nWÕ DcmM© ms¯‥…Z, evsjv I we‡`kx bvgk‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
M) ¯^vZš¿¨
[ ïay DcmM© ]
•ew`‡K Dcm‡M©i A‡bK ¯^Zš¿ e¨envi †`Lv hvq| wKš‘ evsjvq Ges ms¯‥…‡Z Dcm‡M©i ¯^Zš¿ e¨envi †bB
ej‡jB P‡j| ms¯‥…‡Z Dcm‡M©i †hme ¯^Zš¿ e¨envi †`Lv hvq †m¸wj g~jZ Kg©cÖePbxq| Avi evsjvq g~jZ
ms¯‥…Z ÔAwZÕ I ÔcÖwZÕ Dcm‡M©i ¯^Zš¿ e¨envi †`Lv hvq| †hgbÑ
AwZ evo fv‡jv bq| (AwZ = evovevwo)
gv_v cÖwZ GK UvKv Puv`v| (cÖwZ = cÖ‡Z¨K)
GLv‡b ÔAwZÕ I ÔcÖwZÕ DcmM© ¯^Zš¿ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
evsjvq ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i Av‡iv wKQz we‡kl e¨envi
evsjvqI cÖ-cÖf…wZ ms¯‥…Z wbcvZ ev Ae¨q GKw`‡K †hgb Dcm‡M©i KvR K‡i Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb MwZiI
KvR K‡i| G wbcvZ ev Ae¨q‡K DcmM© I MwZ msÁv wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ G‡`i e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †hme
Kvh© mvwaZ nq †m¸wj n‡jv :
K) DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q
L) MwZ Øviv mwÜ-wbqš¿Y
M) MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y
1. DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q
cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU wbcvZ‡K DcmM© msÁv Kivi Rb¨ †hme gva¨g i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡weavb wbY©q Ab¨Zg| mvaviYZ Dfq cÖKvi weav‡b Dcm‡M©i YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q †`Lv hvq|50
`„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
193
YZ¡-weavb
1. cÖ, cwi, wbi& Dcm‡M©i ci bg&, bk&, bx, Ab& cÖf…wZ K‡qKwU avZzi b&
cÖ :
cÖ-bvg = cÖYvg (cÖYvg)
cÖ-Avb = cÖvY (Rxeb)
cÖ-bvk = cÖYvk (bó)
Y& nq| †hgbÑ
[ bg& + NT& = bvg ]
[ Ab& + NT& = Avb ]
[ bk& + NT& = bvk ]
cwi : cwi-bq = cwiYq (weevn)
[ bx + AP&& = bq ]
wbi& : wbi&-bq = wbY©q (wbðq)
[ bx + AP& = bq ]
D‡jøL¨, bk& avZzi k&
cÖ :
l& n‡j ZLb DcmM©¯’ wbwg‡Ëi ci bk& avZzi b&
Y& nq bv| †hgbÑ
cÖ-bvk + Z = cÖbó (mg¨Kfv‡e bvkcÖvß)
[³=Z
U]
cwi : cwi-bvk + Z = cwibó (Pviw`‡K bvkcÖvß)
wbi& : wbi&-bvk + Z = wbb©ó (bvkcÖvß bq) BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b cÖ, cwi, wbi& cÖf…wZ DcmM© †Kv_vq YZ¡-weavb nq Ges nq bv Zv wbY©q Ki‡Q|
2. DcmM©¯’ Y‡Z¡i wbwgË c~‡e© _vK‡j Zvi cieZ©x avZzi DËi cÖhy³ ¯^ieY©c~e©K K…r-cÖZ¨‡qi b& Y& nq|
†hgbÑ
cÖ : cÖ-gvb = cÖgvY (wbðq)
[ gv + AbU& = gvb ]
cwi : cwi-gvb = cwigvY (gvc)
wbi : wbi-gvb = wbgv©Y (cÖ¯‘Z Kiv)
wKš‘ DcmM©¯’ Y‡Z¡i wbwgË c~‡e© _vK‡j Zvi cieZ©x avZzi DËi cÖhy³ e¨ÄbeY©c~eK© K…r-cÖZ¨‡qi b&
nq bv| †hgbÑ
cÖ : cÖ-gMœ = cÖgMœ (mg¨Kfv‡e we‡fvi)
[ gmR& + ³ = gMœ ]
cwi : cwi-gMœ = cwigMœ
wbi& : wbi&-weNœ = wbwe©Nœ (weNœk~b¨)
[ nb& + ³ = weNœ ]
GLv‡b cÖ-cÖf…wZ DcmM© †Kv_vq YZ¡-weavb nq Ges nq bv Zv wbY©q Ki‡Q|
3. cÖ, civ Dcm‡M©i ci Aý (w`b) kã _vK‡j b&
Y& nq| †hgbÑ
cÖ : cÖ-Aý = cÖvnè (c~e©vý)
civ : civ-Aý = civnè (Acivý)
[ Anb&
GLv‡b cÖ-cÖf…wZ DcmM© †Kv_vq YZ¡-weavb nq Zv wbY©q Ki‡Q|
194
Aý ]
Y&
lZ¡-weavb
1. BKvivšÍ I DKvivšÍ Dcm‡M©i cieZ©x KZ¸wj avZzi m&
l& nq| †hgbÑ
BKvivšÍ DcmM© : cÖwZ-¯’vb = cÖwZôvb (ms¯’vi M„n)
Awf-†mK = Awf‡lK (AeMvnb)
[ ¯’v + AbU& = ¯’vb ]
[ wmP& +NT& = †mK ]
DKvivšÍ DcmM© : Aby-¯’vb = Abyôvb (Avi¤¢, m¤úv`b) BZ¨vw`|
D‡jøL¨, `ym& (`yt), my DcmM© cÖwZiƒcK wb›`v I ¯‘wZiƒc Ae¨q e‡j wb¤œwjwLZ k‡ã lZ¡ nq bv| †hgbÑ
`ym& : `ym&-¯’ = `yt¯’ (`wi`ª, `yie¯’vcbœ)
my : my-¯’ = my¯’ (bx‡ivM, myLx, myw¯’i)
[ ¯’v + A = ¯’ ]
GLv‡b BKvivšÍ I DKvivšÍ DcmM© †Kv_vq lZ¡-weavb nq Ges nq bv Zv wbY©q Ki‡Q|
2. my, we, wbi&, `yi& Dcm‡M©i cieZ©x ¯^c&-avZzi ¯’v‡b RvZ myc&
lyc& nq| †hgbÑ
my : my-myß = mylyß (Mfxi wbw`ªZ)
we : we-myß = welyß (Lvivc Nyg)
wbi& : wbi&-myß = wbtlyß (Mfxi wb`ªvgMœ)
`yi& : `yi-& myß = `ytlyß (Lvivc Nyg)
[ ¯^c& + ³ = myß ]
D‡jøL¨, Av‡jvP¨ wbqgvbymv‡i wb¤œwjwLZ kãØqI wm× nq| †hgbÑ
my : my-mgv = mylgv (cig †kvfv)
[ mg& + w¯¿qvg& Avc& = mgv ]
we : we-mg = welg (Amgvb)
[
mg& + jy¨U& (AbU&) = mg ]
GLv‡b my-cÖf…wZ DcmM© †Kv_vq lZ¡-weavb nq Zv wbY©q Ki‡Q|
3. cwi-cÖf„wZ DcmM©c~e©K K…-avZzi myU& AvM‡gi m&
l& nq| †hgbÑ
cwi : cwi-(myU&) Kvi = cwi®‥vi (†kvab)
[ K… + NT& = Kvi ]
GLv‡b cwi-cÖf…wZ DcmM© †Kv_vq lZ¡-weavb nq Zv wbY©q Ki‡Q|
2. MwZ Øviv mwÜ-wbqš¿Y
cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU DcmM©mn Ajg&, cyim& Avwem&, A¯Íg,& wZim&, bgm& cÖf…wZ Ae¨q, wP¦ I WvP& cÖZ¨qvšÍ kã
avZzi mv‡_ hy³ n‡j Zv ÔMwZÕ msÁv cÖvß nq| eZ©gv‡b AvaywbK fvlvcwÐZMY DcmM©‡K MwZ bv‡g AwfwnZ
K‡i‡Qb| ZvB cÖ-cÖf…wZ wbcvZ‡K MwZ msÁv Kivi Rb¨ †hme gva¨g i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ MwZ Øviv mwÜwbqš¿Y Ab¨Zg| mvaviYZ cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi mw܇Z MwZi G mwÜ-wbqš¿Y †`Lv hvq|51 `„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
195
¯^imwÜ
1. A Av B C D E F 9Ñ Gi c‡i meY© _vK‡j Dfq wg‡j `xN©¯^i nq| †hgbÑ
[ cÖZxKx wbqg : A / Av + A / Av = Av, B / C + B / C = C, D / E + D / E = E, F / F„ + F / F„ =
F„, F + 9 = F„ / 9&9 nq| ]
B+B=C
AwZ : AwZ + Be = AZxe
cÖwZ : cÖwZ + BwZ = cÖZxwZ
Awa : Awa + Bb = Aaxb
B+C=C
Awa : Awa + Ck¦i = Aaxk¦i
cwi : cwi + Cÿv = cixÿv
D+D=E
my : my + D³ = m~³
my + Dw³ = m~w³ BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b AwZ, cÖwZ, Awa, cwi, my cÖf…wZ MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
2. A-Kvi wKsev Av-Kv‡ii ci B C D E F 9 _vK‡j Dfq wg‡j ¸Y nq| †hgbÑ
[ cÖZxKx wbqg : A / Av + B / C = G, A / Av + D / E = I, A / Av + F = Ai&, A / Av + 9 = Aj&
nq| ] [ e„w×i wbq‡g A / Av + FZ = Avi& ]
A+C=G
Ac : Ac + Cÿv = A‡cÿv BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b Ac MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
3. cÖZxKx wbqg : B / C + wfbœ ¯^i (A / Av; D / E; G / H ) = h djv ( ¨ ); D / E + wfbœ¯^i (A / Av;
B / C; G / H) = e-djv (e& ); F / F„ + wfbœ ¯^i (A / Av; D / E; G / H) = i&; 9 + wfbœ ¯^i (A / Av)
= j& nq| †hgbÑ
B : cÖwZ + Aq = cÖZ¨q
cÖwZ + GK = cÖ‡Z¨K
cÖwZ + DcKvit = cÖZz¨cKvi
wb + EbZg& = b~¨bZg&
D : Aby + Aq = Aš^q
Aby + GlY = A‡š^lY
my + AvMZ =¯^vMZ BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b cÖwZ, wb, Aby, my cÖf…wZ MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
196
4. cÖ-Dcm‡M©i ci En, Ep, Ewp, Gl, Gl¨ _vK‡j Dfq wg‡j e„w× nq| †hgbÑ
[ A + C = G > H (•); A + E = I > J (†․) ]
cÖ : cÖ + En = †cÖ․n [ E J ]
cÖ + Ep = †cÖ․p
cÖ + Ewp = †cÖ․wp
cÖ + Gl = •cÖl [ G H ]
cÖ + Gl¨ = •cÖl¨
GLv‡b ÔcÖÕ MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
e¨ÄbmwÜ
1. n«¯^¯^‡ii (A B D F 9) ci Q&-Kvi _vK‡j n«¯^¯^i P& (ZzK = Z&
[ cÖZxKx wbqg : ¯^iaŸwb + Q = ¯^iaŸwb > P& nq| ]
P&) nq| †hgbÑ
Ae + †Q` = Ae‡”Q`
cwi + †Q` = cwi‡”Q`
we + †Q` = we‡”Q`
Aby + †Q` = Aby‡”Q` BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b Ae-cÖf…wZ MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿q Ki‡Q|
2. cÖZxKx wbqg : Z& / `& + P& / Q&; R& / S&; k& ; W&; n&; j& = Z& / `& > P&; R&; P Ges k& > Q&; W&; `& Ges n& >
a&; j nq| †hgbÑ
[ Z& / `& + R&, k&, W&, j&, n&, = Z& / `& > R&; P& Ges k& > Q&; W; j&; `& Ges n& > a& nq| ]
D`& : D`& + R¡j = D¾¡j
D`& + k„•Lj = D”Q…•Lj
D`& + Wxb = DÇxb
D`& + jvm = Djøvm
D`& + üwZ = D×…wZ BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b D`& MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
3. cÖZxKx wbqg : `& / a&, + K P U Z c; L Q V _ d ev m& = `& / a& > K& P& U& Z& c& nq|
†hgbÑ
[ D`& Dcm‡M©i cieZ©x ¯’v I ¯Í¤-¢& avZzi m-Kv‡ii weK‡í †jvc nq| ¯§iYxq, †jvc bv n‡j m& > _& nq| ]
197
D`& : D`& + ¯’vb = DÌvb (c‡ÿ Dr_&_vb) [ `& + m& = `& > Z& nq ]
D`& + ¯’vcb = DÌvcb (c‡ÿ Dr_&_vcb)
D`& + ¯Í¤¢b = Dˤ¢b (c‡ÿ Dr_&Z¤¢b)
GLv‡b D`& MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
4. cÖZxKx wbqg : g& + AšÍ¯a’ Ÿwb ev D®§aŸwb = g& > s nq| †hgbÑ
mg& : mg& + hg = mshg
mg& + jvc = msjvc
mg& + mvi = msmvi
mg& + kq = mskq BZ¨vw`|
D‡jøL¨, wK¡c& cÖZ¨qvšÍ ivR& avZz c‡i ( ivR& + wK¡c& = ivU&) _vK‡j mg& Gi g& > s nq bv| †hgbÑ
mg& + ivU& = m¤ªvU& > m¤ªvU (ivRv)
GLv‡b mg& MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
5. cÖZxKx wbqg : g& + eM©xq aŸwb (K& Ñ g&) = g& > s ev †mB e‡M©i bvwmK¨ aŸwb nq| †hgbÑ
mg& : mg& + L¨v = msL¨v / m•Lv
mg& + MxZ = msMxZ / m½xZ
mg& + Pq = mÂq
mg& + b¨vm = mbœ¨vm BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b mg& MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
6. cÖZxKx wbqg : mg& / cwi + K…-avZz wb®úbœ kã = mg& Ges cwiÑGi ci h_vµ‡g m& I l& Kv‡ii AvMg
nq Ges mg&-Gi g& > s nq| †hgbÑ
mg& : mg&-(myU&) + K…Z = ms¯‥…Z
mg&-(myU&) + Kvi = ms¯‥vi
mg&-(myU&) + K…wZ = ms¯‥…wZ
cwi : cwi-(myU&) + Kvi = cwi®‥vi
cwi-(myU&) + K…Z = cwi®‥…Z BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b mg&, cwi MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
198
wemM©mwÜ
1. cÖZxKx wbqg : t + P / Q; U / V; Z / _ = t
h_vµ‡g k&, l& I m& nq| †hgbÑ
wbt : wbt + Pq = wbðq
wbt + Vzi = wbôzi
wbt + Zä / ¯Íä= wb¯Íä / wbt¯Íä
`yt : `yt + Zi = `y¯iÍ
`yt + m = `y¯’ / `yt¯’ (`wi`ª) BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b wbt (wbi& / wbm&), `yt& (`yi& / `ym&) MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
2. cÖZxKx wbqg : (A / Av + t) + K& L& M& N& O&; c& d& e& f& g& / K& L& c& d& = h_vµ‡g t m& nq| †hgbÑ
[ bgm& I cyim& MwZ msÁv cÖvß n‡j Zv‡`i m&-RvZ t m& n‡e, hw` K& L& c& d& c‡i _v‡K| ]
bgt : bgt + Kvi = bg¯‥vi (cÖYvg)
cyit : cyit + Kvi = cyi¯‥vi (cvwi‡ZvwlK) BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b, bgt (bgm&) I cyit (cyim&) MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
3. cÖZxKx wbqg : (B / D + t) + K& L& M& N& O&; c& d& e& f& g& / K& L& c& d& = h_vµ‡g t l& nq| †hgbÑ
[ wbt, Avwet, ewnt, `yt cÖf„wZ B-KvivšÍ I D-KvivšÍ MwZ k‡ãi c‡i K& L& c& d& _vK‡j D³ B I D-KvivšÍ
MwZ k‡ãi t l& nq| ]
wbt : wbt + Kvg = wb®‥vg
Avwet + Kvi = Avwe®‥vi
ewnt + K…Z = ewn®‥…Z
`yt : `yt + cÖvc¨ = `y®úÖvc¨
`yt + Ki = `y®‥i BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b wbt (wbi& / wbm&), `yt (`yi& / `ym&) cÖf…wZ B-KvivšÍ I D-KvivšÍ MwZ kã mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
4. cÖZxKx wbqg : (A / Av + t) + K& L& M& N& O&; c& d& e& f& g& / K& L& c& d& = h_vµ‡g t
[ wZit MwZ msÁv cÖvß n‡j D³ kã RvZ t weK‡í m& nq| ]
wZit : wZit + Kvi = wZi¯‥vi, wZit Kvi (AeÁv)
wZit + KZ©v = wZi¯‥Z©v, wZit KZ©v (AeÁvKvix)
wZit + K…Z = wZi¯‥…Z, wZit K…Z (Abv`„Z) BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b ÔwZitÕ MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿q Ki‡Q|
199
m& nq| †hgbÑ
5. cÖZxKx wbqg : A, Av wfbœ ¯^ieY© / t (MwZi †ÿ‡Î) + A Av; e‡M©i 3q, 4_©, 5g eY©; h& i& j& e& n& = t
i& / © (†id) nq| †hgbÑ
`yt : `yt + AšÍ = `yišÍ
`yt + bxwZ = `yb©xwZ
wbt : wbt + AvKvi =wbivKvi
wbt + MZ = wbM©Z
wbt + fq = wbf©q BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b `yi& / `ym& (`yt), wbi& / wbm& (wbt) MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
6. cÖZxKx wbqg : (B / D + t) [ MwZi †ÿ‡Î ] + i = ÔtÕ †jvc Ges B / D `xN© nq (C / E)| †hgbÑ
wbt : wbt + ie = bxie
wbt + †ivM = bx‡ivM
wbt + im = bxim BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b wbt (wbi& / wbm&) MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
3. MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y
cÖ-cÖf…wZ wbcvZ‡K MwZ msÁv Kivi Rb¨ †hme gva¨g i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y Ab¨Zg|
mvaviYZ Ae¨qxfve, Zrcyiæl (MwZ, cÖvw`) I eûeªxwn mgv‡m MwZi G mgvm-wbqš¿Y †`Lv hvq|52
`„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
Ae¨qxfve mgvm
1. Ae¨q kã (MwZi †ÿ‡Î) c~‡e© e‡m †h mgvm nq Ges †hLv‡b c~e©c‡`i A_© cÖvavb¨ cvq Zv‡K Ae¨qxfve
mgvm e‡j| †hgbÑ
K~‡ji mgx‡c = DcK~j (K~‡ji wbKU)
GLv‡b DcK~j k‡ã ÔDcÕ Ae¨q (MwZ) c~‡e© e‡m mgvm n‡q‡Q Ges Gi A_©B cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q| ZvB GwU
Ae¨qxfve mgv‡mi h_v_© D`vniY|
D‡jøL¨, mvgxc¨ (Dc), exáv (cÖwZ, Aby), Afve (wbi& = wbt), ch©šÍ (Av), mv`„k¨ (Dc), AwZµvšÍ (D`&),
we‡iva (cÖwZ), cðvr (Aby), Clr (Av), c~Y© ev mgMÖ (cwi ev mg&), `~ieZ©x (cÖ, ci), cÖwZwbwa (cÖwZ),
cÖwZØ›Øx (cÖwZ) cÖf„wZ A‡_© DwjøwLZ MwZ Øviv mgvm wbqwš¿Z nq| †hgbÑ
200
mvgxc¨ : e‡bi mgx‡c = Dceb (e‡bi wbKU)
ki‡`i mgx‡c = Dcki` (kirKv‡ji wbKU)
P‡g©i mgx‡c = DcPg© (P‡g©i wbKU)
b`xi mgx‡c = Dcb`x (b`xi wbKU)
wMwii mgx‡c = DcwMwi (ce©‡Zi wbKU)
exáv :
w`b w`b = cÖwZw`b (cÖZ¨n, w`b w`b)
ÿ‡Y ÿ‡Y = cÖwZÿ‡Y
R‡b R‡b = cÖwZRb
Aby :
†R¨ô †R¨ô = Aby‡R¨ô
eY© eY© = AbyeY©
ÿY ÿY = AbyÿY
Afve : wfÿvi Afve = `ywf©ÿ (AvKvj, wfÿvi Afve)
gwÿKvi Afve = wbg©wÿK (gwÿKvi ev gvwQi Afve)
Avwg‡li Afve = wbivwgl
we‡Nœi Afve = wbwe©Nœ
ch©šÍ :
mgy`ª ch©šÍ = Avmgy`ª
KÉ ch©šÍ = AvKÉ
mv`„k¨ : kn‡ii m`„k = Dckni
Øx‡ci m`„k = DcØxc
AwZµvšÍ : †ejv‡K AwZµvšÍ = D‡Øj
k„•Ljv‡K AwZµvšÍ = D”Q…•Lj
we‡iva : weiæ× ev` = cÖwZev`
weiæ× K~j = cÖwZK~j
cðvr : cðvr Mgb = AbyMgb
cðvr aveb = Abyaveb
M„‡ni cðvr = AbyM„n (N‡ii wcQ‡b)
Clr : Clr iw³g = Aviw³g
Clr bZ = AvbZ
c~Y© ev mgMÖ : c~Y© c~Y© = cwic~Y©, m¤ú~Y©
`~ieZ©x : Awÿi A‡MvP‡i = c‡ivÿ
wcZvg‡ni c~‡e© = cÖwcZvgn
cÖwZwbwa : Qvqv Qvqv = cÖwZ”Qvqv
we¤^ we¤^ = cÖwZwe¤^
201
cÖwZØ›`¦x :
cÿ cÿ = cÖwZcÿ
DËi DËi = cÖZz¨Ëi
GLv‡b Dc-cÖf…wZ MwZ wewfbœ A‡_© Ae¨qxfve mgvm wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
bT&-Zrcyiæl
c~e©c‡` bT_©K ev wb‡lav_©K Ae¨q (A, Ab&, wb cÖf…wZ) e¨eüZ n‡q †h Zrcyiæl mgvm nq Zv‡K bT&Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi g‡Z ÔbvÕ A‡_© k‡ãi Avw`‡Z bT&-Zrcyiæl mgv‡m A, Ab&
cÖf„wZ †h Ae¨q e‡m Zv g~jZ DcmM©ag©x| †hgbÑ
A : b (bT&) ag© = Aag©
b (bT&) Kvj = AKvj
GLv‡b A cÖf…wZ MwZ bT& A‡_© mgvm-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q| ¯§iYxq, GB ÔAÕ Dcm‡M©i ÔAÕ bq| GwU bT&-Gi
ÔAÕ|
Ab& : b (bT&) DwPZ = AbywPZ
b (bT&) D`vi = Aby`vi
wb, wbi& : †bB (bT&) Aÿi = wbiÿi
†bB (bT&) fzj = wbf©yj
GLv‡b Aby, wbi& MwZ bT& A‡_© mgvm-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
MwZ-Zrcyiæl
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU DcmM©; Ajg&, cyim& Avwem&, A¯Íg,& wZim&, bgm& cÖf…wZ Ae¨q Ges wP¦ I WvP&
cÖZ¨qvšÍ kã avZzi mv‡_ hy³ n‡j Zv ÔMwZÕ msÁv cÖvß nq| avZzi mv‡_ MwZ-i †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K MwZZrcyiæl mgvm e‡j|
jÿYxq †h, evsjvq †Kej Ajg&, cyim& Avwem&, wZim&, bgm&, ewnm&, cwim&, Ang&, cÖf…wZ Ae¨q †`Lv hvq|
GB Ae¨q¸wj DcmM© bv n‡jI e¨env‡i Dcm‡M©i Abyiƒc e‡j K…`šÍ c‡`i Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© e¨eüZ nq|
e¨vKi‡Yi cwifvlvq G¸wj‡K MwZ e‡j| †hgbÑ
Ajg& Ajs-Kvi = Aj¼vi
cyim& cyit-Kvi = cyi¯‥vi
Avwem& Avwet-Kvi = Avwe®‥vi
wZim& wZit-Kvi = wZi¯‥vi
bgm& bgt-Kvi = bg¯‥vi
[ K… + NT& = Kvi ]
202
ewnm&
cwim&
Ang&
ewnt-Kvi = ewn®‥vi
cwit-Kvi = cwi®‥vi
Ans-Kvi = AnsKvi BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b DwjøwLZ MwZ Ae¨q¸wj mgvm-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
D‡jøL¨, MwZ n‡Z n‡j K…`šÍ c‡`i m‡½ _vK‡Z n‡e Ges wbZ¨B mgvm n‡e|
cÖvw`-Zrcyiæl
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq cÖ-cÖf„wZ 20wU wbcvZ wµqvi m‡½ hy³ n‡j, Zv‡K DcmM© e‡j| Z‡e wµqvi m‡½ hy³ n‡j
Zv‡K MwZI e‡j| GKvi‡Y DcmM©¸wji Av‡iKwU msÁv nq MwZ| myešÍc‡`i mv‡_ DcmM©hy³ wµqvc‡`i
†h mgvm nq, Zv‡K cÖvw`-Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j|
jÿYxq †h, evsjvq c~e©c‡` cÖ-cÖf…wZ 20wU DcmM© K…`šÍ ev bvgc‡`i c~‡e© †_‡K †h mgvm nq Zv‡K cÖvw`Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgbÑ
K…`šÍ c` :
cÖ : cÖ-MwZ = cÖMwZ
cÖ-fvZ = cÖfvZ
cÖ-ePb = cÖePb
cwi : cwi-ågY = cwiågY
[
[
[
[
Mg& + w³ = MwZ ]
fv + ³ = fvZ ]
eP& + AbU& = ePb ]
åg& + AbU& = ågY ]
Aby : Aby-Zvc = AbyZvc BZ¨vw`|
bvg c` :
[ Zc& + NT& = Zvc ]
Av-AvPvh© = AvPvh© (wek¦we`¨vj‡qi P¨vb&‡mji)
Dc-AvPvh© = DcvPvh© (AvPv‡h©i mnKvix)
cÖ-AvPvh© = cÖvPvh© (f~Zc~e© Aa¨vcK)
cÖ-wcZvgn = cÖwcZvgn
my-cyiæl = mycyiæl
we-gvZv = wegvZv
my-ivRv = myivRv
`yt-Rb = `yRb©
D`&-†ejv = D‡Øj
[ †ejv‡K DrµvšÍ ]
AwZ-evj¨ = AwZevj¨ [ evj¨‡K AwZµvšÍ ]
GLv‡b DwjøwLZ cÖvw` Ae¨q¸wj mgvm-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
[ Av- Pi + N¨Y& = AvPvh© ]
D‡jøL¨, cÖvw` n‡Z n‡j Aek¨B K…`šÍ ev bvgc‡`i m‡½ _vK‡Z n‡e Ges wbZ¨B mgvm n‡e|
203
eûeªxwn mgvm
eûeªxwn mgv‡mi mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn mgv‡m MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y †`Lv hvq| ZvB †h eûeªxwn mgv‡m
c~e©c` we‡klY I cic` we‡kl¨ nq Zv‡K mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| †hgbÑ
D`& : D`MZ evû hvi = DØvû
my : my›`i MÜ hvi = myMwÜ
my›`i ü`q hvi = myü`
my›`i kÖx hvi = mykÖx
my›`i eY© hvi = myeY©
`yi& : `yó (`yi&) ü`q hvi = `yü©`
mg& : mgvb eqmx †h = mgeqmx
we : MZ cÖvY hvi = weMZcÖvY
MZ †h․eb hvi = weMZ‡h․eb BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b D`&, my, `yi,& mg&, we MwZ mgvm-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
jÿYxq, GKwU DcmM© Øviv A‡bK kã MVb Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î GKwU DcmM© Øviv GK ev GKvwaK kã MVb
K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| Zvi gv‡b DcmM© Øviv †h A‡bK kãMVb Kiv hvq †mUv †`Lv‡bvB GLv‡b g~j D‡Ïk¨|
ZvQvov DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q, MwZ Øviv mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ges MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿‡Yi wbqg¸wj
g~jZ ms¯‥…Z †_‡KB evsjv fvlvq cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| cÖ‡e‡ki †ÿ‡Î wbq‡gi †Kv‡bv e¨wZµg N‡Uwb| N‡U‡Q
ïay k‡ãi wefw³i †ÿ‡Î| A_©vr ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi myc& wefw³ RvZ k‡ãi cÖ_gvi GKeP‡bi wefw³
cwiZ¨³ iƒcwUB evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi g~j kã| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc :
ms¯‥…Z
evsjv
cÖ : cÖ- bg& + NT& = cÖYvg + myc& = cÖYvgt (bg¯‥vi, cÖYwZ)
cÖ : cÖ-bvg = cÖYvg (cÖYwZ) [ bg& + NT& = bvg ]
Awa : Awa + Ck¦i = Aaxk¦i + myc& = Aaxk¦it
Awa : Awa + Ck¦i = Aaxk¦i
mgxc : ebm¨ mgxcg& = Dceb + myc& = Dcebg& (e‡bi wbKU) mvgxc¨ (Dc) : e‡bi mgx‡c = Dceb (e‡bi wbKU)
GLv‡b cÖYvgt, Aaxk¦it, Dcebg& (ms¯‥…Z iƒc)
cÖYvg, Aaxk¦i, Dceb (evsjv iƒc) G‡m‡Q|
204
evsjv fvlvq mKj DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi e¨envi
K) evsjv fvlvi ev‡K¨ mKj ms¯‥…Z DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi e¨envi
Dch©y³ ms¯‥…Z DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ kã evsjv fvlvi ev‡K¨ wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡jv|53
1. AwZ
AwZe„wó : AwZe„wói d‡j †`kevmx Gevi eb¨vi Avk¼v Ki‡Q|
D‡jøL¨, evsjvq ÔAwZÕ DcmM©wU we‡kl¨ I we‡klY iƒ‡cI e¨eüZ nq| †hgbÑ
we‡kl¨ iƒ‡cÑ †Kvb wKQzi AwZ fv‡jv bq|
we‡klY iƒ‡cÑ Zvi AwZ evo †e‡o‡Q|
2. Awa
AwaKvi : wkÿv my‡hvM bq, AwaKvi|
3. Aby
AbyPi : †nv‡mb AbyPi wQ‡jb|
4. Awc
AwcwbwnwZ : AwcwbwnwZ aŸwb cwieZ©‡bi GKwU m~Î|
5. Ac
Acgvb : Acgv‡b †Kb AvwR Z¨vwRjv civY|
6. Ae
Ae‡iva : we‡ivax`j miKvi cZ‡b Ae‡iva †W‡K‡Q|
7. Awf
Awfb›`b : †Zvgv‡K Awfb›`b|
8. Av
AvKÉ : Zzwg AvKÉ †fvRb K‡iQ|
9. D`&
D¾¡j : Avwg †Zvgvi D¾¡j fwel¨Z Kvgbv Kwi|
10. Dc
DcKvi : Zuvi DcKviB Avgvi Dcnvi|
11. `yi&
`ywf©ÿ : `ywf©ÿ A‡bK Kó`vqK|
12. wbi&
wba©viY : wZwb KvRwU wba©viY K‡i‡Qb|
13. wb
wbK„ó : wbK…ó gvbyl‡K †KD cQ›` K‡i bv|
14. cÖ
cÖMwZ : cÖMwZi w`‡K cÖPv‡iB cÖmvi|
15. civ
civRq : civR‡q W‡i bv exi|
16. cwi
cwifvlv : myfvlYB cwifvlv|
17. cÖwZ
cÖwZÁv : GwU Avgvi †kl cÖwZÁv|
18. we
webq : webq weRq Av‡b|
205
19. my
myK…wZ : wZwb myK…wZ e‡q G‡b‡Qb|
20. mg&
mgveZ©b : XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q cÖwZeQi mgveZ©b AbywôZ nq|
21. AšÍi& / AšÍt
AšÍi½ : Zvi mv‡_ Avgvi m¤úK© AšÍi½|
we‡kl †ÿ‡ÎÑ
1. GKvwaK Zrmg DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi e¨envi :
evsjv fvlvq GKvwaK evsjv I we‡`kx DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi e¨envi †`Lv hvq bv| A_©vr LuvwU evsjv I
we‡`kx DcmM© wKš‘ GKB k‡ã GKwUi †ewk e¨eüZ nq bv| wKš‘ G fvlvq GKvwaK Zrmg DcmM©hy³
k‡ãi e¨envi cwijwÿZ nq|54 †hgbÑ
e¨vKiY : evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY Ávb Riæwi|
Ace¨envi : mg‡qi Ace¨envi Kiv DwPZ bq|
`yiwfmwÜ : Zvi `yiwfmwÜ i‡q‡Q|
mgwfe¨vnvi : Avwg Zvi mgwfe¨vnvi (m½, mvnPh©) Kvgbv Kwi|
2. Zrmg Ae¨‡qi DcmM©iƒ‡c e¨envi :
c~‡e©B D³ n‡q‡Q evsjv fvlvq Zrmg KZ¸wj Ae¨q †`Lv hvq| G Ae¨q¸wj DcmM© bv n‡jI Dcm‡M©i
Abyiƒc avZzi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© e‡m bZzb kã MVb K‡i| G ai‡bi Ae¨qhy³ kã‡K MwZkã e‡j| G‡`i
e¨enviI evsjv fvlvq cwijwÿZ nq|55 †hgbÑ
Avwe®‥vi : RM`xk P›`ª emy cÖ_g †iwWI Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Qb|
RM`xk P›`ª emy Mv‡Qi cÖvY Av‡Q cÖ_g Avwe®‥vi K‡i‡Qb|
cwi®‥vi : cwi®‥vi Rvgv-Kvco cwiavb K‡iv|
bg¯‥vi : ¸iæRb‡K bg¯‥vi K‡iv|
3. Zrmg Dcm‡M©i ¯^Zš¿ e¨envi :
evsjv fvlvq evsjv Dcm‡M©i ¯^Zš¿ e¨envi †`Lv hvq bv| wKš‘ G fvlvq ÔAwZÕ I ÔcÖwZÕ Zrmg Dcm‡M©i
¯^Zš¿ e¨envi †`Lv hvq|56 †hgbÑ
AwZ eo e„× cwZ|
gv_v cÖwZ GK UvKv Puv`v|
206
L) evsjv fvlvi ev‡K¨ mKj evsjv DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi e¨envi
Dchy©³ evsjv DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ kã evsjv fvlvi ev‡K¨ wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡jv|57
1. A
AKvR : AKv‡R nvZ w`‡q jvf †bB|
2. ANv
ANvivg : ANviv‡gi nv‡Z c‡o KvRUvB bó n‡jv|
3. AR
ARg~L© : ARg~‡L©i g‡Zv K_v e‡jv bv|
4. Abv
Abv`i : wkïwU Abv`‡i evm Ki‡Q|
5. Av
AvMvQv : AvMvQv †Kvb Kv‡R jv‡M bv|
6. Avo
Avo‡PvL : Avo‡Pv‡L ZvwKI bv|
7. Avb
Avbgbv : †Zvgv‡K AvR Avbgbv g‡b n‡”Q|
8. Ave
AveWvj : Mv‡Qi AveWv‡j e‡m Wv‡K em‡šÍi †KvwKj|
9. BwZ
BwZnvm : BwZnvm K_v Kq|
10. Db
DbfvZ : Dbvfv‡Z `ybv ej|
11. K`&
K`‡ej : mevB K`‡ej †L‡Z cQ›` K‡i|
12. Kz
KvR : KzKvR K‡iv bv|
13. wb
wbjvR : wbjvR KzjUv f~wg|
14. cvwZ
cvwZKvK : cvwZKvK evsjv‡`i cwiwPZ cvwL|
15. we
wef~uB : †m UvKvi Rb¨ we‡`‡k wefu~B‡q cvwo w`‡q‡Q|
16. fi
fi‡cU : fi‡cU †L‡q gv‡V Pjjvg|
17. ivg
ivgQvMj : †jvKwU ivgQvMj wb‡q gv‡V P‡j‡Q|
18. m
mie : mܨv Nwb‡q G‡j cvwLiv mie nq|
19. mv
mv‡Rvqvb : †mbvevwnbx mv‡Rvqvbfv‡e m¤§y‡L AMÖmi n‡”Q|
20. my
myKvR : myKvR Ki‡j m¤§vb ev‡o|
21. nv
nvfvZ : nvfv‡Z †jvKwU gviv †Mj|
207
M) evsjv fvlvq ev‡K¨ mKj we‡`kx DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi e¨envi
Dchy©³ we‡`kx DcmM©‡hv‡M MwVZ kã evsjv fvlvi ev‡K¨ wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡jv|58
Bs‡iwR :
1. dzj
dzjkvU© : gvbm dzjkvU© co‡Z cQ›` K‡i|
2. nvd
nvdc¨v›U : wkïwU nvdc¨v›U c‡o ¯‥z‡j hvq|
3. †nW
†nWgv÷vi : evey wbiÄb NUK Avgv‡`i †nWgv÷vi wQ‡jb|
4. mve
mveRR : mveRR GRjv‡m e‡m cywj‡ki Revbew›` wb‡”Qb|
dviwm :
1. Kvi
KviLvbv : kÖwg‡Kiv KviLvbvq KvR K‡i|
2. `i
`iLv¯Í : QzwUi Rb¨ `iLv¯Í wjL|
3. bv
bvivR : †m KvR Ki‡Z bvivR|
4. wbg
wbgivwR : G wel‡q †m wbgivwR|
5. wd
wdmb : mevi wdmb Ki cÖ`vb Kiv DwPZ|
6. e`
e`‡gRvR : †jvKwU e`‡gRvRx|
7. †e
†eZvi : †m †eZv‡i msev` cvV K‡i|
8. ei
ei‡Ljvc : Zvi ei‡Ljvc Avi mn¨ nq bv|
9. e
ebvg : evsjv‡`k ebvg fviZ wµ‡KU †Ljv n‡qwQj|
10. Kg
Kg‡cv³ : Kg‡cv³ wRwbm †UKmB bq|
Aviwe :
1. Avg
Avg`ievi : Zviv Avg`iev‡i nvwRi|
2. Lvm
Lvmgnj : beve‡`i Lvmgn‡j cÖ‡ekvwaKvi msiwÿZ _vKZ|
3. jv
jvcvËv : Ag‡bv‡hvMx QvÎiv jvcvËv n‡q hvq|
4. Mi
Miwgj : †Zvgv‡`i wnmv‡e Miwgj †`LwQ|
208
D`y-© wnw›` :
1. ni ni‡ivR : wZwb ni‡ivR evwo hvb|
2. n‡iK n‡iKiKg : †dwoIqvjviv n‡iKiKg gvjvgvj wewµ K‡i|
D‡jøL¨, evsjv fvlvq Gfv‡e AmsL¨ DcmM©hy³ kã e¨eüZ n‡q evsjv fvlv‡K K‡i‡Q mg„w×kvjx|
evsjv DcmM© m¤ú‡K© wewkóRb‡`i e³e¨
evsjv fvlvq DcmM© kã MV‡bi Ab¨Zg Dcvq| DcmM© wfbœv_©K bZzb bZzb kã •Zwimn k‡ãi A‡_©i
c~Y©Zv, m¤úªmviY, ms‡KvPb, cwieZ©b, wewkóZv `vb I k‡ãi evbv‡b cwieZ©b cÖf…wZ KvR K‡i _v‡K|
Gme Kv‡Ri Rb¨ DcmM© †Kej cÖ‡qvRbxq bq, fvlvi c‡ÿ Acwinvh©| DcmM© m¤ú‡K© wewkóRb wewfbœ
gšÍe¨ cÖ`vb K‡ib| †hgbÑ
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Zuvi ÔkãZË¡Õ MÖ‡š’i DcmM©-mgv‡jvPbv kxl©K cÖe‡Ü DcmM©‡K gv‡Qi †QvÆ cvLbvi m‡½
Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| cvLbvi mvnv‡h¨ †hgb gvQ Wv‡b, ev‡q, mvg‡b I wcQ‡b we‡kl MwZ jvf K‡i, †Zgwb
Dcm‡M©i mvnv‡h¨I K…`šÍ c` ev bvgc` MwZ jvf K‡i| cvwYwb †h DcmM© m¤ú‡K© MwZ msÁvwU [ cÖv`qt
(cv. 1 / 4 / 58) / MwZð (cv. 1 / 4 / 60) ] e¨envi K‡i‡Qb Zvi m‡½ A‡_©i GB MwZe`‡ji m¤úK©
_vKv wewPÎ bq| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii fvlvqÑ
gv‡Qi ÿz`ª cvLbv‡K Zvnvi A½cÖZ¨‡½i g‡a¨ Zz”Q ewjqvB †eva nq, wKš‘ Zvnv‡`iB Pvjbv Øviv gvQ `wÿ‡Y
ev‡g m¤§y‡L cðv‡Z we‡kl MwZ jvf K‡i| †Kej ZvB bq, cÖvYxZË¡wer‡`i †Pv‡L Zvnv Le©vK…wZ nvZ
cv‡qiB mvwgj| †ZgbB BD‡ivcxq Avh©fvlvq Prefix I fviZxq Avh©fvlvi DcmM©¸wj mvaviYZ Avgv‡`i
†Pv‡L GovBqv hvq ewjqv kã avZzi A‡½ Zvnv‡`i cÖvavb¨ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Avgv‡`i ü`qsMg nq bv| Ges
Zvnviv †h m¤¢eZ Avh©fvlvq cÖ_g eq‡m ¯^vaxb kãiƒ‡c wQj Ges Kvjµ‡g Le©Zv cÖvß nBqv civwkÖZ nBqv
cwoqv‡Q, Giƒc mskq Avgv‡`i g‡b ¯’vb cvq bv|59
209
D³ gšÍe¨wU wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv60 :
ÿz`ª cvLbv
gv‡Qi cvLbv = DcmM©
wPÎ - 1 : cyKy†ii cvwb‡Z gvQ
D³ gšÍe¨wUi e¨vKiYMZ `„óvšÍ :
K… (Kiv) + NT& (A) = Kvi (Kvh©)
g~j kã
Av
we
Dc
AvKvi (AvK…wZ)
weKvi (öjb)
Kvi
DcKvi (mvnvh¨)
cÖ
mg&
Ac
cÖKvi (cÖ‡f`)
ms¯‥vi (ïw×)
AcKvi (Awbó)
GLv‡b Av, we, Dc, cÖ, mg&, Ac cÖf…wZ ÔKviÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q m„ó bZzb kã¸wj‡Z gv‡Qi †QvU cvLbvi
b¨vq KvR Ki‡Q|
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Zuvi ÔevsjvfvlvÑ cwiPqÕ MÖ‡š’ ms¯‥…Z DcmM© m¤ú‡K© Avi GKwU gšÍe¨ K‡i‡QbÑ
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq KZK¸‡jv UzK‡iv kã Av‡Q, †h¸†jvi ¯^Zš¿ KvR †bB, Zviv ev‡K¨i jvBb e`wj‡q †`q|
†i‡ji iv¯Ívq †hgb wmM&b¨vj, wfbœ w`‡K wfbœ i‡Oi Av‡jvq Zv‡`i wfbœ iK‡gi ms‡KZ, ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi
DcmM©¸‡jv k‡ãi gv_vq Pov †mB iKg wmM&b¨vj| †Kv‡bvUv‡Z Av‡Q wb‡la, †Kv‡bvUv †`Lvq G‡Mvevi c_,
†Kv‡bvUv evB‡ii c_, †Kv‡bvUv wb‡Pi w`‡K, †Kv‡bvUv Dc‡ii w`‡K, †Kv‡bvUv Pviw`‡K, †Kv‡bvUv Wv‡K
wd‡i Avm‡Z| ÔMZÕ k‡ã ÔAvÕ DcmM© Ry‡o w`‡j nq ÔAvMZÕ, †mUv jÿ¨ Kivq Kv‡Qi w`‡K; Ôwbi&Õ Ry‡o
210
w`‡j nq ÔwbM©ZÕ, †`wL‡q †`q evB‡ii w`K; ÔAbyÕ Ry‡o w`‡j nq ÔAbyMZÕ, †`wL‡q †`q wcQ‡bi w`K;
†Zgwb ÔmsMZÕ Ô`yM©ZÕ ÔAcMZÕ cÖf…wZ k‡ã bvbv w`‡K ZR©bx Pvjv‡bv|61
D³ gšÍe¨wU wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv62 :
njy` evwZ
meyR evwZ
jvj evwZ
†i‡ji iv¯Ívq wewfbœ i‡Oi evwZi wmM&b¨vj = DcmM©
wPÎ Ñ 2 : †ij jvB‡b Pjgvb †ijMvwo
D³ gšÍe¨wUi e¨vKiYMZ `„óvšÍ :
Mg& (hvIqv) + ³ (Z) = MZ (wM‡qwQj)
g~j kã
Av
AvMZ (Kv‡Q Avmv)
wbi&
wbM©Z (evB‡i)
Aby
AbyMZ (Aaxb)
MZ
mg&
msMZ (hyw³hy³)
`yi&
`yM©Z (wec`MÖ¯Í)
Ac
AcMZ (cjvwqZ)
GLv‡b Av, wbi&, Aby, mg&, `yi,& Ac cÖf…wZ ÔMZÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q m„ó bZzb kã¸wj‡Z †i‡ji iv¯Ívq
wewfbœ i‡Oi evwZi wmM&b¨v‡ji b¨vq KvR Ki‡Q|
211
Dcm‡M©i †Z‡jRgvwZ (hv`y) m¤ú‡K© hZxb miKv‡ii gšÍe¨Ñ
†iv‡Mi †ejvq DcmM©¸‡jv †h KvR K‡i, k‡ãi †ejvq e¨vKi‡Yi DcmM©¸‡jvI cÖvq GKB iK‡gi KvR
K‡i|63
G gšÍe¨wUi e¨vL¨vq ejv nqÑ
†iv‡Mi m‡½ bZzb DcmM© (g~j †iv‡Mi Avbylw½K Ab¨ †ivM) Ry‡U A‡bK mgq g~j †ivMwU‡K e`‡j w`‡q
bZzb †ivMB evwb‡q †d‡j| †hgbÑ Wv³vi‡K wM‡q Zzwg ej‡jÑ Avgvi fvB‡qi Lye R¡i, `qv K‡i Avgv‡`i
evmvq Pjyb| Wv³vi ej‡jb, R¡i †Zv eySjvg, m‡½ DcmM© Kx Av‡Q? Zzwg nq‡Zv ej‡j, Lye Mv Kuvcywb Avi
Nb-Nb wccvmv| Wv³vi ej‡jb, ûu g‡b nq g¨v‡jwiqv| wKš‘ Zzwg hw` ej‡Z, AvR mvivw`b hver R¡i Qv‡o
bv| †cUUvI Lvivc Zvn‡j †cULviv‡ci K_v ï‡bB Wv³vi M¤¢xi n‡q ej‡Zb †Zvgvi fvB‡qi †Zv
UvBd‡qW R¡i n‡q †M‡Q g‡b nq| Avevi hw` ej‡Z AvR K‡qKw`b hver Ii R¡i| ey‡K Lye Kd R‡g
†M‡Q, NoNo kã n‡”Q, Zvn‡j wKš‘ Wv³vi DwØMœ n‡q ej‡Zb, G †Zv wbD‡gvwbqvi †Km| Zzwg GKUz em
Avwg •Zwi n‡q wbw”Q| Gfv‡eB †h me Wv³vi †ivM wbY©q K‡ib ev Ki‡Z cv‡ib, ejwQ bv| Z‡e †iv‡Mi
m‡½ bZzb DcmM© hy³ nIqvi m‡½-m‡½ †h A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB †iv‡Mi cÖK…wZ e`‡j hvq, †ivMwUi bZzb bvg
n‡q hvqÑ G K_v wVK|
bZzb DcmM© Ry‡U bZzb †ivM n‡q hvIqvi m‡½ e¨vKi‡Yi wK m¤úK© Av‡Q? Avwg ejjvg H ÔnviÕ k‡ãi
K_vB ai bv| ÔnviÕ Kv‡K e‡j †evS †Zv? ÔnvoÕ-Gi K_v ejwQ bv wKš‘| ÔnviÕ n‡jv Mjvq c‡i †h Mnbv,
Zvi bvg| ÔnviÕ A_© civRqI nq| Mjvi gvjvB †nvK Avi civRqB †nvK hw` ejv nqÑ AvR‡K e¨vKiY
covi ci mevB †_‡Kv GLv‡b| ÔnviÕ Gi Av‡M ÔAvÕ jvMv‡bv n‡e ZLb Kx n‡e ej †Zv? wK Avi n‡e?
ÔnviÕ-Gi Av‡M ÔAvÕ jvMv‡bv gv‡b ÔAvnviÕ| gv‡b LvIqv| LvIqvi K_v ïb‡j †Zv Avgiv LywkB ne|
Zvici hw` ejv nq Avnv‡ii ci ÔnviÕ-Gi Av‡M ÔweÕ jvMv‡bv n‡e, ZLb n‡e ÔwenviÕ| wenv‡iI †Zv
wbðqB Lywk n‡e| Zvici hw` ejv nq ÔnviÕ-Gi Av‡M ÔDcÕ jvMv‡bv n‡e| ZLb †Zv Lywki Avi AšÍB
_vK‡eB bv| Avnvi nj, wenvi nj, Gici Dcnvi wb‡q evwo wdi‡eÑ Gi †P‡q Lywki e¨vcvi Avi Kx
Av‡Q? Av”Qv Gch©šÍ †Zv †ek fvjB Pjj| Zvici ax‡i-my‡¯’ †hB ejv nj GKUz A‡cÿv K‡i †hI wKš‘,
ÔnviÕ-Gi Av‡M ÔcÖÖ jvMv‡bv n‡e ZLb gy‡Li Ae¯’v †Kgb n‡e ej †Zv? Avnvi, wenvi, DcnviÑ Gici
G‡Kev‡i ÔcÖnviÕ| Zv‡ZI hw`ev wKQzUv euv‡Pvqv, wKš‘ †k‡l hLb ejv n‡e ÔnviÕ-Gi Av‡M Ômg&Õ jvwM‡q
Kiv n‡e ÔmsnviÕ, ZLb? ZLb Avi Kx? Avnv‡i Lywk, msnv‡i †kl| ZvB †`L GK ÔnviÕ kãB Av‡M DcmM©
212
wb‡q KZ iK‡gi e`‡j †Mj| Gme bZzb k‡ã ÔnviÕ-Gi g~j A_©‡K Lyu‡RB cvIqv hvq bv| kã‡K, k‡ãi
A_©‡K e`‡j w`‡q bZzb kã ev‡bv‡bvB nj G‡`i (Dcm‡M©i) KvR| †iv‡Mi DcmM©¸wj †iv‡Mi m‡½ e‡m hv
K‡i, e¨vKi‡Yi DcmM©¸wjI wK k‡ãi m‡½ e‡m ZvB K‡i bv? AZGe Dcm‡M©i †Z‡jRgvwZ †Zv Kg bv!
D³ gšÍe¨wUi e¨vKiYMZ `„óvšÍ :
ü (Pzwi Kiv ) + NT& (A) = nvi (Mnbv, civRq)
g~j kã
Av
we
Dc
cÖ
mg&
Avnvi (LvIqv)
wenvi (ågY Kiv)
Dcnvi (Dc‡X․Kb)
cÖnvi (AvNvZ Kiv)
msnvi (nZ¨v)
nvi
GLv‡b Av, we, Dc, cÖ, mg&, cÖf…wZ ÔnviÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q m„ó bZzb kã¸wj‡Z R¡i †iv‡Mi †ejvq
†iv‡Mi DcmM©¸wj †hiƒc KvR K‡i †miƒc k‡ãi †ejvq G¸wj cÖvq GKB iK‡g KvR Ki‡Q|
evsjv DcmM© m¤ú‡K© W. L›`Kvi kvgxg Avn‡g‡`i gšÍe¨Ñ
b`x‡Z Pjgvb GKwU †b․Kvi c_ wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvwbi wb‡P _vKv nvjwUi f~wgKv KZUyKz Zv mevi Rvbv|
MšÍ‡e¨ †cu․Qv‡Z †b․Kvi Zjvq dz‡Uv Av‡Q wKbv, Zv †`Lv †hgb Riæwi, nvjwUi †LuvR †bIqv †Zgwb Riæix|
evsjv fvlvq Ggb wKQz Ae¨qiƒc DcmM© Av‡Q hv k‡ãi Av‡M e‡m GB †b․Kvi nv‡ji g‡Zv KvR K‡i|
ÔKvRÕ (Kg©) ej‡j A‡_©i b`x‡Z mwVK w`Kwb‡`©k hZUv nq; AKvR (wb›`bxq KvR), myKvR (fv‡jv Kg©)
ej‡j Zvi †ewk nq| Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q ÔKvRÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© A, my DcmM© hy³ n‡q ÔKvRÕ-Gi A_© e`‡j
w`‡q‡Q| GB A‡_©i w`K e`jv‡bv ÿgZvai GB nvjwUi bvg DcmM©|64
D³ gšÍe¨wU wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z n‡jv65 :
213
nvj
†b․Kvi nvj = DcmM©
wPÎ Ñ 3 : b`x‡Z Pjgvb †b․Kv
D³ gšÍe¨wUi e¨vKiYMZ `„óvšÍ :
K… + N¨Y = Kvh©
K¾
KvR
g~j kã
A
AKvR (wb›`bxq KvR)
KvR
my
myKvR (fv‡jv KvR)
GLv‡b A, my cÖf…wZ ÔKvRÕ k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q m„ó bZzb kã؇q †b․Kvi nv‡ji b¨vq KvR Ki‡Q|
D‡jøL¨, ÔAKvRÕ k‡ãi ÔAÕ bT& Gi ÔAÕ bq , Dcm‡M©i ÔAÕ|
evsjv Dcm‡M©i ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
evsjv fvlvq DcmM©mg~‡ni jÿY, msL¨v, A_© I e¨envi cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î •ew`K I ms¯‥…Z †_‡K wKQzUv
e¨wZµg †`Lv hvq| c~‡e©B D³ n‡q‡Q evsjv fvlvi •eqvKi‡Yiv Dcm‡M©i A_© wePv‡i A‡bKUv ga¨cš’x|
we‡kl K‡i Zuviv Dcm‡M©i A_© m„wó Kivi ÿgZv Av‡Q m¤úwK©Z evK¨wUi (DcmM©¯Í¡_©we‡klm¨‡`¨vZKvt|
A_ev, DcmM©vt c`v_©vbvs †`¨vZKv b Zz evPKvt|
Dcm‡M©i †`¨vZKZv Av‡Q wKš‘ evPKZv †bB|)
†`¨vZKZv Avi evPKZv m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, G `ywU g~jZ A‡bKUv GKB iKg| †hgbÑÔcÖÕ-Gi g‡a¨ GKUv cÖ_g
ev cÖK‡l©i A_© jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| cÖfvZ, cÖYvg BZ¨vw` A‡_© H A_© aiv c‡o| Z`ªƒc ÔbZÕ ej‡j bwZi fveUv
hZUzKz cÖKvk cvq, ÔcÖYZÕ ej‡j bwZi fveUv Zvi †P‡q †ewk Zv eySv hvq| ¯§iYxq, evsjv fvlvi ¯^bvgab¨
214
fvlvwe` mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& cÖgyL •ew`K fvlvi •eqvKiY AvPvh© MvM©¨, hv¯‥
cÖgy‡Li g‡Zv Dcm‡M©i GK ev GKvwaK A_© Av‡Q G K_v ¯^xKvi K‡ib| D‡jøL¨, evsjv fvlvi mv¤úªwZK
Kv‡ji •eqvKi‡Yiv Ge¨vcv‡i wfbœ gZ †cvlY K‡ib| A_©vr Guiv •ew`‡Ki kvKUvq‡bi Ges ms¯‥…‡Z cvwYwb
e¨vKiYva¨vwqM‡Yi gZvbymvix| Avevi, Dcm‡M©i e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq Giv K…`šÍ ev bvg-k‡ãi c~‡e©
hy³ (•ew`K I ms¯‥…‡Z cv_©K¨ Av‡Q) n‡q em‡Z cv‡i (`y-GKwU e¨wZµg Qvov)| G‡`i (Dcm‡M©i) Giƒc
A_©všÍi I e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y (c~‡e© D³ n‡q‡Q) evsjv kãfvÐvi A‡bK F× n‡q‡Q| Avgiv Rvwb, †h‡Kv‡bv
fvlvi mg„w× wbf©i K‡i kãfvÐv‡ii Ici| †h fvlvi kã msL¨v hZ †ewk I •ewPΨgq †m fvlv ZZ DbœZ|
ZvQvov fvlv‡K mej I mRxe ivL‡Z n‡j hyM cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ bvbvfv‡e bZzb kã m„wói cÖ‡qvRb
†`Lv hvq| DbœZ fvlv ZvB bZzb bZzb kã m„wó K‡i Zvi kãfvÐvi‡K mg„× K‡i †Zvjvi †Póv K‡i| evsjv
fvlv‡ZI Gfv‡e kã MVb Kiv nq| G fvlvi kãfvÐvi wewPÎ Dcv‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q| †mm‡ei g‡a¨ ÔDcmM©Õ
Øviv kã MVb Ab¨Zg| Avi GKvi‡YB evsjv fvlvq Dcm‡M©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv A‡bK| G fvlvi wbR¯^
Dcm‡M©i evBi †_‡KI Ab¨-fvlv †hgbÑ ms¯‥…Z I we‡`kx (Bs‡iwR, Aviwe, dviwm I D`©y-wnw›`) fvlv
†_‡K Dcm‡M©i AvMgb N‡U‡Q| evsjv fvlvi e¨vKi‡Yi Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Îi g‡Zv Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡Î ÔeR©b bq
eis MÖnYÕÑ GB bxwZ AbymiY K‡i †m hyM hyM a‡i Zvi kã fvÐvi‡K F× K‡i P‡j‡Q| evsjv fvlvi
iƒcZË¡v½‡b Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡Î Zvi D¾¡j cÖgvY we`¨gvb| evsjv Dcm‡M©i Gme welq AvR‡Ki Avgiv hviv
e¨vKiY cvVK I wRÁvmy Zviv w`ev‡jv‡Ki g‡Zv †Pv‡L †`L‡Z cvwi| Gme w`K we‡ePbv K‡i ejv hvq †h,
evsjv Dcm‡M©i ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg|
215
Z_¨wb‡`©k
1. K) W. iv‡gk¦i kÕ mvaviY fvlvweÁvb I evsjv fvlv, Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY, KjKvZv, 1403, c„. 544
L) gvneyeyj Avjg, evsjv fvlvi BwZnvm, cÖ_g cÖKvk, XvKv, 2015, c„. 51
2. ûgvqyb AvRv`, jvj bxj `xcvewj ev evOjv mvwn‡Z¨i Rxebx, PZz_© gy`ªY, XvKv, 2015, c„. 12Ñ13
3. gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB I Av‡bvqvi cvkv m¤úvw`Z, Ph©vMxwZKv, mßg ms¯‥iY, XvKv, 2017, c„. 65 I 128
4. gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB I Av‡bvqvi cvkv m¤úvw`Z, eo– PÐx`v‡mi Kve¨, mßg ms¯‥iY, XvKv, 2014, c„.
110Ñ111
5. Aa¨vcK gvneyeyj Avjg, evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm, Aóv`k ms¯‥iY, XvKv, 2018, c„. 401
6. RyjwdKvi gwZb m¤úvw`Z, †gNbv`ea Kve¨, cÖ_g cÖKvk, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 2016, c„. 151Ñ152
7. K) ûgvqyb AvRv`, jvj bxj `xcvewj ev evOjv mvwn‡Z¨i Rxebx, cÖv¸³, c„. 11
L) W. wbwLj iÄb wek¦vm, evsjv fvlvi Drm I Dcv`vb, cÖ_g cÖKvk, †MvcvjMÄ, 2017, c„. 86Ñ98
8. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, fvlv-cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY, cybgy©`ªY, KjKvZv, 1989, c„. 2
9. W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&, ev½vjv e¨vKiY, wØZxq gy`ªY, XvKv, 1380, c„. 16
10. myKzgvi †mb, fvlvi BwZe„Ë, cÂ`k gy`ªY, KjKvZv, 2015, c„. 15
11. gybxi †P․ayix I †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †P․ayix, evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, cybgy©`ªY, XvKv, 2002, c„. 1
12. cÖg_ †P․ayix, cÖeÜmsMÖn, f~wgKv : W. AbxK gvngy`, Z…Zxq cÖKvk, XvKv, 2018, c„. 301-302
13. kÖxc‡ikP›`ª gRyg`vi, ms¯‹…Z I cÖvK…Z fvlvi µgweKvk, Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY, KjKvZv, 2000, c„. 1
14. W. iv‡gk¦i kÕ, mvaviY fvlvweÁvb I evsjv fvlv, cÖv¸³, c„. 530
15. Z‡`e, c„. 532
16. Z‡`e, c„. 538
17. Z‡`e, c„. 608
18.K) W. iv‡gk¦i kÕ mvaviY fvlvweÁvb I evsjv fvlv, cÖv¸³, c„. 544
L) W. ïåv emy †Nvl, fvlvweÁvb I ms¯‹…Z fvlvZË¡, cybgy©`ªY, KjKvZv, 2018, c„. 56
19. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&, evsjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë, wØZxq gy`ªY, XvKv, 1999, c„. cwiwkó
20. gybxi †P․ayix I †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †P․ayix, evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 2
21. W. wbwLj iÄb wek¦vm, evsjv fvlvi Drm I Dcv`vb, cÖv¸³, c„. 24
22. W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, e¨vKiY gÄix, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, XvKv, 2003, c„. DcµgwYKv
23. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, fvlv-cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 9
24. gybxi †P․ayix I †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †P․ayix, evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 9Ñ11
25. W. Aveyj Kvjvg gbRyi †gvi‡k`, we`¨v‡Kvl evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY I iPbv, ms‡kvwaZ ms¯‥iY, XvKv,
2012, c„. 157
26. cÖv¸³
27. W. K…òc` †Mv¯^vgx, evsjv fvlvZ‡Ë¡i BwZnvm, cÖv¸³, c„. 160
216
28. Z‡`e
29. cÖ‡dmi gvneyeyj Avjg, fvlv †mŠif e¨vKiY I iPbv, Aóg ms¯‥iY, XvKv, 2001, c„. 176
30. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, mij fvlv cÖKvk evOjv e¨vKiY, me©‡kl ms¯‥iY, KjKvZv, 2011, c„.
113
31. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&, ev½vjv e¨vKiY, wØZxq gy`ªY XvKv, 1342, c„. 116
32. W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, e¨vKiY gÄix, cÖv¸³, c„. 33
33. myKzgvi †mb, fvlvi BwZe„Ë, cÖv¸³, c„. 204
34. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, evsjvfvlvÑ cwiPq, cÖ_g cÖKvk, XvKv, 2015, c„. 87
35. k¨vgkÖx wek¦vm †mb¸ß, evsjv fvlv : iƒ‡c cÖ‡qv‡M, cÖv¸³, c„. 68
36. K) †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx, evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, KwjKvZv, 2001, c„. 145
L) mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, mij fvlv cÖKvk evOjv e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 113
37. W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, e¨vKiY gÄix, cÖv¸³, c„. 63
38. †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx, evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 146
39. H
40. cÖv¸³
41. Z‡`e
42. K) mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, fvlv-cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 170Ñ175
L) W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&, evOvjv e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 116Ñ118
M) W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, e¨vKiY gÄix, cÖv¸³, c„. 65Ñ70
N) W. iwdKzj Bmjvg, evsjv e¨vKiY mgxÿv, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, XvKv, 1998, c„. 79Ñ82
43. ûgvqyb AvRv` m¤úvw`Z, evOjv fvlv (cÖ_g LÐ, evOjv fvlvwelqK cÖeÜmsKjb, 1743Ñ1983),
PZz_© gy`ªY, XvKv, 2015, c„. 284Ñ330
44. K) gybxi †P․ayix I †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †P․ayix, evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 79
L) cÖ‡dmi gvneyeyj Avjg, fvlv †mŠif e¨vKiY I iPbv, cÖv¸³, c„. 176
45. K) †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx, evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 146Ñ152
L) W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, e¨vKiY gÄix, cÖv¸³, c„. 65Ñ70
46. K) mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, fvlv-cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 172
L) k¨vgkÖx wek¦vm †mb¸ß, evsjv fvlv : iƒ‡c cÖ‡qv‡M, cÖv¸³, c„. 68
47. K) mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, fvlv-cÖKvk evsjv e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 173
L) W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, e¨vKiY gÄix, cÖv¸³, c„. 71
48. K) k¨vgkÖx wek¦vm †mb¸ß, evsjv fvlv : iƒ‡c cÖ‡qv‡M, cÖv¸³, c„. 71Ñ72
L) gybxi †P․ayix I †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †P․ayix, evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 79Ñ80
217
49. K) †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx, evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 152
L) W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, e¨vKiY gÄix, cÖv¸³, c„. 69Ñ70
M) gybxi †P․ayix I †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †P․ayix, evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 84Ñ85
50. K) mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, fvlv-cÖKvk evsjv e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 95Ñ97
L) W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn&, evOvjv e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 38Ñ39
51. Z‡`e, c„. 104, 106, 109Ñ115 I 27, 29, 32Ñ34
52. cÖv¸³, c„. 184Ñ186 I 129, 133
53. evsjv fvlvi weL¨vZ e¨vKiYwe`‡`i iwPZ e¨vKiY MÖš’ †_‡K Ôevsjv fvlvq mKj
DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi e¨envi Õ m¤úwK©Z evK¨¸‡jv msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
54. K) W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, e¨vKiY gÄix, cÖv¸³, c„. 71
L) mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, fvlv-cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 173
55. K) W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, e¨vKiY gÄix, cÖv¸³, c„. 71
L) mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, fvlv-cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 174
M) †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx, evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 148
56. K) W. gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK, e¨vKiY gÄix, cÖv¸³, c„. 70
L) mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, fvlv-cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY, cÖv¸³, c„. 172
57. evsjv fvlvi weL¨vZ e¨vKiYwe`‡`i iwPZ e¨vKiY MÖš’ †_‡K Ôevsjv fvlvq mKj
DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi e¨enviÕ m¤úwK©Z evK¨¸‡jv msKjb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
58. Z‡`e
59. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, kãZË¡, cÖ_g cÖKvk, XvKv, 2015, c„. 152
60. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mn‡hvwMZvq cÖ`wk©Z wPÎwU †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
61. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi, evsjvfvlvÑ cwiPq, cÖv¸³, c„. 87
62. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mn‡hvwMZvq cÖ`wk©Z wPÎwU †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
63. hZxb miKvi, e¨vKi‡Yi fq AKviY, cÖ_g cÖKvk, XvKv, 2015, c„. 187Ñ188
64. W. L›`Kvi kvgxg Avn‡g`, cÖZ¨q-DcmM©-AbymM©, wØZxq gy`ªY, XvKv, 2014, c„. 61
65. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mn‡hvwMZvq cÖ`wk©Z wPÎwU †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
218
PZz_© Aa¨vq : Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv
c„w_exi fvlveskmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg B‡›`v-BD‡ivcxq ev Avh© (Indo-European / Aryan) fvlvesk| GB
B‡›`v-B‡ivcxq fvlves‡ki kZg& ¸‡”Qi AšÍM©Z B‡›`v-Bivbxq (Indo-Iranian) kvLvi Ab¨Zg kvLv cÖvPxb
fviZxq Avh© (Old Indo-Aryan)| GB cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh© kvLvi `ywU iƒ‡ci (GKwU K_¨ AciwU
mvwnwZ¨K) g‡a¨ mvwnwZ¨K iƒc †_‡K G‡m‡Q •ew`K fvlv| Avi cieZx© Kv‡j •ew`K fvlvi bvgvšÍi ms¯‥…Z
fvlv| Avevi cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh© kvLvi wZbwU ¯Í‡ii (cÖvPxb, ga¨ I be¨) g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg ¯Íi be¨ fviZxq
Avh© (New Indo-Aryan) fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q evsjv fvlv| ch©‡eÿY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq wZbwU fvlvB (•ew`K,
ms¯‥…Z I evsjv) cÖvPxb fviZxq Avh© (Old Indo-Aryan) kvLvi †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv kvLv-cÖkvLvi| ZvB wZb
fvlvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© we`¨gvb| Ab¨w`‡K ms¯‥…Z fvlv †hgb •ew`K fvlvi iƒcvšÍi , †Zgwb ms¯‥…Z
e¨vKiYI •ew`K e¨vKi‡Yi iƒcvšÍi| •ew`K I ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi Dcm‡M©i g‡a¨ †hgb mv`„k¨ cwijwÿZ
nq, †Zgwb •emv`„k¨I cwijwÿZ nq| •ew`K e¨vKi‡Yi ms¯‥viK…Z iƒc ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY| Z‡e ms¯‥…Z
e¨vKiY •ew`K e¨vKi‡Yi ms¯‥viK…Z iƒc n‡jI ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i wbqgvewj •ew`K Dcm‡M©i wbqgvewj
†_‡K A‡bK m‡i G‡m‡Q| ms¯‥…Z fvlv Z_v ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY ms¯‥v‡ii Kvi‡Y •ew`K I ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i
g‡a¨ A‡bK wfbœZv cwijwÿZ nq| Avi evsjv e¨vKiY ms¯‥…Z e¨vK‡Yi AbyeZ©b| †Kbbv evsjv e¨vKi‡Y
ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi wbqgKvbyb cÖhy³ n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov evsjv fvlvi AwaKvsk kãB Zrmg ev ms¯‥…Z kã †_‡K
G‡m‡Q| Z‡e evsjv fvlvi wKQz wbR¯^ kãI Av‡Q [†hgbÑKzwo (†Kvj fvlv), †cU (Zvwgj fvlv), Pzjv
(gyÐvix fvlv) cÖf…wZ]| ms¯‥…Z QvovI evsjv fvlvq Aviwe, dviwm, Bs‡iwR, cZz©wMR cÖf…wZ fvlvi k‡ãi
mswgkÖY N‡U‡Q | GKvi‡Y evsjv fvlvi i‡q‡Q GK wekvj MÖnY ÿgZv, hv Ab¨ fvlvq weij| Z‡e evsjv
fvlv ms¯‥…Z fvlvi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z n‡jI GwU GKwU ¯^Zš¿ fvlv| wewfbœ fvlvi ms¯ú‡k© Ges Kv‡ji
weeZ©‡b (ev fvlvi `vex‡Z) evsjv fvlv I evsjv e¨vKi‡Y A‡bK cwieZ©b I cwiea©b N‡U‡Q Ges GLbI
N‡U‡Q| µ‡gB evsjv e¨vKiY ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi cÖfve KvwU‡q wbR¯^ MwZc‡_ GwM‡q hv‡”Q| Avi GKvi‡Y
evsjv DcmM© ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i AbyMvgx n‡jI evsjv Dcm‡M©i wbqgvewj ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i wbqgvewj †_‡K
wKQzUv m‡i G‡m‡Q| evsjv fvlv I evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi cwieZ©b I cwiea©‡bi Kvi‡Y ms¯‥…Z I evsjv Dcm‡M©i
g‡a¨ A‡bK wfbœZv cwijwÿZ nq| A_©vr ms¯‥…Z I evsjv Dcm‡M©i g‡a¨ †hgb mv`„k¨ cwijwÿZ nq,
†Zgwb •emv`„kI cwijwÿZ nq| •ew`K, ms¯‥„Z I evsjv e¨vKiY MÖš’mg~‡ni Av‡jv‡K eZ©gvb Awfm›`‡f©
219
•ew`K DcmM©, ms¯‥…Z DcmM©, evsjv DcmM© bvgK cÖwZwU Aa¨v‡q •ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv DcmM© m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbvc~e©K cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î †h mv`„k¨ I •emv`„k¨ cwijwÿZ n‡q‡Q Zv D‡jøLc~e©K GKwU Zzjbvg~jK wPÎ
wb‡¤œ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
•ew`K, ms¯‹…Z I evsjv fvlvi Dcm‡M©i g‡a¨ mv`„k¨-•emv`„k¨
Dcm‡M©i ey¨rcwËi †ÿ‡Î
mvaviYZ •e`K I ms¯‥…Z fvlvi k‡ãi cÖ_gvi GKeP‡bi A`„k¨gvb ev `„k¨gvb wefw³ iƒcwUB evsjv fvlvi
g~j kã| Dcm‡M©i ey¨rcwËi †ÿ‡ÎI †mUv cwijwÿZ nq| •ew`K I ms¯‥…Z fvlvi Dcm‡M©i ey¨rcwË †_‡KB
evsjv fvlvq ÔDcmM©Õ kãwU G‡m‡Q| †hgbÑ Dc- m„R& + NT& (A) = DcmM© + myc& = DcmM©t (•ew`K I
ms¯‥…Z iƒc)
DcmM© (evsjv iƒc)| ZvB DcmM©-Gi ey¨rcwËi †ÿ‡Î D³ wZb fvlv‡ZB mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q|
D‡jøL¨, A`„k¨gvb wefw³i †ÿ‡Î •ew`K I ms¯‥…Z ¸wYb& k‡ãi cÖ_gvi GKePb ¸wYb& + myc& = Ô¸YxÕ hv
evsjviI iƒc (¸Yx) cÖf…wZ|
Dcm‡M©i msÁvi †ÿ‡Î
•ew`K I ms¯‥…Z fvlvq Dcm‡M©i jÿY ev msÁv m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv m~Î cÖ`vb Kiv nqwb| Z‡e •ew`K fvlvq
wbiæ³Kvi hv¯‥ Zuvi wbiæ³ MÖ‡š’ Dcm‡M©i msÁv m¤ú‡K© wKQz bv e‡j DcmM© evPK (wbR¯^ A_©) bv †`¨vZK
(A_© m„wó Kivi ÿgZv Av‡Q) †m wel‡q K_v e‡j‡Qb| ZviciI •ew`K fvlvq Dcm‡M©i msÁv wn‡m‡e ejv
hvqÑ •ew`K DcmM© GK ai‡bi wbcvZ ev Ae¨q| ZvB †hme wbcvZ ev Ae¨q •ew`K fvlvq h‡_”Qfv‡e
e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K DcmM© e‡j| ms¯‥…Z fvlvq cvwYwbI Dcm‡M©i msÁvi m~Î ev jÿY cÖ`vb K‡ibwb| Gi
ey¨rcwËi g‡a¨ wZwb msÁv Luy‡R‡Qb| ey¨rcwËMZ A_© Abymv‡i ejv hvqÑ ÔDcm„RwZ weweavb& A_©vb& BwZ
DcmM©tÕ| hv wewea A‡_©i m„wó K‡i ZviB bvg DcmM©| Ab¨w`‡K evsjv fvlvq Dcm‡M©i msÁv m¤ú‡K© ejv
n‡q‡QÑ †hme Ae¨q K…`šÍ ev bvg-k‡ãi c~‡e© hy³ n‡q bZzb kã •Zwi K‡i Zv‡`i DcmM© e‡j| ZvB
Dcm‡M©i jÿY ev msÁvi †ÿ‡Î D³ wZb fvlv‡Z •emv`„k¨B †ewk †`Lv hvq|
220
Dcm‡M©i D`vni‡Yi †ÿ‡Î
wZb fvlvi Dcm‡M©i D`vni‡Yi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨-•emv`„k¨ cwijwÿZ nq| Z‡e mv`„‡k¨i †P‡q •emv`„k¨B †ewk
cwijwÿZ nq| †hgbÑ
•ew`K
1. wµqv †_‡K wew”Qbœ
B›`ª Av hvwn (F. ms. 1 / 3 / 4)
цn B›`ª, GLv‡b G‡mv|
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k Av DcmM© hvwn wµqv †_‡K wew”Qbœ|
2. wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© mshy³
h¯§vbœ F‡Z weRq‡šÍ Rbvmt (F. ms. 2 / 12 / 9)
Ñhuv‡K (B›`ª) Qvov †jv‡K weRqx nq bv|
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k we DcmM© wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© mshy³|
3. wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c‡i wehy³
R‡qg ms hywa ¯ú„at (F. ms. 1 / 8 / 3)
Ñ(B›`ª) ¯úwa©Z‡`i cy‡iv wR‡Z wbe hy‡×|
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k mg& DcmM© wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c‡i wehy³|
4. wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c‡i mshy³
gv †bv †Nv‡iY PiZvwf a„òz| (F. ms. 10 / 34/ 14)
цRvi K‡i †Nvi K‡iv bv †n AwfPvi (`~¨ZKvi)|
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k Awf DcmM© wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c‡i mshy³|
5. g‡š¿i ev ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z
Dc Zv‡Mœ w`‡ew`‡e (F. ms. 1 / 1 / 7)
цn AwMœ ! Avgiv w`‡bw`‡b †Zvgvi mgx‡c G‡mwQ|
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k Dc DcmM© g‡š¿i ev ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z e‡m‡Q|
6. g‡š¿i ev ev‡K¨i †k‡l
B‡›`ªv Mv Ave„‡Yv`c B‡›`ªv Mv Ave„‡Yvr Ac (F. ms. 8 / 63 / 3)
ÑB›`ª †MvmKj Acve„Z (Abve„Z ev Ly‡j †`qv) K‡iwQ‡jb|
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k Ac DcmM© g‡š¿i ev ev‡K¨i †k‡l e‡m‡Q|
221
7. cv`c~i‡Y
cÖÖcÖvqgwMœf©iZm¨ k„‡Y¦ (F. ms. 7 / 8 / 4)
ÑwZwb (AwMœ) fiZKZ…©K cÖw_Z nb|
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k cÖ DcmM© `ywUi GKwU cv`c~i‡Y e‡m‡Q|
8. avZzi A‡_©
h`y؇Zv wbe‡Zv hvwm eár (F. ms. 10 / 142 / 4)
Ñ(AwMœ) PovB DrovB †e‡q DPuy-wbPy me †cvov‡Z †cvov‡Z hLb P‡j|
[ D˜MZ Ge = D`& + ewZ = DØr, DØZt (D`&MZ A‡_©)
wbMZ Ge = wb + ewZ = wber, wbeZt (wbM©Z A‡_©) ]
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k D`& I wb DcmM© `ywU avZzi A‡_© e‡m‡Q|
9. wµqvi KvR mvab
hv Dc m~‡h© (F. ms. 1 / 23 / 17)
Ñhv (Rj) m~‡h©i mgx‡c Av‡Q|
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k ÔDcÕ DcmM© Øviv wµqvi KvR mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| hvi A_© mgx‡c Av‡Q|
10. wefw³i KviY wn‡m‡e
Ag~h©v Dc m~‡h© (F. ms. 1 / 23 / 17)
ÑGB †h mg¯Í Rj m~‡h©i mgx‡c Av‡Q|
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k ÔDcÕ DcmM© wefw³i KviY wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ, hvi †hv‡M Ôm~h©Õ mßgx n‡q‡Q|
11. GKB Dcm‡M©i cybive„wË
ms M”QaŸs ms e`aŸg& (F. ms. 10 / 191 / 2)
цZvgiv wgwjZ nI, GK‡Î ¯Íe D”PviY K‡iv|
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k mg& GKB Dcm‡M©i cybive„wË n‡q‡Q|
12. Dcm‡M©i mgy”Pq ev mgevq
ms †P`s we P c‡k¨g (F. ms. 10 / 158 / 4) [ mg& I we ]
ÑAvgiv †hb mKj e¯‘ msM„nxZiƒ‡c we‡klfv‡e `k©b Ki‡Z cvwi |
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k mg& Ges we DcmM© mgy”Pq ev mgevq A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
222
13.DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q
YZ¡-weavb
cÖ : cÖ- bx + jU&-wZ = cÖ + bxwZ = cÖYxwZ
lZ¡-weavb
Aby : Aby- ¯‘f& = Abyózf& [ Ôózbv óztÕ (cv. 8 / 4 / 41) m~Îvbymv‡i Z&
GLv‡b cÖ, Aby DcmM© YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q Ki‡Q|
14. DcmM© Øviv mwÜ-wbqš¿Y
¯^imwÜ
Aå Avu Act (F. ms. 5 / 48 / 1)
ÑAšÍix‡ÿ †gN mK‡ji Dci evwiel©Y K‡i|
[ AvO& (Av) + Ac = Avu Ac ]
e¨ÄbmwÜ
Dc : Dc”Qvqvwge N„‡Yi (F. ms. 6 / 16 / 38)
Ñ(†n AwMœ !) †Zvgvi AvkÖq Avgiv Qvqvi b¨vq MÖnY KiwQ|
[ Dc + Qvqvg& = Dc”Qvqvg& ]
wemM©mwÜ
cÖvZv iZœs cÖvZwiZ¡v `avwZ (F. ms. 1 / 125 / 1)
цfv‡i G‡m †fv‡iB iZœ †`b|
[ cÖvZt + iZœg& = cÖvZv iZœg& ]
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k AvO &(Av), Dc, cÖvZt DcmM© ev wbcvZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
15. MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y
Ae¨qxfve mgvm
AbyKvgg& (F. ms. 1 / 17 / 3)
[ Kvgm¨ cðvr / Kv‡g Kv‡g = AbyKvgg& ]
MwZ-Zrcyiæl
hv wefvwm (F. ms. 1 / 92 / 8)
Ñ(†n Dlv !) †h-Zzwg we‡klfv‡e `xwß cv”Q|
[ wefvwm (we- fv+ jU&-wm = wefvwm) ]
223
U& ]
cÖvw`-Zrcyiæl
AwZiv‡Î (F. ms. 7 / 103 / 7)
ÑAwZivÎ
[ AwZ : ivwÎg& AwZµvšÍt = AwZivÎ (ivÎ-fi) ]
eûeªxwn mgvm
weeªZv (F. ms. 1 / 63 / 2)
Ñwewea eªZ ev Kg© hv‡`i|
[ weweas eªZs Kg© ؇qv = weeªZv ]
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k Aby, we, AwZ MwZ mgvm-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
16. MwZ Øviv •ew`K-¯^‡ii wbqš¿Y
cÖavbevK¨ : giæw™¢iMœ Av Mwn (F. ms. 1 / 19 / 8)
цn AwMœ ! giæ`&M‡Yi m‡½ G‡mv|
[ Mg& + †jvU&-wn = Mwn ]
[ D`vË = Av ]
AcÖavbevK¨ : h¯§vbœ F‡Z weRq‡šÍ Rbvmt (F. ms. 2 / 12 / 9)
Ñhuv‡K (B›`ª) Qvov †jv‡K weRqx nq bv|
[ we- wR + jU&-A‡šÍ =we-Rq‡šÍ = weRq‡šÍ ]
[ Aby`vË = we ]
GLv‡b mswnZvs‡k Av, we MwZ ¯^‡ii-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
ms¯‥…Z
1. avZzi wewea ev bvbv A‡_©
ÔüÕ- avZz = niY ev Pzwi Kiv
wKš‘,
Av- ü + jU&-wZ = AvniwZ (Avnvi K‡i)
we- ü + jU&-wZ = weniwZ (wenvi ev ågY K‡i)
Dc- ü + jU&-wZ = DcniwZ (Dcnvi †`q)
cÖ- ü + jU-wZ& = cÖniwZ (cÖnvi K‡i)
mg&- ü + jU&-wZ = msniwZ (msnvi K‡i)
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM :
cÖgv AvniwZ|
ÑcÖgv Avnvi K‡i|
GLv‡b Av, we, Dc, cÖ, mg& DcmM© avZzi wewea ev bvbv A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
224
2. avZz ev wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© mshy³
cÖ- Avc&+ jU&-wZ = cÖv‡cœvwZ (cvq)
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM :
¸Yx m¤§vbs cÖv‡cœvwZ|
ѸYx m¤§vb cvq|
GLv‡b cÖ DcmM© wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© mshy³ n‡q‡Q|
D‡jøL¨, •ew`K †_‡K DcmM© e¨env‡ii GB GKwU gvÎ wbqgB ms¯‥…‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q|
3. cv`c~i‡Y
cÖcÖc~R¨ gnv‡`es msms hg¨ gbt m`v|
Ñg‡bi me©`v c~Rbxq gnv‡`e‡K cwi‡ekb Kiv DwPZ|
GLv‡b cÖ Ges mg& DcmM© `ywUi AwZwi³ GKwU cv`c~i‡Y e‡m‡Q|
4. j¨c& cÖZ¨‡qi mv‡_
cÖ- bg& + j¨c& = cÖYg¨ cÖYZ¨ ev
GLv‡b cÖ DcmM© j¨c& cÖZ¨‡qi mv‡_ e‡m‡Q|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM :
m gvZvis cÖYg¨ cÖYZ¨ ev XvKvg& AM”Qr|
цm gv‡K cÖgvY K‡i XvKv †Mj|
5. jO&, jyO& I j„O& wefw³RvZ A-Gi c~‡e©
Aby- Mg& + jO&-`& = Aby-AM”Qr Aš^M”Qr
Aby- f~ + jyO&-`& = Aby-Af~r Aš^f~r
Aby- f~ + j„O&-m¨r = Aby-Afwel¨r Aš^fwel¨r
GLv‡b Aby DcmM©wU wefw³RvZ A-Gi c~‡e© e‡m‡Q|
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM :
m M„ng& AM”Qr Aš^M”Qr ev| [ Aby DcmM©wU GLv‡b Ab_©K cÖhy³ n‡q‡Q ]
цm evwo †Mj|
6. wbw`©ó avZzi c~‡e©
Av- if& + jU&-†Z = Avif‡Z
D`&- Wx + jU&-†Z = DÇxq‡Z
Awa- B + jU&-†Z = Aax‡Z
civ- Aq& + jU&-†Z = cjvq‡Z [ i = j ]
GLv‡b Av, D`&, Awa, civ DcmM© wbw`©ó avZzi c~‡e© n‡q‡Q|
225
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM :
m kv¯¿g& Aax‡Z|
цm kv¯¿ c‡o|
7. c‡`i wefw³ wba©vi‡Y
wØZxqv wefw³ : Rcg& Aby wbkg¨ †gN cÖvel©r|
ÑRc ïwbev gvÎB †gN MR©b Kij|
cÂgx wefw³ : Ac n‡it msmvit|
Ñnwi‡K eR©b K‡iB msmvi|
mßgx wefw³ : Dc civ‡a© n‡it ¸Yvt|
Ñnwii ¸Y m‡e©v”P Pig msL¨vi (= civa©) AwaK|
GLv‡b Aby, Ac, Dc DcmM© wefw³i KviY wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ, hv‡`i †hv‡M Rcg&, n‡i I civ‡a© h_vµ‡g
wØZxqv, cÂgx I mßgx n‡q‡Q|
8. AKg©K avZz‡K mKg©K avZz‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡i
kx, ¯’v, Avm& + jU&-†Z, wZ, †Z = †k‡Z, wZôwZ, Av‡¯Í (AKg©K)
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM : wkkyt kh¨vqvs †k‡Z, wZôwZ, Av‡¯Í|
Ñwkï weQvbvq Nygvq, _v‡K, e‡m|
wKš‘ Awa- kx, ¯’v, Avm& + jU&-†Z, wZ, †Z = Awa‡k‡Z, AwawZôwZ, Aa¨v‡¯Í (mKg©K)
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM :
wkït kh¨vg& Awa‡k‡Z, AwawZôwZ, Aa¨v‡¯Í|
Ñwkï weQvbvq Nygvq, _v‡K, e‡m|
GLv‡b Awa DcmM© kx, ¯’v, Avm& AKg©K avZz‡K mK©g‡K iƒcvšÍi K‡i‡Q|
9. ci‣¯§c`x, AvZ¥‡bc`x I Dfqc`x avZzi iƒcvšÍ‡i
ci‣¯§c`x
AvZ¥‡bc`x :
¯’v + jU&-wZ = wZôwZ
wKš‘ mg&- ¯’v + jU&-†Z = mwšÍô‡Z
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM :
b †Kv ’wc `wi`ªm¨ ev‡K¨ mwšÍô‡Z|
цKD Mwi‡ei K_vq mš‘ó nq bv|
AvZ¥‡bc`x
ci‣¯§c`x :
ig& + jU&-†Z = ig‡Z (†Ljv K‡i)
wKš‘ we- ig& + jU&-wZ = weigwZ
226
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM :
QvÎt Aa¨qbvr / cvVvr weigwZ|
ÑQvÎ Aa¨qb †_‡K weiZ n‡”Q|
Dfqc`x
AvZ¥‡bc`x ev ci‣¯§c`x :
K… + jU&-wZ, †Z = K‡ivwZ, Kziæ‡Z
wKš‘ we- K… + jU&-†Z = weKziæ‡Z
en& + jU&-wZ, †Z = enwZ, en‡Z
wKš‘ cÖ- en& + jU&-wZ = cÖenwZ
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM :
evqy weKziæ‡Z|
Ñevqy we‡klfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i|
cÙv cÖenwZ|
ÑcÙv b`x cÖevwnZ n‡”Q|
GLv‡b mg&, we, cÖ DcmM© h_vµ‡g ci‣¯§c`x, AvZ¥‡bc`x I Dfqc`x avZzi iƒcvšÍi K‡i‡Q|
10. DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q
YZ¡-weavb
cÖ : cÖ- bg& + NT& = cÖYvgt (bg¯‥vi, cÖYwZ)
lZ¡-weavb
cÖwZ (BKvivšÍ DcmM©) : cÖwZ- ¯’v + AbU& = cÖwZôvbg& (ms¯’vi M„n)
GLv‡b cÖ, cÖwZ DcmM© YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q Ki‡Q|
11. MwZ Øviv mwÜ-wbqš¿Y
¯^imwÜ
AwZ : AwZ + Be = AZxe
e¨ÄbmwÜ
Ae : Ae + †Q`t = Ae‡”Q`t
wemM©mwÜ
wbt : wbt + Pqt = wbðqt
¯^vw`mwÜ
`yt : `yt + AšÍt = `yišÍt
GLv‡b AwZ, Ae, wb, `yt MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
227
12. MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y
Ae¨qxfve mgvm
mgxc : ebm¨ mgxcg& = Dcebg& (e‡bi wbK‡U)
MwZ-Zrcyiæl
cÖ-cÖf„wZ DcmM© : cÖ- wek& + j¨c& = cÖwek¨ (cÖ‡ek K‡i)
cÖvw`-Zrcyiæl
AvMZt AvPvh©t = AvPvh©t (wek¦we`¨vj‡qi P¨vb&‡mji) [ cÖv`‡qv MZv`¨‡_© cÖ_gqv (ev.)| ]
eûeªxwn mgvm
†kvfbs (my) ü`qs hm¨ mt = myü`& (eÜz)
GLv‡b Dc, cÖ, Av, my MwZ mgvm-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
evsjv
1. K…`šÍ k‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© mshy³
ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡ÎÑ
ü (niY ev Pzwi Kiv ) + NT& = nvi (Mjvi gvjv, civRq)
Av-nvi = Avnvi (LvIqv)
we-nvi = wenvi (ågY Kiv)
Dc-nvi = Dcnvi (Dc‡X․Kb)
cÖ-nvi = cªnvi (AvNvZ Kiv)
mg&-nvi = msnvi (nZ¨v)
GLv‡b Av, we, Dc, cÖ, mg& DcmM© K…`šÍ k‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© mshy³ n‡q‡Q|
evsjv Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡ÎÑ
A-KvR = AKvR
Kz-KvR = KzKvR
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM :
gvbm Avnvi K‡i|
KzKvR K‡iv bv|
GLv‡b A, Kz DcmM© K…`šÍ k‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© mshy³ n‡q‡Q|
2. bvg k‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© hy³
ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡ÎÑ
cÖ-fvZ = cÖfvZ (mKvj)
Dc-K~j = DcK~j (K~‡ji mgx‡c)
228
Aby-K~j = AbyK~j (mnvq)
Av-mgy`ª = Avmgy`ª (mgy`ª ch©šÍ)
cÖwZ-g~wZ© = cÖwZg~wZ© (g~wZ©i m`„k)
evsjv Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡ÎÑ
nv-fvZ = nvfvZ (fv‡Zi Afve)
ANv-ivg = ANvivg
ivg-QvMj = ivgQvMj
we‡`wk Dcm‡M©i †ÿ‡Î
dzj-kvU© = dzjkvU©
Kvi-Lvbv = KviLvbv
Mi-wgj = Miwgj
ni-†ivR = ni‡ivR
ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM :
cÖfv‡Z m~h© I‡V|
1943 mv‡ji gš^šÍ‡i nvfvZ n‡qwQj|
kÖwg‡Kiv KviLvbvq KvR K‡i|
D‡jøL¨, •ew`K I ms¯‥…‡Z DcmM© avZzi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© mshy³ nq (•ew`‡K A‡bK e¨wZµgI Av‡Q)| wKš‘
evsjvq K…`šÍ ev bvg-k‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© mshy³ nq| ZvB evsjvq DcmM© e¨envi D³ `yfvlv †_‡K
A‡bKUv m‡i G‡m‡Q|
we‡kl D`vniY
1. DcmM© Øviv YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q
YZ¡-weavb : cÖ-bvg = cÖYvg (cÖYvg)
[ bg& + NT& = bvg ]
lZ¡-weavb : cÖwZ-¯’vb = cÖwZôvb (ms¯’vi M„n) [ ¯’v + AbU& = ¯’vb ]
GLv‡b cÖ, cÖwZ DcmM© YZ¡ I lZ¡-weavb wbY©q Ki‡Q|
2. MwZ Øviv mwÜ-wbqš¿Y
¯^imwÜ
AwZ : AwZ + Be = AZxe
e¨ÄbmwÜ
Ae : Ae + †Q` = Ae‡”Q`
wemM©mwÜ
wbt : wbt + Pq = wbðq
GLv‡b AwZ, Ae, wbt MwZ mwÜ-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
229
3. MwZ Øviv mgvm-wbqš¿Y
Ae¨qxfve mgvm
mvgxc¨ (Dc) : e‡bi mgx‡c = Dceb (e‡bi wbKU)
bT&-Zrcyiæl
A : b (bT&) ag© = Aag©
Ab& : b (bT&) DwPZ = AbywPZ
jÿYxq †h, ÔbvÕ A‡_© k‡ãi Avw`‡Z bT&-Zrcyiæl mgv‡m A, Ab& cÖf„wZ †h Ae¨q e‡m Zv g~jZ
DcmM©ag©x|
MwZ-Zrcyiæl
Avwem&
Avwet-Kvi = Avwe®‥vi
D‡jøL¨, •ew`K Ges ms¯‥…‡Zi MwZ (wµqvi m‡½ †hvM) †_‡KB evsjvq G ai‡bi Zrmg Ae¨q G‡m‡Q|
cÖvw`-Zrcyiæl
K…`šÍ c`
cÖ : cÖ MwZ = cÖMwZ [ Mg& + w³ = MwZ ]
bvg c`
Av-AvPvh© = AvPvh© (wek¦we`¨vj‡qi P¨vb&‡mji) [ Av- Pi& + N¨Y& = AvPvh© ]
eûeªxwn mgvm
my›`i ü`q hvi = myü`
GLv‡b Dc, A, Avwem&, cÖ, Av MwZ mgvm-wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q|
4. evsjvq ms¯‥„Z DcmM©
Awa Awa-Kvi = AwaKvi : wkÿv my‡hvM bq, AwaKvi|
GLv‡b Awa ms¯‥„Z DcmM© evsjvq e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
5. GKB k‡ã (Zrmg) GKvwaKiƒ‡c
Ac, we, Ae Ac-we-Ae- ü + NT& (A) = Ace¨envi : mg‡qi Ace¨envi K‡iv bv|
GLv‡b Ac, we, Ae GKB k‡ã (Zrmg) GKvwaKiƒ‡c e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
6. Zrmg Ae¨‡hi DcmM©iƒ‡c
cwim& cwit-Kvi = cwi®‥vi : cwi®‥vi Rvgv-Kvco cwiavb K‡iv|
GLv‡b cwim& Zrmg Ae¨‡qi DcmM©iƒ‡c (MwZiƒ‡c) e¨envi n‡q‡Q|
D‡jøL¨, •ew`K Ges ms¯‥…‡Zi MwZ (wµqvi m‡½ †hvM) †_‡KB evsjvq G ai‡bi Zrmg Ae¨q G‡m‡Q|
230
7. Zrmg Dcm‡M©i ¯^Zš¿iƒ‡c
AwZ eo e„× cwZ|
`wi‡`ªi cÖwZ `qv K‡iv|
D‡jøL¨, •ew`‡K wbcvZ ev Ae¨‡qi A‡bK ¯^Zš¿ cÖ‡qvM Av‡Q| wKš‘ ms¯‥…‡Z •ew`K †_‡K mxwgZ Ges
evsjvq ms¯‥…Z †_‡K Av‡iv mxwgZ †ÿ‡Î wbcvZ ev Ae¨‡qi ¯^Zš¿ cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq|
Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î
•ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv fvlvq Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v m¤ú‡K© gbxlx‡`i g‡a¨ gZ‡f` †`Lv hvq|
•ew`K fvlvq gnwl© kvKUvqb, †k․bK cÖgyL gbxlx Dcm‡M©i msL¨v a‡i‡Qb 20wU (¯^ivw` 10 + e¨Äbvw`
10wU)| Z‡e g¨vK‡Wv‡b‡ji g‡Z •ew`K fvlvq `yB †kÖwYi DcmM© Av‡QÑ 1. wµqvevPK DcmM© 2. bvgevPK
DcmM©| Zuvi g‡Z wµqvevPK DcmM© 22wU Ges bvgevPK DcmM© 31wU| ms¯‥…Z fvlvq cvwYwb •ew`K fvlvi
D³ 20wU DcmM© QvovI 2wU c„_K Dcm‡M©i (`ym&, wbm&) K_v e‡j‡Qb| ZvB cvwYwbi g‡Z ms¯‥…Z DcmM©
22wU| Ab¨w`‡K evsjv fvlvq mybxwZKzgvi, knx`yjøvn& cÖgyL gbxlx wZb †kÖwYi Dcm‡M©i K_v e‡j‡Qb, h_vÑ
1. ms¯‥…Z DcmM© 2. evsjv DcmM© 3. we‡`kx DcmM©| evsjv fvlvq ms¯‥…Z DcmM© 20wU, (gZvšÍi mybxwZi
g‡Z, 21wU I knx`yjøvn&i g‡Z, 20wU), evsjv 21wU Ges we‡`kx DcmM© evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ nq 20wUi
g‡Zv| myZivs wZb fvlv‡ZB Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f` ev msL¨v m¤ú‡K© •emv`„k¨B †ewk †`Lv hvq|
Dcm‡M©i A_©wePv‡ii †ÿ‡Î
•ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv fvlvq Dcm‡M©i A_©wePv‡ii †ÿ‡ÎI gbxlx‡`i g‡a¨ gZcv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| •ew`K
fvlvq Dcm‡M©i A_© Av‡Q wK †bB Zv wb‡q `ywU cÿ n‡qwQj| Dcm‡M©i A_© †bB `‡j †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb
AvPvh© kvKUvqb [ b wbe©×v DcmM©v A_©vwbœivûwiwZ kvKUvqbt \ (wbiæ³, 1 / 4 / 3) ]| Dcm‡M©i A_© Av‡Q
`‡j †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb AvPvh© MvM©¨ [ D”PvePvt c`v_©v fešÍxwZ MvM©¨t|(wbiæ³, 1 / 4 / 5) ]| wbiæ³Kvi hv¯‥
Mv‡M©¨i cÿ k³fv‡e Aej¤^b K‡i cÖwZwU Dcm‡M©i A_© Av‡Q Zv m~Î-D`vniY Øviv (cÖ_g Aa¨v‡qi
DwjøwLZ) cÖgvY K‡i‡Qb [ Z`& h Gly c`v_©t cÖvûwi‡g Zr bvgvL¨vZ‡qvi_©weKiYg& \ (wbiæ³, 1 / 4 / 7);
Gegy”PvePvb_©vb&Ñ cÖvû¯Í D‡cwÿZe¨vt \ (wbiæ³, 1 / 4 / 23) ]| d‡j •ew`K fvlvq Dcm‡M©i A_© Av‡Q
cÿwU Rqx n‡q‡Q| ms¯‥…Z fvlvq ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiYwe`‡`i ga¨gwY cvwYwb Dcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© Av‡Q wK?Ñ G
wel‡q ¯úóZ †Kv‡bv gZ †`bwb| Z‡e Zuvi wewfbœ m~Îwe‡kølY †_‡K g‡b nq wZwb †hb ej‡Z †P‡q‡Qb,
Avm‡j avZzi g‡a¨B wewfbœ A‡_©i e¨Äbv Av‡Q| DcmM© †mBme fvecÖKv‡k Dcjÿ gvÎ| ZvB cvwYwb mn
231
AvaywbK •eqvKiYMY (cvwYwb e¨vKiYva¨vwqMY) A‡bKUv kvKUvq‡bi gZvbymvix| A_©vr Zuv‡`i g‡Z
Dcm‡M©i †Kv‡bv A_© †bB; Giv †`¨vZgvÎ (†Kej A_© m„wói ÿgZv Av‡Q) [ f‡ÆvRx g‡Z,
DcmM©¯Í¡_©we‡klm¨‡`¨vZKvt| A_ev, Ab¨e¨vKi‡YÑ ÔDcmM©vt c`v_©vbvs †`¨vZKv b Zz evPKvt|]| avZzi
wb‡RiB eû A_© Av‡Q (A‡bKv_©v wn avZet|) DcmM©mg~n avZzi †mB AšÍwbwn©Z A_©B †`¨vwZZ ev cÖKvk
K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K evsjv fvlvi •eqvKiYMY Dcm‡M©i A_©wePv‡i A‡bKUv ga¨cš’x| ms¯‥…Z †_‡K evsjv
fvlvq Dcm‡M©i mvaviY gZev`wU G‡m‡QÑ DcmM©vt c`v_©vbvs †`¨vZKv b Zz evPKvt| A_©vr Dcm‡M©i
†`¨vZKZv Av‡Q wKš‘ evPKZv †bB| ZvB evsjv •eqvKiYMY GB wb‡q K~UZ‡K©i g‡a¨ bv wM‡q e‡j‡Qb
Ô†`¨vZKZv Avi evPKZvÕ A‡bKUv GKB| ZvQvov mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq I W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& Zuv‡`i
e¨vKiYMÖ‡š’ Dcm‡M©i A_© Av‡Q GK_v ¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ mv¤úªwZK Kv‡ji wKQz evsjv e¨vKiYwe`
Zuv‡`i e¨vKi‡Y Dcm‡M©i A_© †bB GK_vB ¯^xKvi K‡ib| myZivs wZb fvlv‡ZB Dcm‡M©i A_©wePv‡i
•emv`„k¨ †`Lv hvq|
Dcm‡M©i Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î
•ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv fvlvq Dcm‡M©i Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡ÎI A‡bK mv`„k¨-•emv`„k¨ cwijwÿZ nq| •ew`‡K
wKQz DcmM© (22wU) wµqvevPK (Adverbial) wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Avi wKQz DcmM© (31wU) bvgevPK
(Nominal) wn‡m‡e KvR (cÖ_g Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvwPZ) K‡i| Avi ms¯‥…Z fvlvqI DcmM© bvbvwea KvR K‡i|
†hgbÑ avZ¡‡_©i cwieZ©b, AbyeZ©b, we‡klxKiY I cv`c~i‡Yi Rb¨ wbi_©Kfv‡e cÖf…wZ KvR (wØZxq Aa¨v‡q
Av‡jvwPZ) K‡i _v‡K| Aciw`‡K evsjv fvlvqI DcmM© bvbvwea KvR K‡i| †hgbÑ bZz b A_©‡evaK kã
m„wó, k‡ãi A‡_©i c~Y©Zv mvab, m¤úªmviY, ms‡KvPb, cwieZ©b, wewkóZv `vb, k‡ãi evbv‡b cwieZ©b cÖf„wZ
KvR (Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvwPZ) K‡i _v‡K| myZivs wZb fvlv‡ZB Dcm‡M©i Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î mv`„k¨ I
•emv`„k¨ DfqB †`Lv hvq|
Dcm‡M©i e¨envi ev cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î
•ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv fvlvq Dcm‡M©i e¨envi ev cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡ÎI A‡bK mv`„k¨-•emv`„k¨ cwijwÿZ
nq| Z‡e mv`„‡k¨i †P‡q •emv`„k¨B †ewk cwijwÿZ nq (cÖ_g, wØZxq I Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q we¯Í…Z Av‡jvwPZ)|
G‡ÿ‡Î ïay e¨envi ev cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿθwji bvg D‡jøL KiwQ| •ew`‡K mvaviYZ Dcm‡M©i wµqv †_‡K
wew”Qbœ, wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© mshy³, wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c‡i wehy³, wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c‡i mshy³, g‡š¿i ev
232
ev‡K¨i ïiæ‡Z, g‡š¿i ev ev‡K¨i †k‡l, cv`c~i‡Y, avZzi A‡_©, wµqvi KvR mva‡b, wefw³i KviY wn‡m‡e,
GKB Dcm‡M©i cybive„wˇZ, Dcm‡M©i mgy”Pq ev mgev‡q BZ¨vw` iƒ‡c e¨eüZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq (cÖ_g
Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvwPZ)| Avi ms¯‥…‡Z Dcm‡M©i avZzi wewea ev bvbv A‡_©, avZz ev wµqvi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e©
mshy³, cv`c~i‡Y, j¨c& cÖZ¨‡qi mv‡_, jO&, jyO& I j„O& wefw³RvZ A-Gi c~‡e©, wbw`©ó avZzi c~‡e©, c‡`i
wefw³ wba©vi‡Y, AKg©K avZz‡K mKg©K avZz‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡i, ci‣¯§c`x, AvZ¥‡bc`x I Dfqc`x avZzi
iƒcvšÍ‡i BZ¨vw` iƒ‡c cÖ‡qvM n‡Z †`Lv hvq (wØZxq Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvwPZ)| Ab¨w`‡K evsjvq Dcm‡M©i K…`šÍ,
bvg I we‡`kx k‡ãi Ae¨ewnZ c~‡e© mshy³, GKB k‡ã (Zrmg) GKvwaKiƒ‡c, Zrmg Ae¨‡qi DcmM©iƒ‡c,
Zrmg Dcm‡M©i ¯^Zš¿iƒ‡c BZ¨vw` iƒ‡c e¨eüZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq (Z…Zxq Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvwPZ)| myZivs wZb
fvlv‡ZB Dcm‡M©i e¨envi ev cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK •emv`„k¨ †`Lv hvq|
Gfv‡e •ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv fvlvq Dcm‡M©i Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g Avgiv D³ wZb fvlvi
DcmM© ci¯úi ci¯úi‡K KZUzKz `vb K‡i‡Q Ges ci¯úi ci¯úi‡ii KvQ †_‡K KZUzKz MÖnY K‡i‡Q Zvi
GKwU c~Y©v½ wPÎ cvB| hv Avgv‡`i D³ wZb fvlvi DcmM© m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv wb‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i|
233
Dcmsnvi
GKmgq kãeûj •ew`K fvlv e¨vKi‡Yi Afv‡e nvwi‡q †h‡Z e‡mwQj| ZvB •ew`K fvlv Z_v •ew`K
e¨vKiY iÿv‡_© G‡K ms¯‥v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q| cvwYwb cÖgyL •eqvKiY‡`i nv‡Z •ew`K fvlv Z_v
•ew`K e¨vKiY ms¯‥vwiZ nq| ZvB me©Rbwew`Z †h, ms¯‥…Z fvlv •ew`K fvlviB iƒc‡f`gvÎ| A_©vr ms¯‥…Z
e¨vKiY •ew`K e¨vKi‡Yi cwigvwR©Z iƒc| Aciw`‡K evsjv e¨vKiY ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi AbyeZ©b| A_©vr GB
e¨vKi‡Y ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi wbqgKvbyb cÖhy³ n‡q‡Q| •ew`K fvlvi wbqš¿Ynxb weKí kã ms¯‥…Z fvlvq
wbqwš¿Z| cÿvšÍ‡i evsjv fvlvi AwaKvsk kãB ms¯‥…Z (=Zrmg) ev ms¯‥…Z kã †_‡K cwiewZ©Z| Z‡e
Zvi wbR¯^ k‡ãi cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨ fvlvi (Aviwe, dviwm, Bs‡iwR, cZy©wMR cÖf…wZ) kãI evsjv fvlvq
cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q Ges Ki‡Q| AvR •ew`K, ms¯‥„Z I evsjv fvlvi cÖK…wZ GK bq| wZb fvlvi aŸwb cÖK…wZ I
D”PviY ixwZi cv_©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y Giv AvR ¯^Zš¿ •ewk‡ó¨ gwÐZ| c„w_exi cÖ‡Z¨K fvlvi g‡ZvB G wZb
fvlv‡ZI e¨vKi‡Yi `„k¨gvb PviwU †g․wjK •ewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ aŸwbZË¡, kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡ ,evK¨ZË¡ I
A_©ZË¡| Av‡jvP¨ M‡elYvKg©wU kã-wbf©i| ZvB GwU e¨vKi‡Yi `„k¨gvb †g․wjK •ewk‡ó¨i kãZË¡ ev
iƒcZ‡Ë¡i AšÍM©Z| Avi k‡ãi MVb I A_©všÍ‡ii GKwU cÖavb welq DcmM©| Av‡jvP¨ wZb fvlv‡ZB DcmM©
Av‡Q|
c~‡e©v³ Av‡jvPbvq cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q †h, •ew`K fvlv e¨vKi‡Yi wkw_j (kø_) wbqg Øviv wbqwš¿Z| Avi
ms¯‥…Z fvlv e¨vKi‡Yi †UKmB ev myMwVZ wbqg Øviv mywbqwš¿Z| A_©vr ms¯‥…Z fvlv c‡` c‡` e¨vKiY Øviv
k„•Ljve×| Ab¨w`‡K evsjv fvlv ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY Øviv wbqwš¿Z n‡jI µ‡gB †m ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi cÖfve
KvwU‡q wbR¯^ MwZc‡_ GwM‡q hv‡”Q| •ew`K fvlvq •ew`K DcmM© e¨env‡i h‡_”Q wbqg cwijwÿZ nq|
wKš‘ ms¯‥…Z fvlvq ms¯‥…Z DcmM© e¨envi m~Î Øviv wbqwš¿Z| cÿvšÍ‡i evsjv fvlvq evsjv DcmM© (ms¯‥…Z,
evsjv I we‡`kx) e¨envi Zvi e¨vKi‡Yi mxgvbvi g‡a¨ AvU‡K bv †_‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i cwiewZ©Z
MwZc‡_ GwM‡q wM‡q‡Q| wewfbœ fvlvi ms¯ú‡k© evsjv fvlv I evsjv e¨vKiY mg„w× jvf K‡i‡Q Ges
Ki‡Q| G Kvi‡Y evsjv DcmM©I cÖvPxbKv‡ji (•ew`K-ms¯‥…ZhyM) cÖfve Z_v •ew`K-ms¯‥…‡Zi cÖfve
KvwU‡q wbR¯^ •ewkó¨ jvf K‡i‡Q | †`kx, we‡`kx bvbv k‡ãi †hvM-we‡qv‡M evsjv fvlvq DcmM©hy³ k‡ãi
A‡bK PgKcÖ` `„óvšÍ †g‡j, hv‡`i e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z •ew`K-ms¯‥…Z Dcm‡M©i g‡Wj AcivM| evsjv fvlvq LuvwU
evsjv Dcm‡M©i cÖPzi `„óvšÍ cwijwÿZ nq, †h¸wj‡Z •ew`K-ms¯‥…‡Zi wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨ nq bv| •ew`K fvlvq
234
DcmM© Øviv kãMV‡bi g~j wfwË ïay DcmM©| †Kbbv †mmgq DcmM© GKKfv‡eB A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviZ|
GB A_© cÖKvk †m ev‡K¨i ev g‡š¿i ïiæ‡Z, gv‡S, †k‡l cÖf…wZ Ae¯’v‡b †_‡KB Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ Dc
Zv‡Mœ w`‡ew`‡e| (F‡M¦`, 1 / 1 / 7; †n AwMœ ! Avgiv w`‡bw`‡b †Zvgvi mgx‡c G‡mwQ|), B›`ª Av hvwn|
(F‡M¦`, 2 / 12 / 9 ; †n B›`ª, GLv‡b G‡mv|), B‡›`ªv Mv Ave„‡Yvr Ac| [ F‡M¦`, 8 / 63 / 3; B›`ª †MvmKj
Acve„Z (Abve„Z ev Ly‡j †`qv) K‡iwQ‡jb|] BZ¨vw`| Z‡e DcmM© Øviv kã MV‡bi g~j wfwË ïay DcmM© bv
n‡qI ÔDcmM© + avZz + cÖZ¨qÕ Øviv kãMV‡bi wb`k©bI G fvlvq Kg bq| G‡ÿ‡Î DcmM© avZzi A_©wU‡K
bvbv A‡_© bvbvfv‡e we‡kwlZ K‡i (G wbqgwUB cieZ©x mg‡q ms¯‥…‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i)| †hgbÑ h¯§vbœ F‡Z
weRq‡šÍ Rbvmt| [ F‡M¦`, 2 / 12 / 9; huv‡K (B›`ª) Qvov †jv‡K weRqx nq bv| ], hÎv bt c~‡e© wcZit
c‡iqyt| (F‡M¦`, 10 / 14 / 2; †h c_ w`‡q †M‡Q †gv‡`i wcZ…cyiæl|) BZ¨vw`|
ms¯‥…Z fvlvq •ew`K fvlvi DcmM© e¨env‡ii GKwU gvÎ wbqg cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| †mwU n‡jvÑ ÔDcmM© + avZz
+ cÖZ¨qÕ| GwUB n‡jv ms¯‥…Z fvlvq DcmM© Øviv kãMV‡bi g~j wfwË| G‡ÿ‡ÎI DcmM© avZzi g~j
A_©wU‡K bvbv A‡_© we‡kwlZ K‡i| †hgbÑ
ÔüÕ-avZz = niY ev Pzwi Kiv
wKš‘,
Av- ü + jU&-wZ = AvniwZ (Avnvi K‡i)
we- ü + jU&-wZ = weniwZ (wenvi ev ågY K‡i)
Dc-ü + jU&-wZ = DcniwZ (Dcnvi †`q)
cÖ- ü + jU-wZ& = cÖniwZ (cÖnvi K‡i)
mg&- ü + jU&-wZ = msniwZ (msnvi K‡i)
GLv‡b Av cÖf…wZ DcmM© avZzi g~j A_©‡K bvbv A‡_© we‡kwlZ Ki‡Q|
Z‡e ms¯‥…Z fvlvq c‡`i wefw³ wba©vi‡Y KL‡bv KL‡bv DcmM© c„_K Ae¯’vq e‡m A_© cªKvk K‡i| ZLb
Giv Kg©cÖePbxq bv‡g AwfwnZ nq| ¯§iYxq, Giv AvK…wZ‡Z Dcm‡M©i g‡Zv n‡jI DcmM© bq, MwZI bq,
¯^vaxb wbcvZ, Z_v Ae¨q| †hgbÑ
Dc civ‡a© n‡i ¸Yvt| (nwii ¸Y m‡e©v”P Pig msL¨vi AwaK|)
Ab¨w`‡K evsjv fvlvq DcmM© Øviv kãMVb D³ `yfvlv †_‡K A‡bKUv m‡i G‡m‡Q| G fvlvq DcmM© Øviv
kãMV‡bi g~j wfwË n‡jvÑ ÔDcmM© + K…`šÍ c`Õ I ÔDcmM© + bvgc`Õ| G‡ÿ‡Î DcmM© K…`šÍ I bvgc‡`i
A_©‡K we‡kwlZ K‡i| †hgbÑ
235
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
DcmM© + K…`šÍc` :
cÖ-nvi = cÖnvi (AvNvZ Kiv)
A-†Pbv = A‡Pbv (wP‡b bv) BZ¨vw`|
DcmM© + bvgc` :
cÖ-fvZ = cÖfvZ (my›`i mKvj)
nv-fvZ = nvfvZ (fv‡Zi Afve)
dzj-kvU© = dzjkvU© (eo Rvgv) BZ¨vw`|
GLv‡b cÖ, A, nv, dzj DcmM©¸wj K…`šÍ I bvgc‡`i c~‡e© hy³ n‡q A_©‡K we‡kwlZ Ki‡Q|
Z‡e evsjv fvlvqI KL‡bv KL‡bv `yB-GKwU Zrmg Dcm‡M©i ¯^Zš¿ e¨envi cwijwÿZ nq (GwU g~jZ
•ew`K-ms¯‥…‡Zi wµqvwenxb Kg©cÖePbxq iƒcB)| †hgbÑ
AwZ eo e„× cwZ |
`wi‡`ªi cÖwZ `qv K‡iv|
D‡jøL¨ †h, ¯’vb, Kvj I cv·f‡` †hgb fvlvi cv_©K¨ I cwieZ©b N‡U †Zgwb •ew`K, ms¯‥…Z I evsjv
fvlvi DcmM©, Dcm‡M©i A_©, DcmM© Øviv kãMVb, Dcm‡M©i e¨envi cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î cv_©K¨ I cwieZ©b
N‡U‡Q Ges NU‡Q|
D³ wZb fvlvi Dcm‡M©i g~j¨vq‡b ejv hvqÑ •ew`K fvlvi DcmM© ¯^vaxb Ges c~Y©kw³m¤úbœ kã| wµqvi
m‡½ m¤úK© _vK‡jI cÖavbev‡K¨ Zvi QÎevnx bq| G cÖavbev‡K¨ Dcm‡M©i ¯^vaxbZv †`Levi g‡Zv|
†h‡Kv‡bv ¯^vaxb Ae¨‡qi g‡Zv Gi e¨envi| ixwZg‡Zv A_© ej‡Q, cÖZ¨qMÖnY Ki‡Q, wØiæ³ n‡”Q,
cybive„wË n‡”Q, mgy”Pq n‡”Q, wµqvi Av‡M-c‡i-e¨eav‡b em‡Q| AcÖavbev‡K¨ mvaviYZ G ¯^vaxbZv wKQzUv
ÿzYœ n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î Giv wµqvi m‡½ mgvm n‡q Romo Ae¯’vb K‡i| G †hb ev‡ci evwo †Q‡o †g‡q
kïievwo G‡jv| G fvlvq Kg©cÖePbxq¸wj Av‡iv ¯^vaxb| wµqvwenxb, mwbœwnZ c‡`i wefw³iI KviY|
m‡e©vcwi GB ¯^vaxb DcmM© I Kg©cÖePbxq †e‡`i fvlv‡K mRxe, mg„× I †eMevb Ki‡Q| ZvB †e‡`i
DcmM© hw` nq e‡bi cvwL, ms¯‥…Z I evsjvi DcmM© Zvn‡j LuvPvi cvwL| wµqvi evmvq Giv e›`x| Avi
Kg©cÖePbxq¸wji †PnvivUv Dcm‡M©i g‡Zv| wKš‘ eY©‡Pviv| evmvQvov cvwL avq Av‡jv-AÜKv‡i|
•ew`K fvlvq AvPvh© kvKUvqb Dcm‡M©i A_© A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ AvPvh© MvM©¨ Dcm‡M©i A_© ¯^xKvi
K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©x mg‡q hv¯‥ AvPvh© Mv‡M©¨i gZ‡K Av‡iv my`„p K‡i‡Qb| Avi ms¯‥…Z fvlvq e¨vKiYwe`‡`i
ga¨gwY cvwYwb Dcm‡M©i A_© †bB ev Av‡Q m¤ú‡K© wbðzc wQ‡jb| wKš‘ Zuvi e¨vKiYva¨vwqMY AvPvh©
kvKUvqbcš’x| Ab¨w`‡K evsjv fvlvq e¨vKiYwe` mybxwZ Kzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq, W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& MvM©¨cš’x|
wKš‘ G fvlvi mv¤úªwZK Kv‡ji •eqvKi‡Yiv Dcm‡M©i A_© †bB ev Av‡Q K~UZ‡K© bv Rwo‡q Zuviv A‡bKUv
236
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
ga¨cš’x| Avwg AvPvh© MvM©¨ I wbiæ³Kvi hv‡¯‥i ÔDcm‡M©i wbR¯^ A_© Av‡QÕ m¤úwK©Z gZev`‡K hyw³hy³,
m¤ú~Y© weÁvb-m¤§Z g‡b Kwi Ges mg_©b Kwi| GQvov Avwg DcmM©mn GgbwK cÖZ¨‡qiI A_© Av‡Q G K_v
¯^xKvi Kwi| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒcÑ
Dc- m„R& + NT& (A) = DcmM©, DcmM© + myc& = DcmM©t (•ew`K I ms¯‥…Z iƒc) DcmM© (evsjv iƒc)
cÖwZ- B + AP& (A) = cÖZ¨q, cÖZ¨q + myc& = cÖZ¨qt (•ew`K I ms¯‥…Z iƒc) cÖZ¨q (evsjv iƒc)
GLv‡b ÔNT&Õ I ÔAP&Õ cÖZ¨‡qi h_vµ‡g ÔN& I T&Õ Ges ÔP&Õ †jvc †c‡q‡Q| GB ÔN& I T&Õ Ges ÔP&Õ e‡j
w`‡”Q m„R& I B-avZzi h_vµ‡g m„R&-avZzi Avw` ¯^‡ii ¸Y F
Ai& [ A‡`O& ¸Yt (cv. 1 / 1 / 2)| ] I R&
M& [ P‡Rvt Kz-wNYœ¨‡Zvt (cv. 7 / 3 / 52)|] Ges B-avZzi ¯’v‡b mwÜm~‡Î h& = q& [ B‡Kv hYwP (cv. 6 / 1
/ 77)|] n‡e| AZGe, GB D`vniYØq †_‡K cÖgvwYZ cÖZ¨q wbi_©K bq| A_©vr cÖZ¨‡qiI A_© Av‡Q|
Z`ªƒc Dcm‡M©iI A_© Av‡Q| mg‡qi †cÖÿvc‡U Avgiv A‡bK wKQz nvwi‡q †d‡jwQ| A_©vr †mB Z_¨ ev m~Î
AvR cvw”Q bv| Dcm‡M©i mywbw`©ó A_© wQj| Gi Øviv hv Lywk Zv n‡”Q bv| †hgb, ÔDcÕ ej‡j ÔAbyÕ eySvq
bv| Avevi ÔAbyÕ ej‡j ÔDcÕ eySvq bv| ÔDcÕ(wbKU cÖf…wZ)-Gi GKUv wbw`©ó A_© Av‡Q Ges ÔAbyÕ(cðvr
cÖf…wZ)-Gi GKUv wbw`©ó A_© Av‡Q| `„óvšÍ¯^iƒc : `v + jy¨U& (AbU&) = `vb, `vb + myc& = `vbg& (•ew`K
I ms¯‥…Z iƒc)
`vb (evsjv iƒc)-Gi A_© ÔweZiYÕ| wKš‘ cÖwZ- `v + jy¨U& (AbU&) = cÖwZ`vb, cÖwZ`vb
+ myc& = cÖwZ`vbg& (•ew`K I ms¯‥…Z iƒc)
cÖwZ`vb (evsjv iƒc)-Gi A_© Ô`v‡bi e`‡j `vbÕ| DcmM©
ÔcÖwZÕ hy³ nIqvq mywbw`©ó A_© cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| AZGe Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi Dcm‡M©i A_© wQj, Av‡Q Ges
_vK‡e|
Avgv‡`i wZb fvlvi DcmM© m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb •eqvKiY‡`i KvD‡K †QvU K‡i bv †`‡L mK‡ji e³e¨‡K
¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv DwPZ| †Kbbv Zuviv mK‡jB wZb fvlvi e¨vKiY RM‡Zi D¾¡j c_cÖ`k©K| Zuviv Avgv‡`i
GwM‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ ¯^gwngvq ¯^vÿi †i‡L †M‡Qb| Zuv‡`i Av‡jvPbvi c_ a‡iB AvR Avgiv wZb fvlvi
DcmM© m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbvi h_vh_ Ávb AvniY Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ| nq‡Zv AvR AvgviI m¤¢e nZ bv G wZb
fvlvi DcmM© m¤úwK©Z Ávb AvniY Kiv| AZx‡Z †hgb fvlv I e¨vKiY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv, mgv‡jvPbv,
M‡elYv n‡q‡Q, eZ©gv‡bI †Zgwb Av‡jvPbv, mgv‡jvPbv, M‡elYv n‡”Q| †mB m~Î a‡iB AvwgI GKRb ÿy`ª
M‡elK GB wZb fvlvi DcmM© wb‡q Mfxi we‡køl‡Y cÖqvmx n‡qwQ| AvR Avgvi e³e¨ n‡jv AvaywbKZvi
237
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
†Quvqvq Avgiv bZzb‡K MÖnY Kie wKš‘ cyivZb‡K †d‡j bq| G cÖm‡½ ms¯‥…Z mvwn‡Z¨i bÿÎ Kvwj`v‡mi
GKwU e³e¨ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨Ñ
cyivYvwg‡Z¨e b mvay me©s
b Pvwc Kve¨s bewgZ¨e`¨g&|
mšÍt cixÿ¨vb¨Zi`& fR‡šÍ
g~pt cicÖZ¨q‡bqeyw×t \ gvjweKvwMœwgÎ, 1/2
[ Ñcyiv‡Yv e‡jB mewKQz fv‡jv Ggb bq, Avevi bZzb e‡jB mewKQz †djbv bq| cwÐZiv cixÿv K‡iB
`y‡Uvi g‡a¨ GKUv‡K †e‡Q †bb, hv‡`i eyw× †bB ZvivB c‡ii aviYv ï‡b P‡j| ]
GK K_vq eje AvaywbKZvi cvkvcvwk Avgiv cyivZb‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`e| Zvn‡jB wU‡K _vK‡e Avgv‡`i fvlv
I e¨vKiY| Avi G‡Z wZb fvlvi gh©v`vI AÿzYœ _vK‡e|
238
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
MÖšc
’ wÄ :
•ew`KwelqK
1. AgiKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq : •ew`K e¨vKiY, wØZxq cÖKvk, ms¯‥…Z cy¯K
Í fvÐvi, †KvjKvZv , 1424 (e½vã)
2. AgiKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq : †k․bK-weiwPZ F‡M¦`-cÖvwZkvL¨, wØZxq cÖKvk, ms¯‥…Z cy¯K
Í fvÐvi, KjKvZv,
2016,
3. kÖxA‡kvKKzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (m¤úvw`Z) : cvwYbxq •ew`K e¨vKiY, cÖ_g cÖKvk, ms¯‥…Z cy¯K
Í fvÐvi,
KjKvZv, 2006
4. W. D`qP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq : †e`-msKjb (2q), wØZxq cÖKvk, ms¯‥…Z eyK wW‡cv, KjKvZv, 2001
5. †M․ix ag©cvj : †e‡`i fvlv I Q›`, wØZxq gy`ªY, cwðge½ ivR¨ cy¯K
Í cl©r, KjKvZv, 2015
6. Aa¨vcK W. Zcbk¼i fÆvPvh©¨ : •ew`K e¨vKiY, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, ms¯‥…Z eyK wW‡cv, KjKvZv, 2016
7. Aa¨vcK ZviKbv_ AwaKvix (m¤úvw`Z) : †k․bKxq F‡M¦` cÖvwZkvL¨, cybg©y`ªY, ms¯‥…Z eyK wW‡cv,
KjKvZv, 2014
8. `xwawZ wek¦vm : •ew`K cvVmÂPqb, cÖ_g cÖKvk, cwðge½ ivR¨ cy¯K
Í cl©r, KjKvZv, 2013
9. W. ax‡i›`ªbv_ Zid`vi : •ew`K e¨vKiY, cÖ_g cÖKvk, evsjv GKv‡Wgx XvKv, 2010
10. kÖxwe‡bv`jvj †mb KweivR (m¤úvw`Z) I kÖxmZ¨iÄb e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (KZ©„K f~wgKv m¤^wjZ) :
f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ, wm×všÍ-†K․gy`x (•ew`KcÖKiY), cÖ_g cÖKvk, m‡`k, KjKvZv, 2007
11. kÖxwe‡bv`jvj †mb KweivR (m¤úvw`Z) I kÖxmZ¨iÄb e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (KZ©„K f~wgKv m¤^wjZ) :
f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ, wm×všÍ-†K․gy`x (•ew`KcÖKiY), wØZxq cÖKvk, m‡`k, KjKvZv, 2005
12. eªþPvix †gav‣PZb¨ (m¤úvw`Z) : hv¯‥, wbiæ³g&, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, `wÿ‡Yk¦i ivgK…ò msN, Av`¨vcxV
evjKvkÖg, KwjKvZv, 2002
13. Aa¨vcK D`qP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (m¤úvw`Z) : hv¯‥, wbiæ³, cÖ_g cÖKvk, ms¯‥…Z eyK wW‡cv, KjKvZv,
1421
14. Aa¨vcK ZviKbv_ AwaKvix (m¤úvw`Z) : hv¯‥, wbiæ³, cybg©y`ªY, ms¯‥…Z eyK wW‡cv, KjKvZv, 2016
15. i‡gkP›`ª `Ë (Ab~w`Z) I kÖxwniY¥q e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (KZ©„K f~wgKv m¤^wjZ) : F‡M¦`-mswnZv (cÖ_g I
wØZxq LÐ), PZz_© gy`ªY, nid cÖKvkbx, KjKvZv, 2000
16. W. kÖxgZx kvwšÍ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq : •ew`K mvwn‡Z¨i iƒc‡iLv, Z…Zxq cwiewa©Z ms¯‥iY, ms¯‥…Z cy¯ÍK
fvÐvi, †KvjKvZv, 2003
17. kÖxk¨vgvPiYKweiZœ (m¤úvw`Z) : •ew`Ke¨vKiYg&, cÖ_g cÖKvk, ms¯‥…Z cy¯K
Í fvÐvi, KwjKvZv, 1999
18. A (ARTHUR). A (ANTHONY). MACDONELL : VEDIC GRAMMAR , Bhartiya publishing House,
Varanasi, Delhi, 1975
19. A.A. MACDONELL : A Vedic Grammar For Students, Reprint, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private
Limited, Delhi, 2010
20. A.A. Macdonell : A Vedic Reader For Students, Reprint, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
Private Limited, Delhi, 1999
21. Dr. Bhabani Prasad Bhattacharya : VEDIC GRAMMAR, First Published, Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar,
Calcutta, 1986
22. Max Muller : Friedrich : Collected Works, Vol. 10 (The Homes of the Aryans), New Impression,1898
23. H. (Horace) H. (Hayman). Wilson and Bhāṣya of Sāyaṇācārya : ṚGVEDA SAṀHITᾹ, Vol. 1-4, Parimal
Publications, Varanasi, Delhi, 2002
239
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
ms¯‹…ZwelqK
1. AwgqKzgvi fÆvPvh©¨ : ms¯‥…Z e¨vKi‡Yi mswÿß BwZnvm, cÖ_g cÖKvk, ms¯‥…Z cy¯K
Í fvÐvi, †KvjKvZv,
2011
2. W. Amxg miKvi : ms¯‥…Z I evsjv e¨vKi‡Y mgvm, cÖ_g cÖKvk, ms¯‥…Z wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv,
2012
3. Aa¨vcK W. Amxg miKvi : ms¯‥…Z avZziƒc wewbg©vY : AvZ¥‡bc` I ci‣¯§c` weavb, cÖ_g cÖKvk,
ms¯‥…Z wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv, 2013-2014
4. W. Amxg miKvi : wYRšÍ avZz : iƒc I iƒcvšÍi, cÖ_g cÖKvk, ms¯‥…Z wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv,
2012
5. Avï‡Zvl †`e (m¤úvw`Z), gnvg‡nvcva¨vq `yM©vPiY mvsL¨‡e`všÍZx_© (ms‡kvwaZ-cwiewa©Z) I cwÐZ
cÖei Aa¨vcK m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ †mb (Av`¨šÍ ms‡kvwaZ) : Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi, mgMÖ e¨vKiY‡K․gy`x, †`e
mvwnZ¨ KzwUi (cÖv. wj.), KwjKvZv, 1999
6. Aa¨vcK D`qP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Ges beviæY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq : ms¯‥…Z mvwn‡Z¨i mvaK, cÖ_g cÖKvk,
ms¯‥…Z eyK wW‡cv, KjKvZv, 2013,
7. AvPvh©¨ KgjvKvšÍ : `kw`e‡mly ms¯‥„Zs e`Zz, cÖ_g cÖKvk, cigvb›`-ms¯‥…Z-wkÿv-cwil`,cwðge½,
2004
8. KiæYvwmÜz `vm : cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi fvlv`k©b, cybg©y`ªY, cÖ‡MÖwmf cvewjkvm©, KjKvZv, 2011,
9. W±i kÖxK„ò‡Mvcvj †Mv¯^vgx kv¯¿x I Aa¨vwcKv W±i Avjcbv †Mv¯^vgx : ms¯‥…Z mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm I
ms¯‥…‡Zi wÎaviv, bZzb ms¯‥iY, †Mv¯^vgx cÖKvkbx, KjKvZv, 2013
10. ax‡i›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq : ms¯‥…Z mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm, wØZxq ms¯‥i‡Yi wØZxq gy`ªY, cwðge½ ivR¨
cy¯K
Í cl©r, KjKvZv, 2005
11. W. wbwLj iÄb wek¦vm : ms¯‥…Z fvlv I mvwnZ¨ cwiPq, cÖ_g cÖKvk, †e`evYx cÖKvkbx, †MvcvjMÄ,
1996
12. `wЯ^vgx `v‡gv`i AvkÖg (Abyevw`Z I m¤úvw`Z) : cZÄwj, e¨vKiY-gnvfvl¨g& (c¯úvkvwýK), cÖ_g
cÖKvk, `wÿ‡Yk¦i ivgK…òmsN, KwjKvZv, 1925 kZvã
13. m•NwgÎv †mb¸ß (`vk ¸ß) (m¤úvw`Z) : cZÄwj, gnvfvl¨ (c¯úvkvwýKg&), wØZxq ms¯‥iY, ms¯‥…Z
cy¯K
Í fvÐvi,KwjKvZv, 1407
14. Aa¨vcK W. Zcbk¼i fÆvPvh©¨ (m¤úvw`Z) : cvwYwb, Aóva¨vqx, cybg©y`ªY, ms¯‥…Z eyK wW‡cv, KjKvZv,
2012
15. kÖxc‡ikP›`ª gRyg`vi : ms¯‥…Z I cÖvK…Z fvlvi µgweKvk, Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY, †`ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv,
2000
16. W±i cÖ‡evaP›`ª jvwnox I cwÐZ ülx‡Kk kv¯¿x : cvwYbxqg& A HIGHER SANSKRIT GRAMMAR AND
COMPOSITION, cybgy`ª©Y, w` XvKv ÷z‡W›Um& jvB‡eªix, KwjKvZv, 1998
17. kÖx Ag‡ik¦i VvKzi (KZ©…K ms¯‥viK…Z Ges cwi‡kvwaZ) : evj¥xwK, ivgvqYg& (my›`iKvÐÑ9), wØZxq
ms¯‥iY, wek¦evYx cÖKvkbx, KjKvZv, 2015
18. W. wek¦iƒc mvnv : †e`fvlvwbwg©wZ ev ms¯‥…Z e¨vKiY, cÖ_g cÖKvk, ms¯‥…Z cy¯K
Í fvÐvi, KwjKvZv,
1997
240
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
19. W. weRqv †Mv¯^vgx : Zzjbvg~jK fvlvZË¡ I ms¯‥…Z, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, ms¯‥…Z cy¯K
Í fvÐvi, KjKvZv,
1412
20. weòzc` fÆvPvh© (m¤úvw`Z) : fË©n„ wi, evK¨-c`xq eªþ-KvÐ (cÖ_g LÐ), Z…Zxq gy`ªY, cwðge½ ivR¨
cy¯K
Í cl©r, KjKvZv, 2017
21. kÖxwe‡bv`jvj †mb KweivR (m¤úvw`Z) I kÖxmZ¨iÄb e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (KZ©„K f~wgKv m¤^wjZ) :
f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ, wm×všÍ-†K․gy`x, wØZxq cÖKvk, m‡`k, KjKvZv, 2005
22. Aa¨vcK W±i mw”P`vb›` gy‡Lvcva¨vq (m¤úvw`Z) : f‡ÆvwR`xwÿZ, •eqvKiY wm×všÍ-†K․gy`x (KviKcÖKiY), cybg©y`ªY, mvwnZ¨ wb‡KZb, KwjKvZv, 1989
23. W. gyivwi‡gvnb †mb / †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx / Zvivc` fÆPvh© / W. iwek¼i e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (m¤úvw`Z) :
ms¯‥…Z mvwnZ¨m¤¢vi, 2q LÐ (†gN`~Z, AwfÁvbkKzšj
Í , Kzgvim¤¢e), 2q cÖKvk, becÎ cÖKvkb,
KjKvZv, 2011
24. Wv. igvk¼i wgkª (m¤úvw`Z) : Aóva¨vqxm~ÎcvV, Z…Zxq cybgy©`ªY, †gvwZjvj evbvimx`vm, w`jøx, 2017
25. i‡gkP›`ª `Ë (Ab~w`Z) I kÖxwnib¥q e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (KZ…©K f~wgKv m¤^wjZ) : F‡M¦`-mswnZv (cÖ_g I
wØZxq LÐ) PZz_© gy`ªY, nid cÖKvkbx, KjKvZv, 2000
26. W. iv‡gk¦i kÕ : mvaviY fvlvweÁvb I evsjv fvlv, Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY, cy¯K
Í wecwY, KjKvZv, 1403
27. iZœv emy : fvlvweÁvb I ms¯‥…Z fvlv, cÖ_g cÖKvk, ms¯‥…Z cy¯K
Í fvÐvi, KwjKvZv, 1977
28. ivR‡kLi emy : evj¥xwK ivgvqY, cybg©y`ªY, Gg. wm. miKvi A¨vÛ mÝ cÖvt wjt, KwjKvZv, 141
29. W. ïåv emy †Nvl : fvlvweÁvb I ms¯‥…Z fvlvZË¡, cybgy©`ªY, ms¯‥…Z eyK wW‡cv, KjKZv, 2018
30. kÖx mZ¨iÄb e‡›`¨vcva¨vq : ms¯‥…Z ebvg evO&jv e¨vKiY, cÖ_g cÖKvk, ms¯‥…Z cy¯K
Í fvÐvi,
†KvjKvZv, 2013
31. W. mZ¨bvivqY PµeZ©x : cvwYbxq kãkv¯¿, cÖ_g cÖKvk, ms¯‥…Z cy¯K
Í fvÐvi, KjKvZv, 2003
32. kÖxülx‡Kk †`ekg©v : HINTS ON SANSKRIT GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION, PZy_© ms¯‥iY,
e¨vivKcyi, ZvjcyKzi, 1956
33. Ashoke kumor Bandyopadhyay : cvwYbxq HELPS TO THE STUDY OF SANSKRIT GrAMMAR &
COMPOSITION, cÖ_g cÖKvkb, m‡`k, KjKvZv , 2008
34. Janakinath Sastri : HELPS TO THE STUDY OF SANSKRIT, Revised Edition, Indian Book
Company, Calcutta, 1979
35. M (Moreshwar). R (Ramchandra). Kale : A HIGHER SANSKRIT GRAMMAR, Reprint,
Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1977
36. Monier Willams : A Practical Grammar of the Sanskrit Language, First Indian edition,
Oriental Books Reprint Corporation, New Delhi, 1978
241
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
evsjvwelqK
1. W. Aveyj Kvjvg gbRyi †gvi‡k` : we`¨v‡Kvl evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY I iPbv, ms‡kvwaZ ms¯‥iY,
mvMwiKv cvewj‡KkÝ, XvKv, 2012
2. W. K…òc` †Mv¯^vgx : evsjv fvlvZ‡Ë¡i BwZnvm, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, ms¯‥…Z eyK wW‡cv, KjKvZv, 2001
3. W. L›`Kvi kvgxg Avn‡g` : cÖZ¨q-DcmM©-AbymM©, wØZxq gy`ªY, cÖ‡dmiÕm cÖKvkb, XvKv, 2014
4. †R¨vwZf~lY PvKx : evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, wØZxq ms¯‥iY, Avb›` cvewjkvm© cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW,
KjKvZv, 2001
5. RyjwdKvi gwZb (m¤úvw`Z) : †gNbv`ea Kve¨, cÖ_g cÖKvk, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, 2016
6. W. wbwLj iÄb wek¦vm : evsjv fvlvi Drm I Dcv`vb, cÖ_g cÖKvk, †e`evYx cÖKvkbx, †MvcvjMÄ,
2017
7. c‡ikP›`ª gRyg`vi : evOjv fvlv cwiµgv, (cÖ_g LÐ) PZz_© ms¯‥iY, †`ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv,
2008
8. W. AbxK gvngy` (f~wgKv) : cÖg_ †P․ayix, cÖeÜmsMÖn, Z…Zxq cÖKvk, myPqbx cvewjkvm©, XvKv, 2018
9. gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB I Av‡bvqvi cvkv (m¤úvw`Z) : Ph©vMxwZKv, mßg ms¯‥iY, ÷z‡W›U I‡qR, XvKv,
2017
10. gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB I Av‡bvqvi cvkv (m¤úvw`Z) : eo– PÐx`v‡mi Kve¨, mßg ms¯‥iY, ÷z‡W›U I‡qR,
XvKv, 2014
11. Aa¨vcK gvneyeyj Avjg : evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZnvm, Aóv`k ms¯‥iY, Lvb eªv`vm© A¨vÛ †Kv¤úvwb, XvKv,
2018
12. gvneyeyj Avjg : evsjv fvlvi BwZnvm, cÖ_g cÖKvk, Lvb eªv`vm© A¨vÛ †Kv¤úvwb, XvKv, 2015
13. cÖ‡dmi gvneyeyj Avjg : fvlv †m․if e¨vKiY I iPbv, Aóg ms¯‥iY, AvBwWqvj jvB‡eªwi, XvKv,
2001
14. W±i gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& : ev½vjv e¨vKiY, wØZxq gy`ªY, cÖwfwÝqvj jvB‡eªwi, XvKv, 1380
15. W. gyn¤§` knx`yjøvn& : evsjv fvlvi BwZe„Ë, wØZxq gy`ªY, gvIjv eªv`vm©, XvKv, 1999
16. W±i gyn¤§` Gbvgyj nK : e¨vKiY gÄix, cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, gvIjv eªv`vm©, XvKv, 2003
17. gybxi †P․ayix I †gvdv¾j nvq`vi †P․ayix : evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY, cybgy©`ªY,RvZxq wkÿvµg I
cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ, 2002
18. k¨vgkªx wek¦vm †mb¸ß : evsjv fvlv : iƒ‡c cÖ‡qv‡M, cÖ_g cÖKvk, †`ÕR cvewjwks, KjKvZv, 2013
19. hZxb miKvi : e¨vKi‡Yi fq AKviY, cÖ_g cÖKvk, BZ¨vw` MÖš’ cÖKvk, XvKv, 2015
20. iwdKzj Bmjvg I cweÎ miKvi (m¤úvw`Z) : evsjv GKv‡Wgx cÖwgZ evsjv fvlvi e¨vKiY (1g LÐ),
wØZxq ms¯‥iY, evsjv GKv‡Wgx XvKv, 2012
21. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi : kãZË¡, cÖ_g cÖKvk, Abq cÖKvkb, XvKv, 2015
22. W. iv‡gk¦i kÕ : mvaviY fvlvweÁvb I evsjv fvlv, Z…Zxq ms¯‥iY, cy¯K
Í wecwY, KjKvZv, 1403
23. myKzgvi †mb : fvlvi BwZe„Ë, cÂ`k gy`ªY, Avb›` cvewjkvm© cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW, KjKvZv, 2015
24. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq : mij fvlvcÖKvk evOvjv e¨vKiY, me©‡kl ms¯‥iY, cÖKvk feb, KjKvZv,
2011
25. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq : fvlv-cÖKvk ev½vjv e¨vKiY, cybgy©`ªY, iƒcv A¨vÛ †Kv¤úvbx, KjKvZv, †g
1989
242
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
26. •mq` AvKig †nv‡mb (m¤úvw`Z) : iex›`ªiPbvewj, cÂwesk LÐ (fvlvi K_v), HwZn¨ cÖKvkK, XvKv,
2016
27. ûgvqyb AvRv` : jvj bxj `xcvewj ev evOjv mvwn‡Z¨i Rxebx, PZz_© gy`ªY, AvMvgx cÖKvkbx, XvKv,
2015
28. ûgvqyb AvRv` : evK¨ZË¡, wØZxq gy`ªY, AvMvgx cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 2019
29. ûgvqyb AvRv` (m¤úvw`Z) : evOjv fvlv (cÖ_g LÐ, evOjv fvlvwelqK cÖeÜmsKjb, 1743Ñ1983),
PZz_© gy`ªY, AvMvgx cÖKvkbx, XvKv, 2015,
30. W. nvqvr gvgy` : fvlv-wkÿv evsjv e¨vKiY I iPbv, ms‡kvwaZ PZz_© ms¯‥iY, w` G¨vUjvm cvewjwks
nvDm, XvKv, 2011
31. Suniti kumar Chatterji : The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language, Reprinted,
Rupa and Co, Calcutta , 1986
32. Sen, Dr. Sukamar : History and pre-History (University of Mysore, Extension Lecture, 1957)
cÖeÜ
ms¯‥…Z
1. wkwki fÆvPvh©¨ : cvwYbxq iƒcZË¡ I ALÐ iƒcZË¡, cÖvP¨we`¨v cwÎKv, PZz_© msL¨v, Aa¨vcK w`jxc Kzgvi
fÆvPvh©¨ M‡elYv †K›`ª, ms¯‥…Z wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, GwcÖj : 2014
2. Amxg miKvi : ms¯‥…Z Ges evsjvq ePb I msL¨vevPK k‡ãi e¨envi, GKwU Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv,
cÖvP¨we`¨v cwÎKv, wØZxq msL¨v, Aa¨vcK w`jxc Kzgvi fÆvPvh©¨ M‡elYv †K›`ª, ms¯‥…Z wefvM,
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, Ryb : 2001
3. cÖg_ wg¯¿x : wÎgywb I Zuv‡`i e¨vKiY PP©v, cÖvP¨we`¨v cwÎKv, cÂg msL¨v, Aa¨vcK w`jxc Kzgvi
fÆvPvh©¨ M‡elYv †K›`ª, ms¯‥…Z wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, Ryb : 2015
4. cÖg_ wg¯¿x : ms¯‥…Z I evsjv e¨vKi‡Y evP¨ : GKwU Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv, cÖvP¨we`¨v cwÎKv, lô msL¨v,
Aa¨vcK w`jxc Kzgvi fÆvPvh©¨ M‡elYv †K›`ª, ms¯‥…Z wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, Ryb : 2016
5. cÖg_ wg¯¿x : ms¯‥…Z I evsjv e¨vKi‡Y YZ¡ I lZ¡-weav‡bi e¨envi : GKwU Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv,
cÖvP¨we`¨v cwÎKv, beg msL¨v, Aa¨vcK w`jxc Kzgvi fÆvPvh©¨ M‡elYv †K›`ª, ms¯‥…Z wefvM, XvKv
wek¦we`¨vjq, Ryb : 2019
6. cÖg_ wg¯¿x : ms¯‥…Z I evsjv e¨vKi‡Y mwÜi e¨envi : GKwU Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv, cÖvP¨we`¨v cwÎKv,
`kg msL¨v, Aa¨vcK w`jxc Kzgvi fÆvPvh©¨ M‡elYv †K›`ª, ms¯‥…Z wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, Ryb :
2020
evsjv
1. G. we. Gg. †iRvDj Kwig dwKi : evsjv e¨vKi‡Y kã I Zvi †kÖwYKiY, fvlvweÁv‡bi Av‡jv‡K GKwU
chv©‡jvPbv, wbeÜgvjv, D”PZi gvbewe`¨v M‡elYv †K›`ª, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, Aóv`k msL¨v, Ryb : 2014
2. wbwLj iÄb wek¦vm : evsjv fvlvi evbvb ms¯‥vi, Dc‡hvwMZv I ¯^”QZv, cÖvP¨we`¨v cwÎKv, lô msL¨v,
Aa¨vcK w`jxc Kzgvi fÆvPvh©¨ M‡elYv †K›`ª, ms¯‥…Z wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, Ryb : 2016
243
Dhaka University Institutional Repository
3. mvjgv bvmixb : fvlvi kã‡Kw›`ªKZv Ges evsjv k‡ãi e¨envi I cÖPj-APj cÖm½, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
fvlvweÁvb cwÎKv, fvlvweÁvb wefvM, el© 3 msL¨v 6, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, Ryb : 2014
4. gynv¤§` Avmv`y¾vgvb : evsjv m¤úªmvwiZ cÖZ¨‡qi f~wgKv, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fvlvweÁvb cwÎKv,
fvlvweÁvb wefvM, el© 3 msL¨v 6, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, Ryb : 2014
5. †gvnv¤§` AvRg : evsjv e¨vKiY cÖm‡½ iex›`ªbv_ : Zvrch© I cÖvmw½KZv, mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv, evsjv wefvM,
el© : 51, msL¨v : 2, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, Ryb : 2014
Awfavb
ms¯‥…Z
1. kÖx A‡kvK Kzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq : ms¯‥…Z-evsjv Awfavb, wØZxq cÖKvk, m‡`k, KjKvZv, 1411
2. kÖxA‡kvKKzgvi e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (m¤úvw`Z) : The Students’ English-Bengali-Sanskrit
Dictonary, cÖ_g cÖKvk, m‡`k, KjKvZv, 2014
3. wMwikP›`ª we`¨viZœ (m¼wjZ) : kãmvi (ms¯‥…Z-ev½vjv Awfavb), wØZxq ms¯‥iY, ms¯‥…Z eyK wW‡cv,
KjKvZv, 2005
4. GOBINDAGOPAL MUKHOPADHYAYA : A New TRI-LANGUAL DICTIONARY (SanskritBengali-English), Reprint, Pilgrims publishing, Varanasi, Delhi, 2002
evsjv
1. nwiPiY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq : e½xq kã‡Kvl (1g I 2q LÐ), cÖ_g ms¯‥iY, mvwnZ¨ AKv‡`wg, bZyb w`wjø,
1988
2. •k‡j›`ª wek¦vm (msKjK) : msm` ev½vjv Awfavb, PZz_© ms¯‥iY (ms‡kvwaZ I cwiewa©Z),
mvwnZ¨msm`, KwjKvZv, 1993
3. b‡ib wek¦vm : evsjv GKv‡Wgx evOjv D”PviY Awfavb, cwigvwR©Z I cwiewa©Z wØZxq ms¯‥iY, evsjv
GKv‡Wgx XvKv, 1999
4. W. †gvnv¤§` Avgxb : evsjv e¨vKiY Awfavb, cÖ_g cÖKvk, cyw_wbjq, XvKv, 2017
Bs‡iwR
1. Zillur Rahman Siddiqi (Editor) : Bangla Academy English-Bengali Dictionary, First Edition,
Bangla Academy Dhaka , 1993
2. Sailendra Biswas (and others compiled) : Samsad Bengali-English Disctionary, Third Edition,
Eighth Impression, Sahitya Samsad, Kolkata, 2005
3. Anjali Bose (Editor) : SAMSAD COMMON WORDS DICTIONART, [ ENGLISH-BENGALI ],
14th Impression, Sahitya Samsad, Calcutta, 1996
244