67th edition Contents For 66 years, the BP Natural gasStatistical Review of World Electricity Energy has provided high-quality objective and 46 Generation 1Group chief executive’s introduction 26 Reserves Production data and consumption Generation by fuel 2 2017 at a glance globally28consistent on world energy48markets. 33 Prices 3Group chief economist’s analysis The review is one of the most widely respected Carbon 34 Trade movements and authoritative publications in the field of energy Primary energy 49 Carbon dioxide emissions economics, used for reference by the media, Coal 8 Consumption 36 Reserves and prices academia, world governments and energy Key materials 9 Consumption by fuel 38 Production and consumption 50 Production companies. A new edition is published every June. Introduction CO2 Oil 12 14 20 22 24 Nuclear energy Reserves 41 online Consumption Production and consumption Discover more Prices All the tables and charts found in the latest printed edition are available at bp.com/statisticalreview Hydroelectricity Refining plus a number of extras, including: • The energy charting tool – view Trade movements 42 Consumption predetermined reports or chart specific data according to energy type, region, country and year. Renewable energy 51 Reserves 51 Prices Appendices 52 Approximate conversion factors 52 Definitions 53 More information • Historical data from 1965 for many sections. 44Other renewables consumption 45 Biofuels production • Additional data for refined oil production demand, natural gas, coal, hydroelectricity, nuclear energy and renewables. • PDF versions and PowerPoint slide packs of the charts, maps and graphs, plus an Excel workbook of the data. • Regional and country factsheets. • Videos and speeches. Energy Outlook Discover more online Watch the BP Energy Outlook 2017 video, containing ourare projections of long-term energy All the tables and charts found in the printed edition available trends to 2035. Download the booklet and at bp.com/statisticalreview plus a number of extras, including: presentation materials at bp.com/energyoutlook • T he energy charting tool – view predetermined reports or chart Join the conversation specific data according to energy type,#BPstats region, country and year. Download the BP World Energy app Explore the world of energy from your tablet or smartphone. Customize charts and perform the calculations. Review the data online and offline. Download the app for free from the Apple App Store and Google play store. • Historical data from 1965 for many sections. Additional Download the BP World Energy app country and regional coverage for all consumption tables. Explore the world of energy from your tablet or • Additional data for refined oil production demand, natural gas,andcoal, smartphone. Customize charts perform the calculations. Review the data online and offline. hydroelectricity, nuclear energy and renewables. Download the app for free from the Apple • PDF versions and PowerPoint slide packs of the maps App Store andcharts, Google play store. and graphs, plus an Excel workbook and database format of the data. • Regional and country factsheets. • Videos and speeches. Disclaimer The data series for proved oil and gas reserves in BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2017 does not necessarily meet the definitions, guidelines and practices used for determining proved reserves at company level, for instance, as This year’s Statistical Review introduces two changes in how oilUS and gas are reported energy units. First, primaryrepresent consumption ofofenergy published by the Securities and Exchange in Commission, nor does it necessarily BP’s view proved from oil is now reported in tonnes of oil by country. Rather, the data GJ series has been compiled using the a combination of primary official sources equivalent where one tonne of oil is defined as 10 reserves Gcal (gigacalories) or 41.868 (gigajoules). Second, tables now report natural gasandvolumes in terms of a standardized gas at third-party data. Methodological changes a temperature of 15˚C and a pressure of 1013 mbar with a gross calorific value of 40 MJ (megajoules) per cubic metre. Group chief executive’s introduction As well as highlighting these longer-term trends, this year’s Statistical Review also shines a light on the shorter-term developments affecting our industry. In the oil market, yet another year of robust demand growth, combined with the production cuts of OPEC and other participating countries, allowed oil inventories to fall back towards more normal levels. But the rapid growth of US tight oil over the same period should caution us that the recent firming in oil prices is unlikely to persist. In BP, we remain firmly focused on efficiency, reliability and capital discipline. In natural gas markets, another year of strong expansion of global LNG supplies helped to improve the accessibility of gas around the globe, with clear signs that the major regional gas markets are becoming increasingly integrated. This greater accessibility and integration should help to underpin the long-term use of natural gas. Welcome to BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy which records the events of 2017, a year in which global energy markets took a partial step back from the exceptional momentum of recent years towards a lower carbon energy system. Prior to 2017, there had been three successive years of little or no growth in carbon emissions from energy consumption. This came about through accelerating gains in energy efficiency muting growth in energy demand, and rapid growth in renewable energy combined with successive falls in global coal consumption leading to improvements in the fuel mix. That progress partially reversed last year. Growth in energy demand picked up as gains in energy efficiency slowed, coal consumption increased for the first time in four years, and carbon emissions from energy consumption grew. This reversal should not come as a complete surprise. As we highlighted at the time, in addition to benefitting from longer-term structural forces, some of the exceptional performance seen in recent years had been boosted by temporary, cyclical developments, particularly in China, and so some reversal was always likely. Our industry operates and makes decisions at many different frequencies. Day-to-day, year-to-year, we need to understand how the markets in which we operate are changing and developing as new sources of supply emerge and demand evolves. Over the longer-term, we need to gauge the forces shaping the energy transition and ensure that we play our part in meeting the dual challenge of supplying the energy the world needs to grow and prosper, while also reducing carbon emissions. These judgements and decisions require timely and reliable data. This is the role that the Statistical Review has been playing for the past 67 years. I know that in BP we find the data and analysis invaluable for our own decision making. I hope you find it a useful resource for your own work. Let me conclude by thanking BP’s economics team and all those who helped us prepare this review – in particular those in the governments around the world who contributed their official data again this year. Thank you for your continuing cooperation and transparency. Bob Dudley Group chief executive June 2018 Those longer-term forces shaping the transition continued last year. Renewable energy grew strongly again, with particularly striking gains in solar capacity and generation. Natural gas was the largest source of energy growth, boosted by a massive programme of coal-to-gas switching in industrial and residential sectors in China. But much more progress is needed. In particular, data included in this year’s Review for the first time highlight the need for greater advances in the power sector. The power sector really matters. It absorbs more primary energy than any other sector. It accounts for over a third of carbon emissions from energy consumption. However, despite the huge policy push encouraging a switch away from coal and the rapid expansion of renewable energy in recent years, there has been no improvement in the mix of fuels feeding the global power sector over the past 20 years. Astonishingly, the share of coal in 2017 was exactly the same as in 1998. The share of non-fossil fuels was actually lower, as growth in renewables has failed to compensate for the decline in nuclear energy. The failure to make any inroads into the power sector since the turn of the century should be both a cause for concern and a focus for future action. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 1 2017 at a glance Global primary energy consumption grew strongly in 2017, led by natural gas and renewables, with coal’s share of the energy mix continuing to decline. Energy developments • Primary energy consumption growth averaged 2.2% in 2017, up from 1.2% last year and the fastest since 2013. This compares with the 10-year average of 1.7% per year. • By fuel, natural gas accounted for the largest increment in energy consumption, followed by renewables and then oil. +2.2% Growth of global primary energy consumption, the fastest growth since 2013 • Gas trade expanded by 63 bcm, or 6.2%, with growth in LNG outpacing growth in pipeline trade. • The increase in gas exports was driven largely by Australian and US LNG (up by 17 and 13 bcm respectively), and Russian pipeline exports (15 bcm). Coal • Energy consumption rose by 3.1% in China. China was the largest growth market for energy for the 17th consecutive year. • Coal consumption increased by 25 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe), or 1%, the first growth since 2013. Carbon emissions • Carbon emissions from energy consumption increased by 1.6%, after little or no growth for the three years from 2014 to 2016. • Consumption growth was driven largely by India (18 mtoe), with China consumption also up slightly (4 Mtoe) following three successive annual declines during 2014-2016. OECD demand fell for the fourth year in a row (-4 mtoe). Oil • Coal’s share in primary energy fell to 27.6%, the lowest since 2004. • The oil price (Dated Brent) averaged $54.19 per barrel, up from $43.73/barrel in 2016. This was the first annual increase since 2012. • Global oil consumption growth averaged 1.8%, or 1.7 million barrels per day (b/d), above its 10-year average of 1.2% for the third consecutive year. China (500,000 b/d) and the US (190,000 b/d) were the single largest contributors to growth. • Global oil production rose by 0.6 million b/d, below average for the second consecutive year. US (690,000 b/d) and Libya (440,000 b/d) posted the largest increases in output, while Saudi Arabia (-450,000 b/d) and Venezuela (-280,000 b/d) saw the largest declines. • Refinery throughput rose by an above-average 1.6 million b/d, while refining capacity growth was only 0.6 million b/d, below average for the third consecutive year. As a result, refinery utilization climbed to its highest level in nine years. Natural gas • Natural gas consumption rose by 96 billion cubic metres (bcm), or 3%, the fastest since 2010. • World coal production grew by 105 mtoe or 3.2%, the fastest rate of growth since 2011. Production rose by 56 mtoe in China and 23 mtoe in the US. Renewables, hydro and nuclear • Renewable power grew by 17%, higher than the 10-year average and the largest increment on record (69 mtoe). • Wind provided more than half of renewables growth, while solar contributed more than a third despite accounting for just 21% of the total. • In China, renewable power generation rose by 25 mtoe – a country record, and the second largest contribution to global primary energy growth from any single fuel and country, behind natural gas in China. • Hydroelectric power rose by just 0.9%, compared with the 10-year average of 2.9%. China’s growth was the slowest since 2011, while European output declined by 10.5% (-16 mtoe). • Global nuclear generation grew by 1.1%. Growth in China (8 mtoe) and Japan (3 mtoe) was partially offset by declines in South Korea (-3 mtoe) and Taiwan (-2 mtoe). • Consumption growth was driven by China (31 bcm), the Middle East (28 bcm) and Europe (26 bcm). Consumption in the US fell by 1.2%, or 11 bcm. Power generation • Global natural gas production increased by 131 bcm, or 4%, almost double the 10-year average growth rate. Russian growth was the largest at 46 bcm, followed by Iran (21 bcm). • Power generation rose by 2.8%, close to the 10-year average. Practically all growth came from emerging economies (94%). Generation in the OECD has remained relatively flat since 2010. • Renewables accounted for almost half of the growth in power generation (49%), with most of the remainder provided for by coal (44%). • The share of renewables in global power generation increased from 7.4% to 8.4%. Key materials • Cobalt production has grown by only 0.9% per annum since 2010, while lithium production has increased by 6.8% p.a. over the same period. • Cobalt prices more than doubled in 2017, while lithium carbonate prices increased by 37%. Left: China Hong Kong SAR at night. 2 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 Group chief economist’s analysis Growth in GDP and energy Annual change, % 6% 5% Non-OECD World OECD GDP Primary Energy energy productivity GDP Primary Energy energy productivity 4% 3% 2% 1% 0% -1% Energy in 2017: two steps forward, one step back At first blush, some of last year’s data might seem a little disappointing. Growth in overall energy demand is up; gains in energy intensity are down. Coal consumption grew for the first time in four years. And, perhaps most striking of all, carbon emissions are up after three consecutive years of little or no growth. What does this tell us about the energy transition? Is it progressing less rapidly than we thought? Has it gone into reverse? I would caution against being too alarmed by the recent data. We always knew that some of the exceptional outcomes seen in recent years reflected the impact of short-run cyclical factors, as well as longer-term structural forces shaping the energy transition. Global GDP was growing at below average rates, weighed down by weakness in the energy-intensive industrial sector. Output from some of China’s most energy-intensive sectors was falling in outright terms. Those factors were unlikely to persist. Indeed, last year’s Statistical Review presentation had the title of “short-run adjustments and long-run transition”. And sure enough, some of those short-run adjustments came to an end last year. But many of the structural forces shaping the energy transition continued, particularly robust growth in renewables and natural gas. Last year’s energy data is perhaps best seen as a case of “two steps forward, one step back”. GDP 2006-16 2017 2006-16 2017 Primary Energy energy productivity 2006-16 2017 China alone contributed over a third of that growth, with energy consumption growing by over 3% in 2017, almost three times the rate seen over the past couple of years. This sharp pickup was driven by a rebound in the output of some of China’s most energy-intensive sectors, particularly iron, crude steel and non-ferrous metals. Despite this increase, the growth of China’s energy demand in 2017 was still significantly slower than its 10-year average, and its rate of decline in energy intensity was more than twice the global average. Two steps forward, one step back. This phrase can be equally applied to the fuel mix. The forward progression can be seen in that around 60% of the increase in primary energy was provided by natural gas and renewable energy. Natural gas (3.0%, 83 Mtoe) provided the single largest contribution to the growth of primary energy, buoyed by exceptional growth in China. This was closely followed by renewable energy (including biofuels) (14.8%, 72 Mtoe), which again grew rapidly driven by robust growth in both wind and solar power. The step back was coal (1.0%, 25 Mtoe), which grew for the first time since 2013. This was largely driven by India, but it’s also notable that Chinese coal consumption increased after three years of successive falls. That’s a very quick summary of the big picture for 2017. I will now take you through some of the developments and issues in last year’s energy markets in a little more detail. Key features of 2017 Let’s start by looking at some of the headline numbers. Global energy demand grew by 2.2% in 2017, up from 1.2% last year and above its 10year average of 1.7%. This above-trend growth was driven by the OECD, particularly the EU. Much of this strength can be directly related to the pickup in economic growth. But it also reflected a slight slowing in the pace of improvement in energy intensity (or energy productivity): the amount of energy needed to produce a unit of output. Despite the unusually strong growth in the OECD, the vast majority of the increase in global energy consumption came from the developing world, accounting for nearly 80% of the expansion. 3.1% Growth of primary energy consumption in China, up from 1% in 2016. Above: The financial centre of São Paulo in Brazil. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 3 That was demand, what about supply, particularly the interaction between the OPEC production cuts and the response of US tight oil? The impact of the production cuts can be seen in growth of supply last year. At an aggregate level, output growth in 2017 (0.6 Mb/d) was similar to that in 2016. But the pattern of that growth flip-flopped quite sharply. After growing by 1.6 Mb/d in 2016, output by OPEC and other members of the Vienna group fell 0.9 Mb/d last year as the cuts in production took effect. In contrast, after falling in 2016, oil production by countries outside of the Vienna group grew by 1.5 Mb/d, led by the US and a bounce back in Libya (which was not part of the Vienna agreement). The Vienna group had a target for production cuts of almost 1.8 Mb/d, relative to the base month of October 2016. In practice, the production cuts have far exceeded that, with cuts totalling nearly 2.5 Mb/d in April 2018. This overshoot has been concentrated in Venezuela – where the economic and political crisis has caused production to fall by almost 700 Kb/d, far in excess of the target reduction of 100 Kb/d – and to a lesser extent in Saudi Arabia and Angola. Above: A view of Atlantis platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Oil To remind you where we left off at the time of last year’s Statistical Review: flows of oil production and consumption had come back broadly into balance, but inventories remained at record-high levels; OPEC, together with 10 non-OPEC countries led by Russia – sometimes known as the Vienna group – had begun to implement their promised cuts in oil production in order to accelerate the adjustment in inventories; but US tight oil had started to pick up threatening to offset the impact of the production cuts. So what happened next? Starting first with consumption, oil demand grew by 1.7 Mb/d – similar to that seen in 2016 and significantly greater than the 10-year average of around 1.1 Mb/d. To put the recent strength of oil demand in context, average growth over the past five years is at its highest level since the height of the commodity super-cycle in 2006/7. This was despite all the talk of peak oil demand, increasing car efficiency, growth of electrical vehicles. All of those factors are real and are happening, but persistently low oil prices can have a very powerful offsetting effect. Not surprisingly, oil demand in 2017 continued to be driven by oil importers benefitting from the windfall of low prices, with both Europe (0.3 Mb/d) and the US (0.2 Mb/d) posting notable increases, compared with average declines over the previous 10 years. Growth in China (0.5 Mb/d) was closer to its 10-year average. The production cuts were instrumental in increasing the pace at which oil stocks fell back to more normal levels last year. With the cuts in place, daily consumption exceeded production for much of 2017. As a result, OECD commercial inventories fell by about 150 million barrels in 2017, and in March of this year were broadly in line with the five-year moving average measure originally highlighted by the Vienna group. That said; the impact of the production cuts would have been even bigger had it not been for the response of US tight oil and NGLs, which have grown by almost 2 Mb/d since October 2016. Indeed, the pace of this second wave of growth in US tight oil seen over the past 18 months or so is comparable to the rapid growth seen in 2012-2014, even though prices in the earlier period were materially higher. The scale of the increase in US tight oil meant the impact of the production cuts was increasingly offset as we moved through 2017. The speed and scale of OPEC’s actions mean that it continues to have the ability to smooth temporary disturbances to the oil market. But the relatively rapid response of US tight oil reinforces the limits on OPEC’s power. If OPEC tries to resist more permanent or structural changes in the market, there is an increasing risk that these actions will quickly be cancelled out by the responsiveness of US tight oil. But there were some signs in the product mix that the boost from low oil prices may be beginning to wane. Growth in consumer-led fuels most exposed to oil price movements – especially gasoline – slowed in 2017. In contrast, diesel demand bounced back, buoyed by the acceleration in industrial activity. Finally; bringing these developments in demand and supply together in terms of their implications for prices. Prices drifted lower during the first half of 2017 as stocks remained stubbornly high. But as the production cuts started to bite and inventories began to fall, prices increased with Dated Brent reaching a high of $66/bbl by the end of last year. For the year as a whole, Brent averaged $54/bbl, up from $44/bbl in 2016 – the first annual increase since 2012. Oil demand and supply growth Oil demand growth Refining Oil supply growth Annual change, Mb/d 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 Total growth 1.0 Total Global growth growth 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.5 -0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 10 year average 2015 Importers Exporters 4 2016 2017 -1.5 2016 2017 Non-Vienna Group US Others Vienna Group OPEC-12 Non-OPEC BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 The strong growth in oil demand fed through into refining, with refining runs increasing by 1.6 Mb/d in 2017, more than twice their 10-year average. The increase in throughput, together with continuing declines in availability in Latin America, allowed space for refinery runs in US and Europe to expand after being squeezed in 2016. The increase in refinery runs, together with another year of weak capacity growth, pushed refining utilization to its highest levels for almost 10 years. Refining margins also rose, supported by the impact of hurricane Harvey, high utilization rates and product stocks falling back to more normal levels. 1.7 Mb/d Growth of global oil consumption, above the 10-year average of 1.1 Mb/d. Natural gas 2017 was a bumper year for natural gas, with consumption (3.0%, 96 bcm) and production (4.0%, 131 bcm) both increasing at their fastest rates since the immediate aftermath of the financial crises. The growth in consumption was led by Asia, with particularly strong growth in China (15.1%, 31 bcm), supported by increases in the Middle East (Iran 6.8%, 13 bcm) and Europe. The growth in consumption was more than matched by increasing production, particularly in Russia (8.2%, 46 bcm), supported by Iran (10.5%, 21 bcm), Australia (18%, 17 bcm) and China (8.5%, 11 bcm). Surge in China’s gas demand The single biggest factor driving global gas consumption last year was the surge in Chinese gas demand, where consumption increased by over 15%, accounting for around a third of the global increase in gas consumption. Much of this rapid expansion can be traced back to the Environmental Action Plan announced in 2013, which set targets for improvements in air quality over the subsequent five years. With that five-year deadline looming, the Chinese authorities in the spring of last year announced an enhanced set of measures for Beijing, Tiajing and 26 other cities in the North-East provinces of China, designed to meet the environmental objectives. These measures, which were further reinforced in the autumn of last year, were focused on the use of coal outside of the power sector. In particular, a combination of very sizeable carrots and sticks were used to encourage industrial and residential users to switch away from coal to either gas or electricity, with the vast majority opting for gas. Although most attention has focused on the 3 million households affected by this policy, the biggest factor driving the expansion in gas demand was switching within the industrial sector. The resulting increase in gas demand was greatly compounded by the switch into gas reaching a peak just as winter heating demand was ramping up. Chinese gas demand looks set to continue to increase strongly this year, but it seems unlikely that the extent of the surge in gas demand seen in China last year will be repeated in 2019 and beyond. Growth in LNG trade The other central factor supporting the strength of global gas markets last year was the continued expansion of liquified natural gas (LNG), which increased by over 10% in 2017, its strongest growth since 2010, aided by the start-up of new LNG trains in Australia and the US. China’s increased need for LNG accounted for almost half of the global expansion, with China overtaking Korea to be the world’s second largest importer of LNG after Japan. US LNG exporters’ costs and Asian spot prices $/mmBtu 20 15 5 0 Jan-12 Henry Hub Jan-13 JKM Jan-14 Jan-15 Jan-16 US exporters’ operating costs* Jan-17 Jan-2018 US exporters’ full-cycle costs* *Operating costs = 1.15* Henry Hub + $2/mmBtu (transport); Full costs also include liquefaction fee ($3/mmBtu). This is illustrated by Asian spot LNG prices – shown by the Japan Korea Marker (JKM) – over the past couple of years fluctuating in a range between US LNG exporters’ full-cycle costs and their short-run operating costs. Exporters of US LNG have been willing to supply LNG as long as they covered their operating costs, even if that was less than their full-cycle costs. So there has in fact been an LNG glut of sorts in recent years, but this has manifested itself in periods of unsustainably low prices rather than idle LNG capacity. Coal After several years of free-fall, the coal market experienced a mini-revival last year, with both global consumption and production increasing. Global coal consumption rose by 1%, (25 mtoe), with India (4.8%, 18 Mtoe) recording the fastest growth, as demand both inside and outside of the power sector increased. Interestingly, after three years of successive declines, China’s coal consumption (0.5%, 4 Mtoe) also ticked-up. This is despite the substantial coal-to-gas switching in the industrial and residential sector, as increases in power demand in China sucked in additional coal as the balancing fuel. World production of coal increased more strongly (3.2%, 105 mtoe), driven by notable increases in both Chinese (3.6%, 56 Mtoe) and US (6.9%, 23 Mtoe) output. Interestingly, the increase in US production came despite a further fall in domestic consumption, with US coal producers instead increasing exports to Asia. The tidal wave of LNG projects that were sanctioned between 2009 and 2014 led many to predict the emergence of surplus LNG as it took time for demand to catch up with the rapid growth in supplies. But many observers have so far been surprised by the apparent absence of such a glut. There is certainly little evidence of LNG facilities standing idle due to a lack of demand. This absence partly reflects that, due to a variety of technical issues, actual LNG supplies have come on stream less quickly than originally planned, moving supply more into line with the original demand profiles. However, the apparent absence of a glut also reflects the fact that the surplus LNG supplies which did emerge resulted in bouts of unsustainably low prices rather than a build-up of idle capacity. 15.1% Growth of Chinese natural gas consumption, the fastest since 2011. Above: Trucks move coal at a mine. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 5 Global coal consumption and production Fuel shares in power generation Contributions to annual growth Share 6% 8% Coal consumption 50% Coal production 6% 4% 40% 4% 2% 2% 0% 0% 30% 20% 10% -2% -2% -4% -4% 2011 2013 Other India 2015 2017 -6% China 0% 2011 Other 2013 US 2015 2017 China Somewhat counter-intuitively, the increase in Chinese coal production was a result of the on-going measures to reduce excess capacity within the Chinese coal sector. A central part of this reform process has been managing the need for a Goldilocks-type price for coal. Too hot and it would reduce the pressure for inefficient mines to close or merge, as well as raising general energy costs. Too cold and it would threaten the underlying viability of a sector that still provides around 60% of China’s energy. The fact that Chinese spot coal prices were above the government’s target price band through much of last year spurred a series of policy measures to increase coal supplies and so ease price pressures. The increase in Chinese coal production of over 3.5% last year, its strongest growth for six years, was a direct result of these actions. Power sector The power sector really matters. It’s by far the single biggest market for energy: absorbing over 40% of primary energy last year. And it’s at the leading edge of the energy transition, as renewables grow and the world electrifies. This year’s Statistical Review for the first time includes comprehensive data on the fuel mix within the power sector, aiding our understanding of this key sector. Global power generation increased by 2.8% in 2017 close to its 10-year average. Almost all that growth came from the developing world. OECD demand edged up slightly, but essentially the decoupling of economic growth and power demand in the OECD seen over the past 10 years continued, with OECD power broadly flat over the past decade. The increase in global power generation was driven by strong expansion in renewable energy, led by wind (17%, 163 TWh) and solar (35%, 114 TWh), which accounted for almost half of the total growth in power generation, despite accounting for only 8% of total generation. Although wind continued in its role of the bigger, more established, elder cousin, it was solar energy that made all the waves. 1997 1999 Non-fossil 2001 Coal 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 2017 Standing back from the detail of what happened last year, the most striking – and worrying – chart in the whole of this Statistical Review is the trends in the power sector fuel mix over the past 20 years. Striking: because despite the extraordinary growth in renewables in recent years, and the huge policy efforts to encourage a shift away from coal into cleaner, lower carbon fuels, there has been almost no improvement in the power sector fuel mix over the past 20 years. The share of coal in the power sector in 1998 was 38% – exactly the same as in 2017 – with the slight edging down in recent years simply reversing the drift up in the early 2000s associated with China’s rapid expansion. The share of non-fossil in 2017 is actually a little lower than it was 20 years ago, as the growth of renewables hasn’t offset the declining share of nuclear. I had no idea that so little progress had been made until I looked at these data. Worrying: because the power sector is the single most important source of carbon emissions from energy consumption, accounting for over a third of those emissions in 2017. To have any chance of getting on a path consistent with meeting the Paris climate goals there will need to be significant improvements in the power sector. But this is one area where at the global level we haven’t even taken one step forward, we have stood still: perfectly still for the past 20 years. This chart should serve as a wake-up call for all of us. Carbon emissions from energy consumption The backward step in last year’s data is most stark in carbon emissions from energy consumption, which are estimated to have increased by 1.6% in 2017. That follows three consecutive years of little or no growth in carbon emissions. So, on the face of it, a pretty big backward step. 38% 6 2015 Oil and gas In particular, solar capacity increased by nearly 100 GW last year, with China on its own building by over 50 GW – that is roughly equivalent to the generation potential of more than two-and-a-half Hinkley Point nuclear power plants. Global solar generation increased by more than a third last year. Much of this growth continues to be underpinned by policy support. But it has been aided by continuing falls in solar costs, with auction bids of less than 5 cents/KWh – which would have been unthinkable for most projects even just a few years ago – now almost common place. The share of coal in global power generation, similar to the share in 1998. 2013 Above: Lightsource BP’s floating solar farm near London in the UK. The factors driving the pick-up in carbon emissions are of course the same factors that we have just been discussing. Global GDP growth picked up to above trend rates. Much of that growth was driven by industrial activity, which is more energy hungry, causing gains in energy intensity to slow. And the turnaround in coal consumption, from the substantial falls seen in the previous three years to a small rise last year, meant the improvement in carbon intensity was more muted. How worried should we be? Last year when we discussed the exceptional performance seen over the previous three years, I suggested that some of that improvement was likely to be structural and would persist, but that the degree of improvement was probably exaggerated by several cyclical factors, particularly in China. Given that, as those short-run factors unwind – like they have done this year – it’s not surprising that carbon emissions increased to some extent. But the extent of that pick-up has probably also been exaggerated by some short-run factors working in the opposite direction. The unusually strong economic and industrial growth in the OECD and the extent of the bounce back in power demand in China, which sucked in coal as the balancing fuel. My guess is that some of the deterioration in 2017 relative to the previous three years will persist, but not all of it. So I’m a bit worried, but not overly so. Personally, I am more worried by the lack of progress in the power sector over the past 20 years, than by the pickup in carbon emissions last year. Cobalt and lithium A key challenge for the Statistical Review is that it needs to adapt to the changing needs of you, our customers. One of the questions I am most often asked is whether the available supplies of raw materials used to produce batteries for electric cars could act as a constraint on the speed with which they grow. That question was one of the reasons why we included a new section in this year’s Statistical Review on ‘Key Materials for the Changing Energy System’, including data on cobalt and lithium, which are used in the production of batteries for electric cars. In terms of the basic facts: lithium production is concentrated in Chile and Australia, with Chile holding the majority of proved reserves. Lithium production increased by almost 50% between 2015 and 2017, as prices more than doubled. For cobalt, the Democratic Republic of Congo accounts for the vast majority of both production (66%) and proved reserves (49%). Cobalt prices picked up sharply last year as demand increased, but this has not yet fed through into a significant increase in production. The pace of this response may be affected by the fact that cobalt is produced as a by-product of copper and nickel mining and so production depends on price trends in these metals as well. Lithium and cobalt: reserves and production Thousand Lithium tonnes Reserves (2017) Production 50 150 3800 125 2000 40 Reserves (2017) 3500 1650 100 2700 30 Cobalt Production 75 20 500 50 10 7500 1200 25 250 0 0 2015 2016 2017 Australia Other 2015 2016 2017 Chile Argentina DR Congo Canada Cuba Other Australia In terms of whether the availability of either of these metals could act as a constraint on the growth of electric cars, that question really deserves a whole presentation on its own. The short answer is that if either metal is likely to pose a bottleneck, it appears most likely to be cobalt. The announced expansion plans for lithium production look sufficient to ensure ample supplies for the next 10 or 15 years. In contrast, the geographical concentration of reserves, together with the nature of its production process, means this is less clear for cobalt. But the new wave of battery technologies now being developed require less cobalt. So rather than act as a constraint on the growth of electric vehicles, the availability of cobalt could simply provide further momentum to this technological change. Watch this space. Conclusion Global energy markets in 2017 took a backward step in terms of the transition to a lower carbon energy system: growth in energy demand, coal consumption and carbon emissions all increased. But that should be seen in the context of the exceptional outcomes recorded in the previous three years. Some backsliding was almost inevitable. The road to meeting the Paris climate goals is likely to long and challenging, with many twists and turns, forward lurches and backward stumbles. To navigate our progress will require timely, comprehensive and relevant data. That’s the role of BP’s Statistical Review. Spencer Dale Group chief economist June 2018 In detail This is a shortened version of the presentation given at the launch of BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy in London on 13 June 2018. New data has been included on the fuel mix of power generation and the production and reserves of key material for the changing energy system (cobalt, lithium, graphite and rare earth metals). Additional information – including historical time series for the fuels reported in review; additional country and regional coverage for fuels consumption; further details on renewable forms of energy; oil consumption by product – together with the full version of Spencer Dale’s presentation is available at bp.com/statisticalreview. Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the many contacts worldwide who provide the publicly available data for this publication, and to the researchers at the Centre for Energy Economics Research and Policy, Heriot-Watt University who assist in the data compilation. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 7 Primary energy Consumption* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Morocco South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 2017 2017 2006-16 2320.8 2267.9 2159.3 2235.6 2216.7 2161.0 2221.1 2246.2 2227.0 2228.0 2234.9 348.7 321.4 320.7 303.7 310.5 323.2 319.9 331.5 335.4 331.1 339.0 189.3 167.3 170.8 169.5 174.6 183.1 184.2 185.7 185.2 181.6 194.9 2809.5 2759.4 2632.5 2720.7 2722.9 2665.1 2738.3 2766.8 2739.7 2761.9 2772.8 85.9 73.3 74.7 72.6 77.4 78.9 81.2 84.5 84.6 86.4 86.6 294.4 229.6 240.3 238.9 263.6 276.6 283.5 294.3 301.8 299.1 293.0 38.3 32.5 32.2 31.5 31.7 34.5 35.3 35.7 35.1 35.9 37.6 42.6 30.8 33.9 31.7 34.0 35.6 38.3 38.8 40.7 41.5 42.1 16.5 11.3 12.0 11.8 13.1 13.9 14.7 15.2 16.0 15.9 15.8 25.9 15.1 16.4 16.8 18.6 20.3 21.2 21.9 22.6 23.8 25.3 18.1 20.5 20.1 20.7 21.7 21.6 20.6 21.1 20.5 20.3 18.2 74.2 81.8 84.8 83.5 80.5 82.8 86.4 85.4 81.1 78.8 74.3 104.7 92.2 91.4 89.3 92.0 94.6 95.2 95.2 95.4 99.3 103.9 700.6 587.0 605.8 596.8 632.5 658.9 676.5 692.0 697.7 701.1 696.8 35.9 34.7 35.3 34.3 35.5 33.4 35.0 34.8 33.7 33.7 34.9 62.3 66.3 67.5 62.5 66.6 61.9 59.5 60.9 56.8 58.0 62.4 41.6 45.4 44.0 41.7 44.0 42.6 42.2 42.1 40.5 40.5 39.8 27.6 32.5 31.4 29.2 31.9 29.3 28.4 28.0 27.0 27.6 28.3 237.9 260.2 261.9 248.0 256.0 247.2 247.4 250.3 240.6 242.3 238.9 335.1 331.9 335.5 315.0 328.7 317.0 321.3 330.7 317.2 323.3 328.2 27.6 35.0 33.9 33.1 31.8 31.0 29.5 28.0 26.4 26.6 26.6 23.2 25.7 25.3 23.3 23.8 22.9 21.3 20.3 20.3 21.4 22.0 156.0 183.4 181.5 169.6 174.9 171.0 164.6 158.0 149.1 152.2 153.8 86.1 94.7 93.6 91.9 97.0 92.9 89.4 87.3 82.2 83.3 85.2 47.5 45.9 46.8 43.7 41.9 42.8 47.6 44.8 46.3 47.0 47.3 102.1 95.7 97.4 93.9 100.1 100.6 97.6 97.9 94.3 95.3 99.5 26.4 25.4 24.3 24.5 25.8 24.6 22.5 24.6 24.8 24.7 26.8 33.9 38.8 38.7 33.8 34.0 34.9 33.7 31.3 32.7 32.8 32.8 138.8 158.6 154.5 143.5 146.6 143.8 143.0 135.7 133.3 135.3 136.7 54.4 54.0 53.6 49.0 51.9 51.8 55.1 51.9 52.1 53.4 52.8 26.4 28.9 29.9 30.0 29.2 27.7 29.3 30.2 28.9 28.3 27.3 157.7 100.4 100.8 102.2 107.7 115.1 122.3 121.6 125.6 137.5 144.4 191.3 223.1 219.2 208.4 213.5 202.0 204.5 203.7 192.0 194.4 192.2 157.6 161.4 163.3 154.6 160.2 156.6 149.7 152.0 147.6 151.0 155.0 2041.7 2038.5 1932.1 2001.1 1949.1 1944.3 1934.0 1871.2 1908.7 1934.6 1969.5 13.9 12.7 12.8 11.3 11.2 12.5 12.8 13.2 13.5 14.7 14.6 23.2 25.7 26.0 24.5 26.1 26.0 28.0 25.0 25.0 22.7 22.8 67.4 54.1 56.4 50.8 54.9 60.5 62.7 63.5 64.4 63.1 64.5 698.3 673.1 676.6 644.6 668.2 691.7 694.7 683.9 689.6 676.8 689.6 31.7 24.4 24.7 22.9 26.1 27.2 29.9 27.0 29.7 33.2 33.7 81.9 134.9 133.5 113.4 121.5 126.3 123.1 115.2 101.6 84.0 86.1 43.0 48.4 52.0 43.4 43.9 44.9 44.4 44.0 45.6 48.4 42.8 18.6 16.6 16.1 15.8 16.0 16.9 18.4 17.5 17.5 17.8 18.0 978.0 989.8 998.1 926.8 967.8 1006.0 1014.1 989.2 987.0 960.7 972.0 275.4 202.6 210.4 217.7 218.8 228.6 229.9 240.6 255.1 254.1 259.8 49.2 28.1 29.2 32.6 34.7 36.7 39.0 42.0 40.2 40.3 46.1 25.8 23.0 23.3 22.3 23.7 24.2 25.3 24.9 23.3 24.6 24.9 39.3 27.3 29.7 31.1 33.5 33.6 37.3 38.7 35.2 38.2 38.8 29.4 14.9 17.5 17.6 20.6 22.5 24.5 27.4 27.3 28.9 29.2 54.1 26.3 23.3 23.4 28.3 32.3 38.1 40.4 44.1 49.6 49.9 268.3 169.0 184.3 194.3 213.0 219.8 233.1 234.0 250.6 258.7 264.5 108.7 70.7 81.0 79.8 83.7 88.2 92.7 97.3 97.2 106.3 109.6 46.9 56.3 58.3 58.5 58.0 54.8 51.1 49.9 50.1 47.8 46.8 897.2 618.2 657.1 677.2 714.3 740.9 771.1 795.3 823.1 848.3 869.7 53.2 34.4 36.4 38.6 37.6 39.9 43.6 46.2 50.4 53.0 53.0 91.6 67.3 71.7 74.6 78.4 79.7 83.8 83.2 82.9 84.4 88.2 19.6 14.0 15.4 15.0 16.7 17.5 17.8 18.2 18.4 18.9 19.1 120.6 116.9 125.4 125.1 126.5 124.8 123.0 123.8 125.5 120.6 123.0 164.5 114.3 119.8 120.1 127.7 123.7 131.6 139.2 147.9 152.5 154.7 449.5 346.9 368.7 373.4 386.9 385.6 399.8 410.6 425.1 429.4 438.0 139.4 126.7 128.9 128.2 129.2 133.5 132.0 132.9 135.1 138.0 139.5 33.0 17.8 18.8 20.6 21.6 23.0 25.0 25.5 26.8 31.1 31.9 2150.3 2231.2 2329.5 2491.3 2690.1 2799.1 2907.0 2973.5 3009.8 3047.2 3132.2 30.9 26.2 24.4 26.6 27.7 28.4 27.3 28.0 27.3 28.1 28.8 753.7 450.4 476.3 512.0 538.0 570.7 600.3 623.6 666.8 686.9 722.3 175.2 134.4 132.7 137.4 150.9 164.6 173.2 177.6 166.0 165.4 167.4 456.4 524.4 516.9 472.3 503.8 477.8 475.0 471.3 456.7 453.0 451.2 99.6 77.2 80.0 77.7 81.6 82.9 89.1 93.1 93.9 95.1 97.6 22.1 19.3 19.5 19.4 20.0 19.8 20.0 20.2 21.1 21.3 21.7 80.9 62.0 62.4 63.2 63.4 63.5 64.1 64.8 66.7 70.2 76.5 43.3 27.1 28.0 28.3 29.3 29.9 30.9 33.1 34.9 38.3 40.6 86.5 55.8 59.3 63.8 68.6 71.3 71.6 73.6 75.8 80.6 83.6 295.9 236.7 241.2 242.3 259.7 273.0 276.3 276.7 279.3 284.9 292.2 7.7 5.5 5.1 5.3 5.7 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.4 7.4 7.4 115.1 111.8 105.8 104.1 110.4 110.3 110.1 111.9 114.4 112.9 114.0 129.7 94.2 95.5 98.8 105.0 109.1 116.7 118.7 122.1 124.9 126.9 75.3 31.1 38.6 39.4 44.6 51.0 53.4 57.2 62.7 68.8 73.6 66.5 44.5 46.2 42.2 45.4 46.0 48.1 48.6 53.3 55.5 63.1 4195.2 4310.8 4411.1 4696.1 4951.1 5118.2 5269.9 5382.9 5472.4 5585.5 5743.6 11588.4 11738.5 11549.9 12119.4 12414.4 12589.0 12829.3 12953.9 13060.2 13258.5 13511.2 5693.9 5639.3 5367.8 5574.9 5519.4 5463.5 5525.8 5481.1 5494.6 5549.8 5605.0 5894.5 6099.3 6182.1 6544.6 6895.0 7125.5 7303.4 7472.8 7565.6 7708.7 7906.1 1823.9 1816.5 1711.3 1774.7 1716.6 1700.8 1690.7 1626.7 1649.2 1666.4 1689.2 0.6% 3.2% -2.6% 0.7% -0.5% 0.8% 2.2% 1.6% 4.3% 2.6% -0.5% 0.2% 1.0% 0.8% 3.3% 0.1% 5.0% -2.3% -0.1% 2.4% 4.3% 5.8% 1.8% 1.3% 0.5% 2.9% -1.4% 3.7% 1.8% 3.3% -2.9% 9.5% -0.1% 2.0% 2.1% -4.1% 1.9% 4.8% 1.5% -5.6% -4.6% 0.8% 3.3% 0.9% 6.3% 7.0% 4.1% 1.5% 1.0% 8.7% 1.7% -0.5% 0.5% 3.4% 0.6% 4.2% 2.7% -1.6% 6.6% 2.9% 0.2% 3.6% 3.1% 7.4% 4.6% 5.0% 1.4% 2.4% 2.2% 6.1% 6.9% 3.7% 1.6% 4.8% 1.3% 2.5% 2.7% 5.8% 3.1% 2.2% 1.3% 2.8% 1.6% -0.3% 0.9% 1.6% 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 *In this review, primary energy comprises commercially-traded fuels, including modern renewables used to generate electricity. ◆Less than 0.05%. Note: Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. 8 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 2015 2016 ◆ 2.1% 3.1% 1.7% 3.2% 4.0% 6.2% -0.7% -0.9% 1.4% 2.1% -0.2% -0.5% -1.3% -1.4% -1.0% -0.5% -2.6% -1.7% -1.9% -0.9% 1.1% 0.4% 0.6% -1.9% -1.2% ◆ -0.7% 4.4% -1.8% -0.5% -0.6% 0.4% -1.4% 2.9% 0.3% 4.6% -4.6% -0.7% 1.5% -0.1% 3.2% 5.7% 1.3% 3.3% 6.9% 8.6% 5.0% 5.5% -1.5% 4.1% 5.0% 3.3% 3.1% 0.8% 3.6% 2.8% 1.1% 6.5% 4.4% 1.6% 5.7% 2.9% -1.6% 2.9% 1.2% 2.8% 4.6% 4.9% 2.5% 3.3% 0.6% 3.6% 10.0% 3.4% 3.5% 1.7% -0.2% 3.3% -1.0% Share 2017 16.5% 2.6% 1.4% 20.5% 0.6% 2.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.5% 0.8% 5.2% 0.3% 0.5% 0.3% 0.2% 1.8% 2.5% 0.2% 0.2% 1.2% 0.6% 0.4% 0.8% 0.2% 0.3% 1.0% 0.4% 0.2% 1.2% 1.4% 1.2% 14.6% 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 5.2% 0.2% 0.6% 0.3% 0.1% 7.2% 2.0% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.4% 2.0% 0.8% 0.3% 6.6% 0.4% 0.7% 0.1% 0.9% 1.2% 3.3% 1.0% 0.2% 23.2% 0.2% 5.6% 1.3% 3.4% 0.7% 0.2% 0.6% 0.3% 0.6% 2.2% 0.1% 0.9% 1.0% 0.6% 0.5% 42.5% 100.0% 41.5% 58.5% 12.5% Primary energy: consumption by fuel* 2016 Million tonnes oil equivalent US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Morocco South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union Oil Natural gas Coal 907.6 107.0 90.1 1104.6 32.7 135.7 18.1 16.5 11.5 11.8 2.2 26.0 66.1 320.8 13.3 32.5 8.6 10.0 79.2 117.3 15.4 7.3 59.8 41.1 10.1 29.2 12.0 9.9 10.6 64.2 15.5 47.1 76.3 60.0 719.3 4.7 6.8 14.3 152.5 7.1 9.9 3.3 4.2 202.8 80.7 36.8 10.8 20.4 9.4 12.8 173.8 45.7 25.5 416.0 19.7 42.0 12.8 28.7 89.4 192.6 50.5 6.7 587.2 19.4 217.1 74.2 191.4 36.7 7.9 28.3 20.6 72.7 128.9 5.0 48.6 62.1 21.9 21.8 1601.1 4557.3 2190.6 2366.7 635.5 645.1 94.1 79.0 818.2 41.6 32.4 5.1 9.2 0.6 6.5 16.0 33.0 6.3 150.6 7.1 13.9 7.0 1.7 38.3 73.0 3.4 8.0 58.5 29.7 3.8 15.7 4.4 8.9 2.7 25.0 0.8 38.2 69.6 24.8 434.7 9.4 15.2 13.6 361.3 26.5 26.1 35.8 4.7 492.6 173.1 8.5 8.0 18.1 19.7 37.1 90.6 62.3 20.3 437.6 33.2 42.4 1.0 4.0 33.9 114.5 35.9 22.7 180.1 2.7 43.7 32.9 100.1 36.1 4.2 32.9 3.3 10.2 41.0 – 17.2 43.5 8.8 9.8 625.1 3073.2 1427.3 1645.9 385.9 340.6 18.9 12.4 371.9 1.0 15.9 7.4 5.5 – 1.0 – 0.3 3.8 34.9 3.0 3.0 16.6 4.4 8.2 75.8 4.4 2.3 11.0 10.2 0.8 49.5 3.2 5.3 0.1 10.5 2.1 38.5 11.2 35.3 295.1 † 0.7 33.9 89.2 – 29.7 1.0 1.6 156.2 0.9 – 5.7 0.2 0.1 – 0.1 1.5 0.4 9.1 † 0.2 4.3 84.7 5.7 94.9 43.6 2.2 1889.1 6.7 405.6 53.4 118.8 19.6 1.2 5.6 11.7 0.4 81.9 1.3 38.6 17.7 28.3 18.3 2744.0 3706.0 897.6 2808.4 239.5 2017 Nuclear Hydroenergy electricity 191.9 21.8 2.4 216.1 1.9 3.6 – – – – – – – 5.5 – 9.8 5.5 5.3 91.2 19.2 – 3.6 – 0.9 – – – 2.6 5.2 13.3 14.3 – 16.2 8.2 195.2 – – – 44.5 – 18.3 – 0.5 63.3 1.5 – – – – – – – – 1.5 – – – 3.6 – 3.6 – – 48.3 – 8.6 – 4.0 – – 1.3 – – 36.7 – 7.2 – – – 106.0 591.2 445.9 145.4 190.1 59.7 87.6 6.9 154.2 8.7 86.2 4.5 10.6 3.6 5.4 – 15.0 22.6 156.4 9.0 0.1 0.5 3.6 13.6 4.6 1.3 0.1 9.6 † 32.2 0.5 3.6 4.1 7.9 8.2 14.0 15.2 1.2 16.8 146.1 0.4 † 2.6 41.8 – 1.7 2.7 7.0 56.3 3.5 0.8 † – – – – – 0.3 4.6 † 3.0 0.3 0.2 23.7 27.1 4.0 0.2 261.0 – 29.0 4.4 18.1 4.9 5.9 7.8 1.8 – 0.6 1.0 1.5 0.8 14.5 13.0 368.5 913.3 318.3 594.9 79.2 Renewables Total Oil Natural gas 83.1 2228.0 9.6 339.0 4.1 194.9 96.8 2761.9 0.7 86.6 19.1 293.0 2.5 37.6 0.4 42.1 0.1 15.8 0.6 25.3 † 18.2 † 74.3 5.2 103.9 28.6 696.8 2.5 34.9 3.1 62.4 1.7 39.8 3.3 28.3 8.4 238.9 38.3 328.2 2.1 26.6 0.7 22.0 14.8 153.8 3.3 85.2 0.5 47.3 4.7 99.5 3.7 26.8 2.0 32.8 0.7 27.3 15.4 136.7 6.1 52.8 5.4 144.4 17.6 192.2 9.8 155.0 144.2 1934.6 † 14.6 † 22.8 0.1 64.5 0.3 689.6 † 33.7 0.4 86.1 † 42.8 † 18.0 0.8 972.0 0.1 259.8 † 46.1 0.4 24.9 † 38.8 † 29.2 † 49.9 † 264.5 0.1 109.6 0.3 46.8 1.0 869.7 0.1 53.0 0.6 88.2 0.8 19.1 1.8 123.0 2.0 154.7 5.2 438.0 5.4 139.5 0.1 31.9 81.7 3047.2 † 28.8 18.3 722.3 2.6 167.4 18.8 451.2 0.3 97.6 2.4 21.7 0.6 76.5 3.1 40.6 0.2 83.6 3.1 292.2 0.1 7.4 1.0 114.0 2.8 126.9 0.1 73.6 0.1 63.1 140.8 5585.5 417.4 13258.5 270.1 5549.8 147.3 7708.7 136.3 1666.4 913.3 108.6 86.8 1108.6 31.6 135.6 18.3 16.7 11.3 12.1 2.2 24.2 66.8 318.8 13.4 32.2 9.8 9.7 79.7 119.8 15.5 7.9 60.6 40.8 10.1 31.6 12.5 10.0 10.9 64.8 15.6 48.8 76.3 61.2 731.2 4.4 6.7 14.6 153.0 7.3 10.0 3.3 4.1 203.4 84.6 38.5 11.7 20.0 9.3 13.3 172.4 45.0 25.2 420.0 19.5 39.7 13.1 28.8 95.2 196.3 52.4 7.5 608.4 21.9 222.1 77.3 188.3 36.9 8.5 29.2 21.7 75.3 129.3 5.3 49.2 63.9 23.0 23.3 1643.4 4621.9 2206.8 2415.1 645.4 635.8 99.5 75.3 810.7 41.7 33.0 5.2 8.6 0.5 5.8 15.9 32.4 6.1 149.1 7.7 14.1 7.2 1.6 38.5 77.5 4.1 8.5 62.0 31.0 3.9 16.5 5.3 10.2 2.7 27.5 0.7 44.4 67.7 25.9 457.2 9.1 15.5 14.0 365.2 24.4 25.6 35.8 4.4 494.1 184.4 10.3 8.5 19.0 20.0 40.8 95.8 62.1 20.4 461.3 33.4 48.1 1.0 3.9 35.5 121.9 36.0 22.9 206.7 2.7 46.6 33.7 100.7 36.8 4.2 35.0 3.2 10.6 42.4 – 19.1 43.1 8.1 10.0 661.8 3156.0 1442.5 1713.5 401.4 Coal 332.1 18.6 13.1 363.8 1.1 16.5 6.7 4.0 – 1.0 – 0.3 3.2 32.7 3.2 2.9 16.0 4.1 9.1 71.3 4.9 2.3 9.8 9.1 0.8 48.7 3.5 5.7 0.1 13.4 1.9 44.6 9.0 36.1 296.4 † 0.9 36.2 92.3 – 24.6 1.2 1.9 157.0 0.9 – 5.2 0.2 0.1 – 0.1 1.6 0.4 8.5 † 0.2 4.5 82.2 6.2 93.1 42.3 2.3 1892.6 6.3 424.0 57.2 120.5 20.0 1.2 7.1 13.1 0.4 86.3 1.4 39.4 18.3 28.2 19.4 2780.0 3731.5 893.4 2838.0 234.3 Nuclear Hydroenergy electricity 191.7 21.9 2.5 216.1 1.4 3.6 – – – – – – – 5.0 – 9.5 6.4 5.1 90.1 17.2 – 3.6 – 1.2 – – – 2.6 4.6 13.1 14.9 – 15.9 8.1 192.5 – – – 46.0 – 19.4 – 0.6 65.9 1.6 – – – – – – – – 1.6 – – – 3.6 – 3.6 – – 56.2 – 8.5 – 6.6 – – 1.8 – – 33.6 – 5.1 – – – 111.7 596.4 442.6 153.8 187.9 Renewables 67.1 89.8 7.2 164.1 9.4 83.6 5.1 13.0 4.5 6.5 – 17.4 22.9 162.3 8.8 0.1 0.4 3.3 11.1 4.5 0.9 † 8.2 † 32.0 0.6 1.3 3.2 7.2 4.2 14.6 13.2 1.3 15.2 130.4 0.4 0.1 2.5 41.5 – 2.0 2.7 7.6 56.7 3.7 0.5 † – – – – – 0.3 4.5 † 3.0 0.3 0.2 25.6 29.1 3.1 0.2 261.5 – 30.7 4.2 17.9 5.6 5.7 7.0 2.2 – 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.1 15.9 13.7 371.6 918.6 314.8 603.9 67.8 Total 94.8 2234.9 348.7 10.3 189.3 4.4 109.5 2772.8 85.9 0.7 294.4 22.2 38.3 3.0 42.6 0.4 16.5 0.1 25.9 0.6 18.1 † 74.2 † 104.7 5.6 700.6 32.6 35.9 2.8 62.3 3.5 41.6 1.7 27.6 3.7 237.9 9.4 335.1 44.8 27.6 2.2 23.2 0.7 156.0 15.5 86.1 4.0 47.5 0.7 102.1 4.8 26.4 3.7 33.9 2.2 26.4 0.8 138.8 15.7 54.4 6.8 157.7 6.6 191.3 21.0 157.6 11.0 161.8 1969.5 13.9 † 23.2 0.1 67.4 0.1 698.3 0.3 31.7 † 81.9 0.4 43.0 † 18.6 † 978.0 0.9 275.4 0.1 49.2 † 25.8 0.4 39.3 † 29.4 † 54.1 † 268.3 † 108.7 0.1 46.9 0.6 897.2 1.4 53.2 0.1 91.6 0.6 19.6 0.8 120.6 2.0 164.5 2.1 449.5 5.5 139.4 5.7 33.0 0.1 106.7 3132.2 30.9 † 753.7 21.8 175.2 2.9 456.4 22.4 99.6 0.4 22.1 2.4 80.9 0.8 43.3 3.1 86.5 0.3 295.9 3.6 7.7 0.1 115.1 1.2 129.7 3.4 75.3 0.1 66.5 0.1 175.1 5743.6 486.8 13511.2 304.9 5605.0 181.9 7906.1 152.3 1689.2 *In this review, primary energy comprises commercially-traded fuels, including modern renewables used to generate electricity. †Less than 0.05. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 9 World consumption Million tonnes oil equivalent 14000 Coal Renewables Hydroelectricity Nuclear energy Natural gas Oil 13000 12000 11000 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0 World primary energy consumption grew by 2.2% in 2017, up from 1.2% in 2016 and the highest since 2013. Growth was below average in Asia Pacific, the Middle East and S. & Cent. America but above average in other regions. All fuels except coal and hydroelectricity grew at above-average rates. Natural gas provided the largest increment to energy consumption at 83 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe), followed by renewable power (69 mtoe) and oil (65 mtoe). Regional consumption by fuel 2017 Percentage 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 North America S. & Cent. America Europe CIS Middle East Africa Asia Pacific 0 Oil remains the dominant fuel in Africa, Europe and the Americas, while natural gas dominates in CIS and the Middle East, accounting for more than half of the energy mix in both regions. Coal is the dominant fuel in the Asia Pacific region. In 2017 coal’s share of primary energy fell to its lowest level in our data series in North America, Europe, CIS and Africa. 10 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 Fuel consumption by region 2017 Percentage Asia Pacific Africa Middle East Europe CIS S. & Cent. America North America 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Oil Natural gas Coal Nuclear energy Hydroelectricity Renewables 0 Asia is the leading regional consumer of oil, coal, renewable power and hydroelectricity, while North America leads for nuclear power and natural gas. Asia dominates global coal consumption, accounting for almost three quarters of global consumption (74.5%). Asia’s share of the coal market has grown steadily since 1965 when it made up only 17% of the coal consumption. It reached the 50% mark in 2001. Shares of global primary energy consumption by fuel Percentage 50 Hydroelectricity Nuclear energy Renewables Oil Coal Natural gas 40 30 20 10 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 0 Oil remains the world’s dominant fuel, making up just over a third of all energy consumed. In 2017 oil’s market share declined slightly, following two years of growth. Coal’s market share fell to 27.6%, the lowest level since 2004. Natural gas accounted for a record 23.4% of global primary energy consumption, while renewable power hit a new high of 3.6%. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 11 Oil Total proved reserves US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Denmark Italy Norway Romania United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Iran Iraq Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Angola Chad Republic of Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Gabon Libya Nigeria South Sudan Sudan Tunisia Other Africa Total Africa Australia Brunei China India Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD OPEC Non-OPEC European Union Canadian oil sands: Total of which: Under active development Venezuela: Orinoco Belt †Less than 0.05. ◆ At end 1997 Thousand million barrels At end 2007 Thousand million barrels At end 2016 Thousand million barrels Thousand million barrels 30.5 48.8 47.8 127.1 2.6 7.1 2.6 3.7 0.8 0.7 74.9 1.1 93.4 0.9 0.6 12.0 0.9 5.2 1.6 21.3 1.2 5.3 113.1 0.5 0.6 0.6 121.4 92.6 112.5 96.5 5.4 12.5 261.5 2.3 97.8 1.8 0.2 683.2 11.2 3.9 – 1.6 3.7 0.6 2.7 29.5 20.8 n/a 0.3 0.3 0.7 75.3 4.0 1.1 17.0 5.6 4.9 5.0 0.3 1.2 1.2 40.3 1162.1 151.4 1010.6 820.7 341.4 8.7 42.0 3.9 – 30.5 178.8 12.2 221.5 2.6 12.6 1.5 6.4 1.1 0.9 99.4 0.8 125.3 1.1 0.5 8.2 0.5 3.4 1.5 15.1 7.0 30.0 106.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 145.3 138.2 115.0 101.5 5.6 27.3 264.2 2.5 97.8 2.7 0.1 754.9 12.2 9.5 1.5 1.6 4.1 1.7 2.0 43.7 37.2 n/a 5.0 0.6 0.7 119.7 3.4 1.1 20.8 5.5 4.0 5.5 0.5 3.4 1.3 45.3 1427.1 239.3 1187.8 956.1 471.0 6.4 172.6 22.0 20.0 50.0 170.6 7.2 227.7 2.2 12.6 2.0 8.3 1.2 0.2 301.8 0.5 328.9 0.4 0.5 7.6 0.6 2.3 1.6 13.1 7.0 30.0 106.2 0.6 0.6 0.5 144.9 157.2 148.8 101.5 5.4 25.2 266.2 2.5 97.8 3.0 0.1 807.7 12.2 9.5 1.5 1.6 3.4 1.1 2.0 48.4 37.5 3.5 1.5 0.4 4.0 126.5 4.0 1.1 25.7 4.7 3.3 3.6 0.3 4.4 1.2 48.3 1697.1 244.0 1453.1 1217.4 479.6 4.8 164.4 23.1 223.0 50.0 168.9 7.2 226.1 2.2 12.8 1.7 8.3 1.2 0.2 303.2 0.5 330.1 0.4 0.6 7.9 0.6 2.3 1.5 13.4 7.0 30.0 106.2 0.6 0.6 0.5 144.9 157.2 148.8 101.5 5.4 25.2 266.2 2.5 97.8 3.0 0.1 807.7 12.2 9.5 1.5 1.6 3.3 1.1 2.0 48.4 37.5 3.5 1.5 0.4 4.0 126.5 4.0 1.1 25.7 4.5 3.2 3.6 0.3 4.4 1.2 48.0 1696.6 242.6 1454.0 1218.8 477.8 4.8 163.4 22.1 224.0 At end 2017 Thousand million Share tonnes of total 6.0 27.2 1.0 34.2 0.3 1.9 0.2 1.2 0.1 † 47.3 0.1 51.2 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 1.7 1.0 3.9 14.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 19.7 21.6 20.1 14.0 0.7 2.6 36.6 0.3 13.0 0.4 † 109.3 1.5 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.3 6.3 5.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.5 16.7 0.4 0.1 3.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 † 0.6 0.2 6.4 239.3 36.3 203.0 171.0 68.3 0.6 26.6 3.6 35.9 2.9% 10.0% 0.4% 13.3% 0.1% 0.8% 0.1% 0.5% 0.1% ◆ 17.9% ◆ 19.5% ◆ ◆ 0.5% ◆ 0.1% 0.1% 0.8% 0.4% 1.8% 6.3% ◆ ◆ ◆ 8.5% 9.3% 8.8% 6.0% 0.3% 1.5% 15.7% 0.1% 5.8% 0.2% ◆ 47.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 2.9% 2.2% 0.2% 0.1% ◆ 0.2% 7.5% 0.2% 0.1% 1.5% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% ◆ 0.3% 0.1% 2.8% 100.0% 14.3% 85.7% 71.8% 28.2% 0.3% 9.6% 1.3% 13.2% R/P ratio 10.5 95.8 8.9 30.8 10.0 12.8 5.4 42.7 26.4 6.7 393.6 10.5 125.9 8.7 18.9 11.0 21.8 6.3 16.2 10.4 24.1 44.8 25.8 6.4 30.0 15.0 27.8 86.5 90.2 91.9 15.2 36.1 61.0 278.4 68.1 156.6 1.6 70.0 21.7 15.6 39.7 15.1 13.8 15.2 27.4 153.3 51.6 88.3 47.8 22.1 35.6 42.9 31.6 26.6 18.3 14.4 9.2 14.1 2.1 36.0 12.6 16.7 50.2 27.8 57.9 84.7 24.6 9.0 Less than 0.05%. n/a not available. Notes: Total proved reserves of oil – Generally taken to be those quantities that geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be recovered in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. The data series for total proved oil reserves does not necessarily meet the definitions, guidelines and practices used for determining proved reserves at company level, for instance as published by the US Securities and Exchange Commission, nor does it necessarily represent BP’s view of proved reserves by country. Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio – If the reserves remaining at the end of any year are divided by the production in that year, the result is the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at that rate. Source of data – The estimates in this table have been compiled using a combination of primary official sources, third-party data from the OPEC Secretariat, World Oil, Oil & Gas Journal and independent estimates of Russian reserves based on official data and Chinese reserves based on official data and information in the public domain. Canadian oil sands ‘under active development’ are an official estimate. Venezuelan Orinoco Belt reserves are based on the OPEC Secretariat and government announcements. Reserves include gas condensate and natural gas liquids (NGLs) as well as crude oil. Shares of total and R/P ratios are calculated using thousand million barrels figures. 12 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios Years 2017 by region History 150 North America S. & Cent. America Europe CIS Middle East Africa Asia Pacific North America S. & Cent. America Europe CIS 150 Middle East Africa Asia Pacific World 120 120 90 90 60 60 30 30 0 87 92 97 02 07 12 17 0 Global proved oil reserves in 2017 fell slightly by 0.5 billion barrels (-0.03%) to 1696.6 billion barrels, which would be sufficient to meet 50.2 years of global production at 2017 levels. Higher reserves in Venezuela (up by 1.4 billion barrels) were outweighed by declines in Canada (-1.6 billion barrels) and smaller declines in a number of other non-OPEC countries. OPEC countries currently hold 71.8% of global proved reserves. Note: Lags in reporting official data mean that 2017 figures for many countries are not yet available. Distribution of proved reserves in 1997, 2007 and 2017 Percentage Middle East S. & Cent. America North America CIS Africa Asia Pacific Europe 0.8 2.8 47.6 7.5 1.1 3.2 52.9 8.5 8.4 1.8 6.5 3.5 58.8 10.2 10.4 2007 Total 1427.1 thousand million barrels 1997 Total 1162.1 thousand million barrels 2017 Total 1696.6 thousand million barrels 13.3 10.9 15.5 8.0 8.8 19.5 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 13 Oil: Production in thousands of barrels per day* Growth rate per annum Thousand barrels daily US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Denmark Italy Norway Romania United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Iran Iraq Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Angola Chad Republic of Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Gabon Libya Nigeria South Sudan Sudan Tunisia Other Africa Total Africa Australia Brunei China India Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD OPEC Non-OPEC European Union 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 6860 3290 3479 13628 816 1831 531 513 116 154 3237 146 7344 311 122 2551 100 1651 298 5032 876 1415 10062 204 104 135 12795 4359 2143 2660 710 1267 10268 404 3094 341 194 25440 1992 1656 144 224 698 374 246 1820 2208 n/a 483 104 191 10139 549 194 3742 768 972 730 343 334 319 7951 82330 19136 63194 35835 46494 2416 6784 3207 3165 13156 804 1897 588 507 122 152 3228 140 7439 287 108 2466 99 1549 281 4790 916 1485 9969 222 102 131 12825 4421 2428 2784 757 1438 10663 406 3113 316 193 26517 1969 1876 127 237 715 369 240 1820 2174 n/a 457 96 184 10263 538 175 3814 803 1006 731 360 309 341 8076 83067 18426 64641 37029 46039 2258 7263 3202 2978 13444 731 2029 671 488 147 150 3038 131 7385 265 95 2349 94 1469 268 4539 1027 1609 10157 218 95 126 13232 4292 2446 2499 813 1421 9663 401 2783 308 192 24818 1775 1754 118 276 730 332 241 1652 2212 n/a 475 91 181 9838 507 168 3805 816 994 691 375 341 330 8028 81284 18436 62848 34596 46688 2119 7549 3332 2959 13841 714 2137 786 488 158 145 2842 140 7410 249 106 2137 90 1356 261 4198 1037 1676 10383 212 78 117 13502 4430 2469 2560 865 1638 10075 385 2915 307 192 25834 1689 1812 122 314 725 306 249 1659 2534 n/a 462 83 149 10104 548 172 4077 882 1003 726 389 323 315 8436 83325 18534 64792 35665 47660 1982 7859 3515 2940 14314 668 2179 915 501 153 137 2755 141 7449 225 110 2039 89 1112 260 3835 932 1684 10538 215 77 111 13557 4472 2773 2913 885 1834 11144 353 3285 221 201 28082 1642 1670 114 301 714 301 246 479 2463 n/a 291 77 198 8494 483 165 4074 916 952 660 419 327 299 8296 84027 18566 65461 36478 47549 1712 8904 3740 2911 15555 658 2145 944 505 154 117 2704 147 7373 204 112 1917 83 946 261 3523 882 1664 10660 225 68 111 13609 3820 3079 3169 918 1939 11635 171 3430 178 184 28523 1537 1734 101 281 715 320 242 1509 2413 31 103 82 196 9264 479 159 4155 906 918 662 457 358 287 8382 86229 19487 66742 38034 48195 1519 10071 4000 2875 16946 647 2110 1004 527 167 116 2680 152 7403 178 114 1838 86 864 275 3356 888 1737 10809 232 63 105 13834 3617 3103 3129 942 2002 11393 59 3543 198 209 28194 1485 1748 91 250 710 282 226 989 2280 100 118 76 225 8580 407 135 4216 906 882 626 452 361 272 8257 86570 20626 65944 37004 49565 1425 11768 4271 2784 18823 640 2341 990 557 169 114 2692 159 7663 167 120 1889 84 852 277 3390 861 1710 10860 241 61 97 13830 3724 3239 3101 943 1985 11505 33 3599 153 214 28496 1589 1668 89 264 714 284 226 498 2278 155 120 71 234 8191 436 126 4246 887 852 650 450 373 307 8327 88721 22571 66149 36945 51775 1405 12750 4389 2587 19726 649 2525 1006 543 145 109 2631 152 7759 158 113 1946 83 963 274 3538 851 1695 11009 261 59 91 13966 3862 3986 3065 981 1958 11994 27 3873 64 213 30023 1558 1772 111 247 726 260 225 432 2204 148 109 64 276 8130 384 127 4309 876 841 698 468 403 299 8405 91547 23571 67976 38362 53186 1499 12366 4470 2456 19292 626 2608 886 548 128 97 2387 140 7418 142 78 1995 79 1013 260 3566 838 1655 11269 253 58 89 14162 4602 4423 3145 1004 1970 12402 25 4020 43 214 31849 1577 1755 103 250 691 223 220 426 1903 117 104 60 258 7687 359 121 3999 856 882 704 475 374 280 8050 92023 23139 68884 39601 52422 1484 13057 4831 2224 20112 593 2734 851 531 127 99 2110 135 7182 138 86 1969 76 999 251 3519 795 1835 11257 258 54 90 14288 4982 4520 3025 971 1916 11951 25 3935 52 220 31597 1540 1674 103 291 660 199 200 865 1988 109 86 53 306 8072 346 113 3846 865 949 697 465 335 263 7879 92649 23901 68748 39436 53213 1464 5.6% 8.1% -9.4% 4.3% -5.2% 4.8% -3.9% -3.1% -0.3% 2.1% -11.6% -3.0% -3.2% -2.4% 10.6% -1.3% -4.7% -1.3% -3.6% -1.3% -5.1% 10.8% -0.1% 1.9% -6.1% 0.8% 0.9% 8.2% 2.2% -3.8% -3.4% -2.7% -3.6% -1.6% -2.1% 21.8% 2.8% -0.8% -2.3% -4.6% 0.5% 16.4% -4.5% -10.9% -9.3% 102.9% 4.5% -7.4% -17.0% -11.8% 18.4% 5.0% -3.6% -6.4% -3.8% 1.1% 7.6% -1.0% -2.1% -10.4% -6.3% -2.1% 0.7% 3.3% -0.2% -0.4% 1.5% -1.3% 2006-16 Share 2017 6.1% 14.1% 3.4% 5.2% -4.0% 2.4% 3.5% 21.7% -3.0% 0.6% 3.7% 3.0% 5.3% 0.9% 0.2% 0.6% 0.8% 0.1% -5.9% 0.1% -3.3% 2.3% 0.2% 0.1% -0.1% 7.8% -8.5% 0.1% -4.2% 0.1% -3.2% 2.1% -2.8% 0.1% -4.8% 1.1% -1.4% 0.3% -3.9% 3.8% 2.6% 0.9% 1.9% 2.0% 1.4% 12.2% 3.7% 0.3% -6.6% 0.1% -4.0% 0.1% 1.4% 15.4% 0.7% 5.4% 8.3% 4.9% 1.4% 3.3% 3.1% 1.0% 4.7% 2.1% 1.5% 12.9% ◆ -24.6% 2.5% 4.2% -19.7% 0.1% 1.6% 0.2% 2.1% 34.1% -2.2% 1.7% 2.3% 1.8% -3.9% 0.1% -1.1% 0.3% 0.2% 0.7% -4.8% 0.2% -0.9% 0.2% -13.5% 0.9% -2.2% 2.1% n/a 0.1% -11.6% 0.1% -2.3% 0.1% 1.3% 0.3% -2.5% 8.7% -3.9% 0.4% -5.8% 0.1% 0.8% 4.2% 1.2% 0.9% -1.4% 1.0% 0.1% 0.8% 3.8% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% -0.8% 0.3% 0.2% 8.5% 1.1% 100.0% 1.8% 25.8% 0.9% 74.2% 0.9% 42.6% 1.2% 57.4% -4.9% 1.6% *Includes crude oil, shale oil, oil sands and NGLs (natural gas liquids – the liquid content of natural gas where this is recovered separately). Excludes liquid fuels from other sources such as biomass and derivatives of coal and natural gas. Less than 0.05%. n/a not available. Note: Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using thousand barrels daily figures. ◆ 14 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 Oil: Consumption in thousands of barrels per day* Growth rate per annum Thousand barrels daily US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Morocco South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 20680 2342 2089 25111 528 2308 377 234 183 153 43 640 1276 5742 276 700 205 226 1911 2380 435 168 1740 1031 237 548 307 218 1613 363 241 695 1752 1306 16356 91 162 241 2780 111 308 94 56 3844 1838 490 262 383 90 148 2407 576 777 6970 286 642 211 539 1362 3040 935 76 7808 322 2941 1318 5013 701 154 384 295 921 2399 91 1110 1030 283 259 26041 87105 49744 37361 14868 19490 2297 2080 23868 540 2481 390 251 188 172 45 716 1248 6032 274 731 209 223 1889 2502 414 164 1661 977 228 567 291 216 1558 356 256 686 1720 1306 16227 74 159 240 2861 114 299 93 60 3900 1925 481 254 406 123 177 2622 603 795 7385 309 686 231 511 1465 3201 944 77 7941 292 3077 1287 4847 672 154 389 283 973 2308 83 1005 1018 300 250 25901 86515 48131 38384 14746 18771 2174 2021 22967 532 2498 383 232 191 178 44 726 1223 6006 264 654 204 212 1822 2409 398 154 1563 945 237 567 273 195 1473 329 260 709 1646 1224 15537 73 182 198 2775 106 282 89 63 3768 1919 536 232 455 119 173 2914 603 774 7724 327 725 234 507 1533 3325 950 72 8278 332 3237 1317 4390 679 148 415 300 1049 2339 87 1020 1076 305 267 26260 85587 46127 39460 14021 19180 2306 2040 23526 594 2716 343 258 220 189 45 725 1244 6334 276 678 195 222 1763 2445 369 146 1532 964 235 594 271 184 1446 331 242 694 1623 1208 15418 72 150 211 2878 118 267 76 63 3834 1791 570 241 470 135 191 3206 654 716 7973 327 766 258 541 1590 3482 957 80 9436 359 3319 1411 4442 689 150 411 313 1157 2370 87 1045 1122 332 285 27967 88535 46657 41877 13941 18882 2381 2065 23329 609 2839 371 277 226 208 42 737 1262 6570 262 637 193 204 1730 2369 348 139 1475 971 239 592 255 191 1378 313 235 673 1590 1181 14975 89 175 243 3074 125 278 71 65 4118 1826 629 254 445 146 246 3294 733 698 8271 349 720 275 544 1499 3388 1001 104 9796 361 3488 1589 4442 725 150 414 298 1208 2394 92 983 1185 361 320 28911 89561 46126 43435 13521 18490 2342 2083 22915 636 2915 376 297 233 213 40 792 1241 6742 259 622 192 193 1676 2356 312 129 1346 926 235 571 230 191 1291 311 238 704 1533 1127 14443 92 211 245 3119 129 267 63 79 4206 1849 666 295 491 157 257 3461 772 648 8595 370 747 277 556 1619 3569 1025 110 10230 344 3685 1640 4702 759 148 402 309 1202 2458 95 983 1250 368 327 30038 90509 45600 44908 12977 18961 2383 2034 23379 683 3124 362 298 247 227 45 782 1218 6987 264 636 184 191 1664 2408 295 129 1260 898 243 538 239 174 1195 309 249 757 1518 1111 14263 101 145 260 3135 137 257 60 80 4176 2011 716 247 508 178 287 3451 849 622 8870 387 756 280 572 1729 3724 1034 107 10734 352 3727 1663 4516 803 151 442 326 1225 2455 81 1010 1299 398 365 30689 92088 45679 46409 12724 19106 2399 1960 23465 673 3242 353 316 260 225 42 720 1227 7058 260 635 195 183 1616 2348 294 144 1184 866 232 539 238 187 1191 311 224 777 1518 1107 14049 99 165 262 3301 143 221 57 76 4323 1953 681 212 446 185 293 3753 878 632 9032 401 806 269 569 1741 3785 1046 116 11209 336 3849 1681 4303 801 154 458 347 1268 2454 89 1040 1310 410 405 31274 92986 45291 47695 12530 19531 2348 1939 23818 696 3181 355 330 254 239 46 637 1283 7021 262 666 189 203 1615 2340 306 153 1222 835 237 559 244 191 1237 300 228 915 1561 1151 14413 100 139 284 3162 145 194 57 81 4162 1766 687 225 456 186 316 3875 949 569 9029 423 833 268 592 1762 3877 1030 125 11986 368 4164 1564 4151 789 160 505 397 1338 2577 97 1037 1354 437 442 32521 94843 45953 48890 12737 19687 2401 1977 24065 687 3013 376 339 240 254 45 539 1319 6811 266 670 175 211 1600 2378 312 154 1228 851 221 606 245 202 1280 319 216 972 1592 1197 14696 98 136 302 3193 152 204 70 89 4243 1722 758 228 453 191 343 3939 1003 523 9161 411 854 275 577 1833 3950 1041 131 12302 380 4560 1580 4031 799 163 566 430 1381 2771 101 1043 1377 461 446 33562 96488 46552 49936 12970 19880 2428 1910 24219 670 3017 383 344 237 259 44 505 1336 6794 268 661 204 203 1615 2447 314 167 1247 848 223 659 256 203 1293 320 222 1007 1598 1224 14980 92 135 311 3224 155 206 71 88 4282 1816 791 247 449 189 354 3918 1007 520 9290 411 816 282 580 1958 4047 1079 146 12799 427 4690 1652 3988 803 175 589 455 1430 2796 107 1051 1423 486 479 34574 98186 47033 51152 13211 1.0% 1.2% -3.4% 0.6% -2.4% 0.1% 1.8% 1.5% -1.1% 2.0% -1.7% -6.4% 1.3% -0.2% 1.0% -1.4% 16.4% -3.6% 1.0% 2.9% 0.7% 8.3% 1.6% -0.4% 0.9% 8.7% 4.6% 0.6% 1.1% 0.3% 3.2% 3.5% 0.3% 2.3% 1.9% -5.8% -0.7% 2.9% 1.0% 2.3% 1.1% 1.8% -1.4% 0.9% 5.4% 4.4% 8.4% -0.8% -1.3% 3.1% -0.5% 0.4% -0.7% 1.4% -0.1% -4.5% 2.8% 0.6% 6.8% 2.5% 3.6% 11.6% 4.0% 12.4% 2.9% 4.5% -1.1% 0.5% 7.3% 4.0% 5.9% 3.5% 0.9% 5.9% 0.8% 3.4% 5.3% 7.3% 3.0% 1.8% 1.0% 2.4% 1.9% 2006-16 Share 2017 -0.5% 20.2% 0.5% 2.5% -0.2% 1.9% -0.4% 24.7% 3.8% 0.7% 3.4% 3.1% 2.5% 0.4% 3.7% 0.4% 2.9% 0.2% 5.6% 0.3% ◆ 1.7% -2.1% 0.5% 0.4% 1.4% 2.2% 6.9% -0.9% 0.3% -0.2% 0.7% -1.6% 0.2% -0.6% 0.2% -1.9% 1.6% -0.9% 2.5% -3.2% 0.3% -0.9% 0.2% -3.7% 1.3% -1.4% 0.9% -0.3% 0.2% 1.4% 0.7% -2.1% 0.3% -0.6% 0.2% -2.2% 1.3% -1.3% 0.3% -2.1% 0.2% 3.6% 1.0% -1.3% 1.6% -0.6% 1.2% -1.2% 15.3% 0.2% 0.1% -2.6% 0.1% 3.2% 0.3% 1.5% 3.3% 3.7% 0.2% -4.1% 0.2% -3.8% 0.1% 6.5% 0.1% 1.1% 4.4% -0.4% 1.8% 4.1% 0.8% -0.8% 0.3% 1.8% 0.5% 7.6% 0.2% 9.6% 0.4% 5.6% 4.0% 6.4% 1.0% -3.5% 0.5% 3.1% 9.5% 4.8% 0.4% 3.6% 0.8% 3.2% 0.3% 0.9% 0.6% 3.2% 2.0% 3.1% 4.1% 1.1% 1.1% 5.0% 0.1% 5.2% 13.0% 2.3% 0.4% 5.2% 4.8% 2.4% 1.7% -2.5% 4.1% 1.9% 0.8% 0.7% 0.2% 4.8% 0.6% 4.3% 0.5% 5.0% 1.5% 1.8% 2.8% 1.6% 0.1% -0.1% 1.1% 3.3% 1.4% 6.1% 0.5% 6.6% 0.5% 2.9% 35.2% 1.2% 100.0% -0.7% 47.9% 3.4% 52.1% -1.5% 13.5% *Inland demand plus international aviation and marine bunkers and refinery fuel and loss. Consumption of biogasoline (such as ethanol), biodiesel and derivatives of coal and natural gas are also included. than 0.05%. Notes: Differences between these world consumption figures and world production statistics are accounted for by stock changes, consumption of non-petroleum additives and substitute fuels, and unavoidable disparities in the definition, measurement or conversion of oil supply and demand data. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using thousand barrels daily figures. ◆Less BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 15 Oil: Production in million tonnes* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Denmark Italy Norway Romania United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Iran Iraq Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Angola Chad Republic of Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Gabon Libya Nigeria South Sudan Sudan Tunisia Other Africa Total Africa Australia Brunei China India Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD OPEC Non-OPEC European Union 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 2006-16 305.1 155.3 172.2 632.6 38.3 95.4 28.0 27.5 5.5 7.1 165.7 7.3 374.7 15.2 5.9 118.6 4.7 76.9 14.9 236.1 43.4 67.2 497.5 10.1 4.9 6.4 629.5 213.3 105.1 129.9 34.8 57.6 488.9 19.5 143.6 16.0 9.5 1218.2 86.5 81.2 7.5 11.5 33.8 18.1 12.3 85.4 107.2 n/a 23.8 4.9 9.6 481.7 24.5 9.5 186.3 36.4 47.8 33.5 13.2 16.3 13.9 381.4 3954.2 889.4 3064.9 1722.2 2232.0 114.1 302.3 152.9 156.9 612.0 37.9 99.1 31.1 27.2 5.7 7.0 165.8 7.1 380.9 14.0 5.2 114.8 4.7 72.0 14.1 224.8 45.3 70.7 494.4 11.0 4.8 6.3 632.5 215.6 119.3 136.1 37.1 64.7 509.9 19.6 145.2 14.8 9.5 1271.7 85.6 92.3 6.7 12.2 34.7 18.0 12.0 85.6 105.8 n/a 22.6 4.5 9.2 489.1 24.1 8.6 190.4 37.8 49.4 33.7 14.0 15.2 14.9 388.1 3999.0 857.9 3141.1 1783.0 2216.0 106.6 322.4 152.8 146.7 621.9 34.1 106.0 35.3 26.1 6.5 6.8 155.9 6.6 377.3 12.9 4.6 108.7 4.5 68.3 13.4 212.4 50.9 76.5 501.5 10.7 4.5 6.0 650.0 207.4 119.7 120.9 39.7 62.6 456.7 19.3 128.8 14.4 9.4 1179.0 77.2 86.0 6.2 14.1 35.3 16.0 12.0 77.4 106.9 n/a 23.4 4.2 9.1 468.0 22.4 8.2 189.5 38.0 48.4 31.9 14.5 16.7 14.4 384.0 3892.6 853.8 3038.8 1653.9 2238.7 100.0 332.7 160.3 145.6 638.6 33.3 111.6 41.4 26.1 7.0 6.2 145.8 7.0 378.5 12.2 5.1 98.9 4.3 63.2 13.1 196.7 51.3 79.7 512.5 10.4 3.6 5.6 663.1 212.3 120.8 123.3 42.2 71.1 473.8 18.5 134.2 14.3 9.4 1220.0 73.8 88.9 6.4 16.0 35.0 14.8 12.4 77.9 122.1 n/a 22.8 3.9 7.4 481.5 24.5 8.4 203.0 41.3 48.6 32.9 14.9 15.6 13.8 403.0 3981.4 856.8 3124.6 1697.4 2284.0 93.6 344.8 169.8 144.5 659.1 31.2 114.0 48.2 26.8 6.7 5.9 141.5 7.1 381.5 10.9 5.3 93.7 4.2 52.1 13.1 179.4 46.1 80.1 519.6 10.6 3.6 5.3 665.2 213.0 135.8 140.8 43.2 78.0 525.9 16.9 149.8 10.2 9.9 1323.6 71.7 82.0 6.0 15.3 34.6 14.5 12.3 22.5 118.5 n/a 14.3 3.6 9.8 405.1 21.5 8.1 202.9 42.9 46.3 29.7 15.4 15.8 13.0 395.5 4009.5 856.6 3152.9 1733.2 2276.3 81.3 393.8 182.6 143.9 720.3 30.9 112.4 49.9 27.1 6.7 5.2 139.3 7.4 378.9 10.0 5.4 87.3 4.0 44.7 13.2 164.5 43.7 79.3 526.9 11.0 3.2 5.3 669.4 180.7 151.3 153.9 45.0 82.5 549.8 8.1 156.5 8.2 9.0 1345.1 67.2 85.3 5.3 14.3 34.7 15.5 12.1 71.2 116.5 1.5 5.1 3.8 9.8 442.3 21.4 7.8 207.5 42.5 44.6 30.1 16.6 17.4 12.6 400.4 4120.8 902.4 3218.4 1809.0 2311.8 72.7 447.0 195.1 141.8 783.9 30.3 110.2 52.9 28.2 7.1 5.1 137.8 7.6 379.2 8.7 5.5 83.2 4.1 40.7 13.9 156.1 43.8 82.3 532.3 11.3 2.9 5.0 677.6 169.9 152.0 151.3 46.1 84.5 538.4 2.7 161.8 9.0 10.3 1326.0 64.8 85.7 4.8 12.6 34.4 13.6 11.3 46.6 109.5 4.9 5.8 3.5 11.2 408.5 17.8 6.6 210.0 42.5 42.7 28.7 16.5 17.4 12.0 394.0 4125.3 953.4 3171.9 1755.3 2369.9 68.1 522.5 209.4 137.1 869.0 29.8 122.5 52.2 29.8 7.3 5.0 138.5 8.0 393.1 8.1 5.8 85.3 4.1 40.0 14.0 157.3 42.5 81.1 535.1 11.7 2.8 4.6 677.9 174.3 158.8 150.1 46.2 83.8 543.4 1.5 163.2 6.9 10.5 1338.8 68.8 81.6 4.7 13.3 35.1 13.7 11.3 23.4 109.4 7.7 5.9 3.3 11.6 389.7 19.1 6.1 211.4 41.6 41.2 29.8 16.2 18.0 13.6 397.3 4223.0 1041.3 3181.8 1750.1 2472.9 67.0 565.3 215.6 127.5 908.4 30.1 132.2 53.0 29.1 6.2 4.8 135.4 7.6 398.4 7.7 5.5 87.9 4.0 45.4 13.8 164.3 42.0 80.2 541.9 12.7 2.7 4.4 683.9 180.5 195.6 148.1 48.0 82.1 567.9 1.2 175.0 2.6 10.5 1411.5 67.2 87.0 5.8 12.4 35.4 12.5 11.2 20.3 105.8 7.3 5.4 2.9 13.7 387.0 17.0 6.2 214.6 41.2 40.7 32.3 17.0 19.5 13.3 401.7 4355.2 1085.6 3269.6 1817.7 2537.5 71.5 543.1 218.6 121.4 883.0 29.0 136.7 46.8 29.5 5.3 4.3 123.1 7.0 381.9 6.9 3.8 90.4 3.8 47.5 13.2 165.6 41.4 78.6 555.9 12.3 2.6 4.3 695.1 216.8 217.6 152.6 49.3 82.5 586.6 1.1 181.6 1.6 10.6 1500.3 68.4 86.3 5.4 12.6 33.8 10.7 11.0 20.1 91.4 5.8 5.1 2.8 12.8 366.2 15.5 5.9 199.7 40.2 43.0 32.6 17.5 18.0 12.5 385.0 4377.1 1060.1 3317.0 1878.1 2498.9 70.6 571.0 236.3 109.5 916.8 27.4 142.7 44.8 28.5 5.4 4.4 108.3 6.8 368.3 6.7 4.1 88.8 3.6 46.6 12.7 162.6 39.2 86.9 554.4 12.4 2.5 4.3 699.6 234.2 221.5 146.0 47.6 79.9 561.7 1.1 176.3 2.1 10.9 1481.1 66.6 81.8 5.4 14.7 32.2 9.5 10.0 40.8 95.3 5.3 4.2 2.4 15.1 383.3 14.8 5.5 191.5 40.4 46.4 32.2 16.8 16.1 11.8 375.5 4387.1 1090.3 3296.8 1860.3 2526.9 69.2 5.4% 8.4% -9.5% 4.1% -5.6% 4.7% -3.9% -3.1% 0.6% 1.5% -11.8% -3.0% -3.3% -2.4% 10.6% -1.5% -4.5% -1.8% -3.6% -1.6% -5.2% 10.8% 6.0% 3.8% -4.0% 3.3% -3.0% 3.8% 5.3% 0.2% -0.3% -6.3% -3.2% 0.1% ◆ 1.5% -6.1% 0.1% 0.9% 8.3% 2.1% -4.1% -3.3% -2.9% -4.0% -1.8% -2.6% 27.0% 2.9% -1.0% -2.3% -4.9% 0.5% 17.0% -4.6% -11.2% -9.3% 103.7% 4.5% -7.4% -17.0% -12.1% 17.7% 5.0% -4.2% -6.7% -3.8% 0.8% 8.1% -1.1% -3.9% -10.4% -5.4% -2.2% 0.5% 3.1% -0.3% -0.7% 1.4% -1.6% ◆ Share 2017 13.0% 5.4% 2.5% 20.9% 0.6% 3.3% 1.0% 0.6% 0.1% 0.1% 2.5% 0.2% 8.4% 0.2% 0.1% 2.0% 0.1% 1.1% 0.3% 3.7% 0.9% 2.0% 12.6% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 15.9% 5.3% 5.0% 3.3% 1.1% 1.8% 12.8% -8.5% -4.2% -3.5% -2.7% -4.7% -1.2% -4.0% 2.5% 1.9% 1.3% 3.6% -6.9% -4.1% 1.4% 0.3% 8.3% 1.3% 3.1% 3.8% 1.4% ◆ -25.3% 2.2% 4.0% ◆ -21.4% 1.7% 0.2% 1.9% 33.8% -2.3% 1.5% 2.3% 1.9% -3.9% 0.1% -1.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.7% -4.9% 0.2% -0.9% 0.2% -13.5% 0.9% -2.3% 2.2% n/a 0.1% -11.6% 0.1% -2.4% 0.1% 1.2% 0.3% -2.5% 8.7% -4.1% 0.3% -5.9% 0.1% 0.8% 4.4% 1.1% 0.9% -1.5% 1.1% 0.1% 0.7% 3.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.4% -0.5% 0.3% 0.1% 8.6% 1.0% 100.0% 1.6% 24.9% 0.8% 75.1% 0.8% 42.4% 1.2% 57.6% -4.8% 1.6% *Includes crude oil, shale oil, oil sands and NGLs (natural gas liquids – the liquid content of natural gas where this is recovered separately). Excludes liquid fuels from other sources such as biomass and derivatives of coal and natural gas. than 0.05%. n/a not available. Notes: Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using million tonnes figures. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. ◆Less 16 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 Oil: Consumption in million tonnes oil equivalent* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Morocco South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 967.6 106.0 96.4 1170.1 24.8 105.3 18.5 11.2 8.8 7.4 2.2 30.8 65.0 273.9 13.9 35.3 10.0 11.1 94.5 117.2 21.7 8.1 86.2 50.4 11.0 26.1 15.1 10.5 81.1 17.7 11.8 33.5 84.0 65.5 804.8 4.6 8.1 11.9 134.0 5.3 15.0 4.8 2.7 186.4 90.6 23.2 12.7 18.1 4.5 5.7 108.2 29.3 38.5 330.7 13.4 31.4 10.0 26.7 67.1 148.6 44.5 3.8 377.7 16.4 140.9 64.2 239.3 32.3 7.4 19.5 14.4 48.6 112.6 4.5 52.8 47.7 13.8 12.9 1253.3 4167.8 2366.8 1801.0 732.5 912.8 104.8 96.2 1113.7 25.5 112.6 19.2 12.1 9.1 8.3 2.3 34.8 63.6 287.6 13.8 36.8 10.2 11.0 93.8 123.7 20.8 7.8 82.5 47.9 10.6 27.2 14.4 10.5 78.6 17.5 12.6 33.1 82.6 65.6 801.0 3.7 8.0 11.9 138.1 5.4 14.7 4.7 2.9 189.4 94.7 23.0 12.3 19.4 6.0 6.8 118.6 30.8 39.5 351.0 14.6 33.6 11.0 25.3 72.2 156.7 45.2 3.9 385.5 14.9 147.8 62.6 232.4 31.0 7.5 19.8 13.8 51.7 108.0 4.1 47.6 46.6 14.6 12.5 1249.3 4148.8 2296.1 1852.7 728.9 871.2 98.6 92.9 1062.7 25.0 112.9 18.7 11.1 9.2 8.5 2.2 35.3 61.9 284.9 13.3 32.4 10.0 10.3 90.3 118.7 19.9 7.4 77.2 46.1 11.0 27.1 13.4 9.5 74.2 16.3 12.8 33.6 78.8 61.3 763.4 3.5 9.3 9.6 132.5 5.2 14.0 4.4 3.1 181.6 93.9 26.1 11.1 20.9 5.8 6.5 130.2 30.0 38.2 362.7 15.5 35.4 11.1 25.0 75.3 162.3 45.4 3.6 400.0 16.9 155.4 63.3 208.2 30.8 7.2 21.2 14.5 55.8 108.8 4.3 47.9 48.8 14.8 13.2 1260.0 4077.6 2184.7 1892.9 690.4 889.8 105.3 93.3 1088.4 28.7 122.9 16.6 12.4 10.7 9.0 2.3 35.2 62.8 300.5 13.8 33.6 9.5 10.8 87.3 120.3 18.4 7.0 75.3 46.7 11.0 28.6 13.3 9.0 72.8 16.4 11.9 32.8 77.9 60.6 756.8 3.4 7.6 10.2 137.9 5.7 13.1 3.7 3.1 184.8 85.7 27.8 11.5 21.5 6.6 7.0 141.3 32.1 35.3 368.7 15.5 37.4 12.3 26.7 78.1 170.0 45.7 4.0 455.2 18.3 159.0 67.4 210.5 30.9 7.3 21.0 15.2 61.3 110.2 4.3 49.1 50.4 16.0 14.0 1339.8 4208.9 2207.4 2001.5 685.6 874.7 108.5 94.9 1078.1 29.0 128.7 18.1 13.3 10.9 9.9 2.1 35.7 63.9 311.7 13.1 31.4 9.3 10.0 85.7 116.6 17.3 6.6 72.6 47.4 10.9 28.5 12.4 9.3 69.5 15.4 11.5 32.1 76.5 59.2 735.5 4.2 8.7 11.9 147.0 6.0 13.6 3.5 3.2 198.1 87.3 30.5 12.2 19.9 6.9 8.8 144.4 34.8 34.4 379.2 16.5 34.8 13.2 26.8 73.3 164.7 48.2 5.2 472.1 18.4 166.8 76.0 211.0 33.1 7.3 21.1 14.4 64.0 111.1 4.6 46.3 52.6 17.4 15.6 1385.1 4252.4 2181.9 2070.5 665.4 856.4 106.4 96.4 1059.2 30.3 133.0 18.1 14.4 11.3 10.0 2.1 38.4 63.0 320.7 12.9 30.5 9.3 9.4 83.1 116.2 15.5 6.2 66.2 45.1 10.9 27.6 11.3 9.4 65.4 15.3 11.7 33.8 74.2 56.7 710.5 4.4 10.4 12.0 149.6 6.2 13.1 3.1 3.8 202.6 88.8 32.6 14.3 22.3 7.5 9.0 151.9 36.3 31.9 394.6 17.6 36.5 13.3 27.6 79.4 174.3 49.6 5.6 494.9 17.6 176.7 78.2 224.9 34.6 7.2 20.5 15.0 63.8 114.4 4.7 46.3 55.4 17.6 16.0 1442.9 4304.9 2160.0 2144.9 639.4 872.8 107.7 93.8 1074.3 32.6 141.7 17.5 14.5 12.0 10.6 2.3 38.0 61.3 330.4 13.1 31.1 8.9 9.3 82.1 118.3 14.6 6.1 61.3 42.8 11.1 25.7 11.6 8.6 60.2 15.0 12.3 36.5 73.1 55.5 697.1 4.8 7.3 12.6 149.5 6.4 12.4 3.0 3.8 199.8 96.9 34.9 11.7 23.2 8.7 10.2 152.2 40.1 30.4 408.3 18.4 36.9 13.3 28.4 84.6 181.5 49.9 5.4 516.8 18.0 177.9 78.9 214.7 36.8 7.3 22.4 15.8 64.6 113.9 4.0 47.1 57.6 19.0 17.8 1467.9 4359.3 2150.0 2209.2 622.7 879.4 108.2 89.5 1077.1 32.2 147.5 17.0 15.4 12.7 10.5 2.1 34.8 61.6 333.8 12.9 30.7 9.4 8.9 79.8 115.3 14.5 6.8 57.6 40.9 10.5 25.7 11.5 9.1 60.1 15.1 11.0 37.4 73.0 55.3 685.6 4.7 8.2 12.6 157.5 6.7 10.7 2.8 3.6 206.8 93.6 33.1 10.0 19.9 8.9 10.7 166.8 40.7 30.9 414.5 19.1 39.5 12.6 28.2 85.0 184.4 50.5 5.9 538.1 17.1 183.0 79.4 204.0 36.8 7.5 23.2 16.7 66.3 113.7 4.4 48.5 58.0 19.5 19.8 1492.5 4394.7 2128.2 2266.4 612.3 898.3 105.0 88.5 1091.7 33.2 143.1 17.1 16.0 12.3 11.1 2.3 30.7 64.3 330.3 13.0 32.0 9.2 9.6 79.7 115.0 15.0 7.2 59.5 39.9 10.6 26.8 11.8 9.3 62.1 14.6 11.2 44.2 74.7 57.6 703.2 4.7 7.0 13.5 149.9 6.8 9.4 2.8 3.8 198.0 83.7 33.4 10.6 20.6 9.1 11.6 173.2 43.5 27.8 413.5 20.2 41.0 12.5 29.4 85.9 188.9 49.9 6.4 573.5 18.7 197.8 73.5 196.5 36.2 7.8 25.3 19.1 70.0 119.7 4.7 48.3 60.4 20.8 21.6 1550.1 4475.8 2157.8 2318.0 622.3 907.6 107.0 90.1 1104.6 32.7 135.7 18.1 16.5 11.5 11.8 2.2 26.0 66.1 320.8 13.3 32.5 8.6 10.0 79.2 117.3 15.4 7.3 59.8 41.1 10.1 29.2 12.0 9.9 64.2 15.5 10.6 47.1 76.3 60.0 719.3 4.7 6.8 14.3 152.5 7.1 9.9 3.3 4.2 202.8 80.7 36.8 10.8 20.4 9.4 12.8 173.8 45.7 25.5 416.0 19.7 42.0 12.8 28.7 89.4 192.6 50.5 6.7 587.2 19.4 217.1 74.2 191.4 36.7 7.9 28.3 20.6 72.7 128.9 5.0 48.6 62.1 21.9 21.8 1601.1 4557.3 2190.6 2366.7 635.5 913.3 108.6 86.8 1108.6 31.6 135.6 18.3 16.7 11.3 12.1 2.2 24.2 66.8 318.8 13.4 32.2 9.8 9.7 79.7 119.8 15.5 7.9 60.6 40.8 10.1 31.6 12.5 10.0 64.8 15.6 10.9 48.8 76.3 61.2 731.2 4.4 6.7 14.6 153.0 7.3 10.0 3.3 4.1 203.4 84.6 38.5 11.7 20.0 9.3 13.3 172.4 45.0 25.2 420.0 19.5 39.7 13.1 28.8 95.2 196.3 52.4 7.5 608.4 21.9 222.1 77.3 188.3 36.9 8.5 29.2 21.7 75.3 129.3 5.3 49.2 63.9 23.0 23.3 1643.4 4621.9 2206.8 2415.1 645.4 0.9% 1.8% -3.4% 0.6% -3.0% 0.2% 1.6% 1.4% -2.0% 2.2% -1.4% -6.7% 1.2% -0.4% 1.2% -0.6% 14.6% -3.2% 1.0% 2.5% 0.9% 8.3% 1.5% -0.5% 0.6% 8.7% 5.1% 1.2% 1.2% 0.8% 3.2% 3.8% 0.3% 2.2% 1.9% -6.0% -0.8% 2.5% 0.6% 2.4% 1.1% 0.7% -1.6% 0.6% 5.1% 4.7% 8.1% -1.7% -1.4% 4.3% -0.6% -1.2% -0.7% 1.2% -0.5% -5.2% 2.6% 0.6% 6.7% 2.2% 4.0% 11.5% 3.9% 13.2% 2.6% 4.4% -1.4% 0.6% 7.5% 3.5% 5.5% 3.8% 0.6% 6.1% 1.5% 3.2% 5.2% 7.1% 2.9% 1.7% 1.0% 2.3% 1.8% 2006-16 Share 2017 -0.7% 19.8% 0.4% 2.3% -0.3% 1.9% -0.5% 24.0% 3.9% 0.7% 3.2% 2.9% 2.3% 0.4% 3.9% 0.4% 2.9% 0.2% 5.3% 0.3% ◆ 1.7% -2.2% 0.5% 0.2% 1.4% 2.0% 6.9% -1.0% 0.3% -0.6% 0.7% -1.6% 0.2% -0.9% 0.2% -1.9% 1.7% -0.9% 2.6% -3.4% 0.3% -0.9% 0.2% -3.9% 1.3% -1.7% 0.9% -0.7% 0.2% 1.5% 0.7% -2.1% 0.3% -0.6% 0.2% -2.2% 1.4% -1.5% 0.3% -2.1% 0.2% 3.7% 1.1% -1.3% 1.7% -0.6% 1.3% -1.3% 15.8% -0.4% 0.1% -2.5% 0.1% 2.7% 0.3% 1.3% 3.3% 3.6% 0.2% -4.0% 0.2% -4.6% 0.1% 6.2% 0.1% 0.9% 4.4% -0.9% 1.8% 4.3% 0.8% -1.0% 0.3% 1.3% 0.4% 7.4% 0.2% 9.8% 0.3% 5.5% 3.7% 5.2% 1.0% -3.6% 0.5% 2.7% 9.1% 5.1% 0.4% 3.6% 0.9% 3.0% 0.3% 0.9% 0.6% 3.1% 2.1% 3.0% 4.2% 1.2% 1.1% 5.2% 0.2% 5.0% 13.2% 2.4% 0.5% 5.2% 4.8% 2.0% 1.7% -2.5% 4.1% 2.0% 0.8% 0.7% 0.2% 4.6% 0.6% 4.1% 0.5% 5.0% 1.6% 1.7% 2.8% 1.7% 0.1% -0.4% 1.1% 3.0% 1.4% 5.9% 0.5% 6.4% 0.5% 2.8% 35.6% 1.1% 100.0% -0.8% 47.7% 3.2% 52.3% -1.6% 14.0% *Inland demand plus international aviation and marine bunkers and refinery fuel and loss. Consumption of biogasoline (such as ethanol), biodiesel and derivatives of coal and natural gas are also included. than 0.05%. Notes: Differences between these world consumption figures and world production statistics are accounted for by stock changes, consumption of non-petroleum additives and substitute fuels, and unavoidable disparities in the definition, measurement or conversion of oil supply and demand data. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using million tonnes oil equivalent figures. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. ◆Less BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 17 Oil: Production by region Oil: Consumption by region Million barrels daily Million barrels daily Asia Pacific Africa Middle East CIS 92 Europe S. & Cent. America North America 97 02 07 12 17 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 92 97 02 07 12 17 World oil production rose by only 0.6 million b/d in 2017, below average for the second consecutive year. Production fell in the Middle East (-250,000 b/d) and South & Central America (-240,000 Kb/d) but this was outweighed by growth from North America (820,000 b/d) and Africa (390,000 b/d). Global oil consumption growth averaged 1.7 million b/d, above its 10-year average of 1.1 million b/d for the third consecutive year. China (500,000 b/d) and the US (190,000 b/d) were the single largest contributors to growth. Oil: Consumption per capita 2017 Tonnes 0-0.5 0.5-1.0 1.0-1.5 1.5-2.5 > 2.5 18 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 0 Oil: Regional consumption – by product group Growth rate per annum Thousand barrels daily North America Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total North America of which: US Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total US S. & Cent. America Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total S. & Cent. America Europe Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total Europe CIS Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total CIS Middle East Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total Middle East Africa Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total Africa Asia Pacific Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total Asia Pacific of which: China Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total China of which: India Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total India of which: Japan Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total Japan World Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total World OECD Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total OECD Non-OECD Light distillates Middle distillates Fuel oil Others Total Non-OECD 2006-16 Share 2017 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 11200 7318 1081 5512 25111 10859 6934 941 5135 23868 10839 6281 801 5046 22967 10950 6567 810 5199 23526 10697 6694 745 5193 23329 10572 6409 662 5272 22915 10778 6519 576 5506 23379 10841 6801 447 5376 23465 11092 6813 418 5495 23818 11287 6759 474 5544 24065 11260 6933 529 5497 24219 -0.2% 2.6% 11.4% -0.9% 0.6% 0.1% 46.5% -0.8% 28.6% -7.7% 2.2% 0.1% 22.7% -0.4% 100.0% 9597 6199 718 4166 20680 9253 5801 609 3827 19490 9257 5241 508 3766 18771 9263 5464 532 3921 19180 9022 5518 459 3883 18882 8932 5278 367 3913 18490 9125 5371 317 4147 18961 9164 5632 256 4054 19106 9413 5657 258 4203 19531 9547 5603 325 4212 19687 9558 5746 358 4218 19880 0.1% 2.6% 9.9% 0.2% 1.0% -0.1% 48.1% -1.0% 28.9% -7.1% 1.8% 0.1% 21.2% -0.5% 100.0% 1589 2118 802 1234 5742 1671 2177 830 1354 6032 1760 2144 781 1321 6006 1860 2368 761 1345 6334 1936 2487 738 1409 6570 1981 2604 737 1420 6742 2084 2729 712 1462 6987 2145 2743 734 1436 7058 2203 2729 717 1372 7021 2166 2650 654 1341 6811 2174 2671 614 1335 6794 0.3% 0.8% -6.1% -0.4% -0.2% 3.8% 32.0% 3.2% 39.3% -1.9% 9.0% 0.7% 19.7% 2.2% 100.0% 3766 7706 1643 3241 16356 3532 7905 1581 3209 16227 3448 7627 1419 3042 15537 3395 7714 1308 3001 15418 3176 7594 1259 2945 14975 3026 7469 1141 2807 14443 2936 7504 1023 2800 14263 2885 7471 951 2742 14049 2824 7826 899 2864 14413 2835 7976 938 2946 14696 2867 8221 963 2929 14980 1.1% 3.1% 2.7% -0.6% 1.9% -2.9% 19.1% 0.2% 54.9% -6.0% 6.4% -0.9% 19.6% -1.2% 100.0% 1171 1219 423 1030 3844 1233 1286 397 984 3900 1211 1168 379 1010 3768 1267 1273 350 944 3834 1273 1386 373 1086 4118 1300 1395 361 1151 4206 1338 1379 369 1090 4176 1328 1339 435 1221 4323 1307 1269 354 1232 4162 1313 1301 377 1251 4243 1344 1351 319 1267 4282 2.3% 3.8% -15.3% 1.2% 0.9% 1.7% 31.4% 1.2% 31.6% -3.8% 7.5% 2.2% 29.6% 1.1% 100.0% 1453 2260 1580 1677 6970 1565 2303 1747 1771 7385 1627 2301 1901 1895 7724 1665 2279 1934 2096 7973 1756 2392 1951 2172 8271 1837 2488 1991 2280 8595 1910 2622 2067 2272 8870 1981 2526 2172 2354 9032 2026 2418 2215 2370 9029 2055 2302 2137 2666 9161 2145 2295 2108 2742 9290 4.4% -0.3% -1.4% 2.8% 1.4% 3.7% 23.1% 0.8% 24.7% 3.4% 22.7% 5.0% 29.5% 3.1% 100.0% 703 1376 422 538 3040 760 1458 434 550 3201 801 1510 445 568 3325 836 1611 458 577 3482 816 1608 392 572 3388 867 1678 438 586 3569 885 1807 433 599 3724 906 1845 432 602 3785 970 1881 428 598 3877 1046 1864 419 621 3950 1103 1929 387 628 4047 5.5% 3.5% -7.8% 1.0% 2.5% 4.3% 27.3% 3.7% 47.7% -0.1% 9.6% 1.9% 15.5% 3.1% 100.0% 7401 9303 3583 5754 26041 7454 9388 3361 5698 25901 7697 9391 3043 6129 26260 8320 9917 3047 6683 27967 8525 10345 3114 6927 28911 8954 10780 3218 7086 30038 9482 10987 2984 7236 30689 9806 11085 2823 7560 31274 10596 11334 2809 7782 32521 10952 11498 2844 8269 33562 11304 11907 2770 8593 34574 3.2% 3.6% -2.6% 3.9% 3.0% 4.5% 32.7% 2.4% 34.4% -2.1% 8.0% 4.2% 24.9% 2.9% 100.0% 1846 2859 906 2198 7808 1975 3078 724 2164 7941 2046 3127 662 2443 8278 2406 3452 666 2912 9436 2593 3667 588 2948 9796 2776 3963 560 2932 10230 3105 4068 564 2998 10734 3324 4114 592 3179 11209 3768 4220 591 3408 11986 3940 4155 556 3651 12302 4106 4312 573 3807 12799 4.2% 3.8% 3.0% 4.3% 4.0% 8.7% 32.1% 4.5% 33.7% -5.3% 4.5% 5.8% 29.7% 5.2% 100.0% 550 1252 232 907 2941 581 1350 226 921 3077 569 1439 222 1006 3237 573 1519 199 1028 3319 607 1601 178 1102 3488 644 1686 147 1209 3685 665 1685 117 1260 3727 688 1694 107 1360 3849 797 1774 113 1480 4164 868 1848 136 1708 4560 883 1879 122 1807 4690 1.7% 1.7% -10.6% 5.8% 2.9% 5.0% 18.8% 4.7% 40.1% -4.4% 2.6% 7.5% 38.5% 5.2% 100.0% 1731 1621 657 1005 5013 1614 1502 707 1025 4847 1634 1381 450 925 4390 1696 1391 442 913 4442 1635 1343 577 887 4442 1614 1361 824 903 4702 1631 1345 646 895 4516 1575 1319 532 876 4303 1621 1281 433 816 4151 1581 1291 371 788 4031 1591 1296 285 817 3988 0.6% 0.4% -23.2% 3.7% -1.1% -1.1% 39.9% -3.1% 32.5% -5.6% 7.1% -2.3% 20.5% -2.5% 100.0% 27284 31301 9535 18986 87105 27074 31451 9289 18701 86515 27384 30423 8769 19012 85587 28293 31729 8668 19845 88535 28178 32507 8572 20305 89561 28537 32823 8548 20601 90509 29413 33547 8163 20964 92088 29892 33809 7994 21291 92986 31018 34271 7840 21713 94843 31655 34350 7843 22640 96488 32198 35307 7690 22990 98186 1.7% 2.8% -2.0% 1.5% 1.8% 1.7% 32.8% 1.1% 36.0% -2.0% 7.8% 2.0% 23.4% 1.2% 100.0% 18112 17670 3703 10259 49744 17389 17348 3499 9894 48131 17361 16269 2901 9596 46127 17535 16687 2773 9663 46657 17069 16692 2775 9590 46126 16870 16363 2828 9540 45600 17003 16506 2429 9741 45679 16998 16726 2078 9489 45291 17291 17120 1906 9636 45953 17507 17263 1971 9811 46552 17623 17735 1925 9750 47033 0.7% 2.7% -2.3% -0.6% 1.0% -0.3% 37.5% -0.3% 37.7% -6.3% 4.1% -0.4% 20.7% -0.7% 100.0% 9172 13630 5832 8727 37361 9685 14103 5790 8807 38384 10023 14154 5868 9416 39460 10758 15042 5895 10182 41877 11109 15815 5796 10715 43435 11667 16460 5720 11061 44908 12411 17041 5734 11223 46409 12894 17083 5917 11802 47695 13728 17151 5934 12078 48890 14148 17087 5873 12829 49936 14575 17572 5766 13240 51152 3.0% 2.8% -1.8% 3.2% 2.4% 5.0% 2.9% 28.5% 34.4% 11.3% 4.4% 25.9% 3.4% 100.0% ◆ ◆Less than 0.05%. Notes: ‘Light distillates’ consists of aviation and motor gasolines and light distillate feedstock (LDF). ‘Middle distillates’ consists of jet and heating kerosenes, and gas and diesel oils (including marine bunkers). ‘Fuel oil’ includes marine bunkers and crude oil used directly as fuel. ‘Others’ consists of refinery gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), solvents, petroleum coke, lubricants, bitumen, wax, other refined products and refinery fuel and loss. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using thousand barrels daily figures An extended breakdown of oil consumption by product group is available at bp.com/statisticalreview. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 19 Spot crude prices US dollars per barrel 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Dubai $/bbl* Brent $/bbl† Nigerian Forcados $/bbl West Texas Intermediate $/bbl‡ 31.80 28.78 28.06 27.53 13.10 16.95 13.27 15.62 20.45 16.63 17.17 14.93 14.74 16.10 18.52 18.23 12.21 17.25 26.20 22.81 23.74 26.78 33.64 49.35 61.50 68.19 94.34 61.39 78.06 106.18 109.08 105.47 97.07 51.20 41.19 53.13 32.97 29.55 28.78 27.56 14.43 18.44 14.92 18.23 23.73 20.00 19.32 16.97 15.82 17.02 20.67 19.09 12.72 17.97 28.50 24.44 25.02 28.83 38.27 54.52 65.14 72.39 97.26 61.67 79.50 111.26 111.67 108.66 98.95 52.39 43.73 54.19 33.29 29.54 28.14 27.75 14.46 18.39 15.00 18.30 23.85 20.11 19.61 17.41 16.25 17.26 21.16 19.33 12.62 18.00 28.42 24.23 25.04 28.66 38.13 55.69 67.07 74.48 101.43 63.35 81.05 113.65 114.21 111.95 101.35 54.41 44.54 54.31 33.65 30.30 29.39 27.98 15.10 19.18 15.97 19.68 24.50 21.54 20.57 18.45 17.21 18.42 22.16 20.61 14.39 19.31 30.37 25.93 26.16 31.07 41.49 56.59 66.02 72.20 100.06 61.92 79.45 95.04 94.13 97.99 93.28 48.71 43.34 50.79 *1982-1985 Arabian Light, 1986-2017 Dubai dated. †1982-1983 Forties, 1984-2017 Brent dated. ‡1982-1983 Posted WTI prices, 1984-2017 Spot WTI (Cushing) prices. Source: S&P Global Platts, © 2018, S&P Global Inc. Crude oil prices 1861-2017 US dollars per barrel World events Yom Kippur war Post-war reconstruction Fears of shortage in US Growth of Venezuelan production Pennsylvanian oil boom Russian oil exports began East Texas field discovered Sumatra Discovery of production Spindletop, began Texas Iranian revolution Loss of Iranian supplies Netback pricing introduced Suez crisis Iraq invaded Kuwait Asian financial crisis Invasion of Iraq ‘Arab Spring’ 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1861-69 1870-79 1880-89 1890-99 1900-09 1910-19 $ 2017 (deflated using the Consumer Price Index for the US) $ money of the day 20 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 1920-29 1930-39 1940-49 1950-59 1960-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99 2000-09 2010-19 0 1861-1944 US average. 1945-1983 Arabian Light posted at Ras Tanura. 1984-2017 Brent dated. Oil product prices (Rotterdam) Product differentials to crude (Rotterdam products minus Dated Brent) US dollars per barrel US dollars per barrel 160 Gasoline Gas oil High sulphur fuel oil 140 40 Gasoline Gas oil High sulphur fuel oil 30 20 120 10 100 0 80 -10 60 -20 40 -30 20 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0 Source: S&P Global Platts, © 2018, S&P Global Inc. -40 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 -50 Source: S&P Global Platts, © 2018, S&P Global Inc. Regional refining margins US dollars per barrel 25 20 15 10 5 USGC Medium Sour Coking NWE Light Sweet Cracking Singapore Medium Sour Hydrocracking 07 08 0 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 -5 17 Note: The refining margins presented are benchmark margins for three major global refining centres: US Gulf Coast (USGC), North West Europe (NWE – Rotterdam) and Singapore. In each case they are based on a single crude oil appropriate for that region and have optimized product yields based on a generic refinery configuration (cracking, hydrocracking or coking), again appropriate for that region. The margins are on a semi-variable basis, i.e. the margin after all variable costs and fixed energy costs. Refinery utilization Percentage (based on average annual capacity) 100 90 80 70 North America S. & Cent. America Europe CIS 07 08 Middle East Africa Asia Pacific World 09 60 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 50 Refinery throughput growth averaged 1.6 million b/d, up from only 0.5 million b/d in 2016. Growth was driven by China (570,000 b/d), the US (410,000 b/d) and Europe (370,000 b/d) which outweighed a decline of 280,000 b/d in South & Central America. Global refining capacity growth was 0.6 million b/d, below average for the third consecutive year, with China and India the main contributors to growth. As a result, refinery utilization rose from 82.5% to 83.7% – the highest in nine years. Utilization in South & Central America fell to 66.1% – the lowest since 1985. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 21 Oil: Refinery throughput Growth rate per annum Thousand barrels daily* US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Curacao Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Morocco Nigeria South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia China India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 2006-16 15156 1849 1261 18266 600 1741 201 313 209 150 177 154 1004 966 5516 174 662 143 149 157 218 1654 2193 385 142 1863 118 1131 305 402 247 280 120 1159 369 518 1528 357 14274 150 429 229 4597 144 279 95 3 5927 261 1719 342 189 923 69 149 1936 529 396 6515 391 653 128 52 388 732 2345 614 6594 3107 904 3995 557 91 238 206 1163 2417 992 922 10 120 21930 74772 39311 35461 13260 14648 1781 1295 17724 578 1760 204 313 197 155 177 150 1010 961 5505 176 675 143 165 156 222 1676 2151 360 140 1741 195 1120 279 417 241 282 117 1174 413 490 1533 343 14210 147 427 236 4742 149 243 93 3 6041 257 1779 476 215 906 224 145 2018 493 391 6904 429 617 114 107 408 720 2396 570 6828 3213 910 3946 560 99 226 184 1161 2365 900 927 10 118 22017 74797 38532 36265 13246 14336 1731 1184 17251 532 1781 192 302 183 156 192 152 961 801 5251 169 629 125 148 157 220 1449 2026 346 127 1614 174 1104 278 408 209 247 114 1057 394 375 1440 349 13159 121 434 235 4765 152 255 88 2 6053 256 1826 417 220 869 203 158 1928 492 386 6754 475 598 93 49 388 698 2301 577 7452 3641 900 3627 554 95 209 147 844 2297 956 938 28 115 22380 73148 36672 36476 12307 14724 1774 1184 17682 531 1787 159 300 64 137 195 126 969 702 4970 158 668 110 159 146 211 1314 1915 393 128 1673 190 1156 259 458 227 217 110 1060 406 392 1395 334 13078 124 330 257 5018 170 249 73 2 6224 265 1829 520 226 892 167 294 1922 571 381 7067 548 580 110 96 389 702 2425 606 8408 3899 853 3619 470 99 190 181 979 2390 876 963 121 122 23776 75222 37158 38064 12237 14806 1680 1166 17652 516 1813 173 306 164 156 189 137 991 712 5157 168 598 102 143 137 225 1313 1876 331 132 1570 189 1115 289 482 206 194 120 1051 374 394 1433 304 12748 127 411 326 5185 165 206 69 2 6492 259 1873 543 218 852 201 278 1884 635 349 7091 520 523 103 108 383 518 2155 627 8686 4085 880 3410 516 108 193 190 1035 2533 809 937 137 126 24270 75564 36824 38740 11885 14999 1751 1199 17949 530 1889 164 305 165 152 189 107 936 325 4761 170 634 118 145 153 215 1138 1901 410 122 1475 181 1110 287 505 221 182 108 1186 417 398 1348 262 12685 124 434 331 5438 157 108 62 2 6656 263 1932 579 219 916 193 292 1953 638 268 7253 478 534 111 92 403 584 2202 600 9199 4302 820 3400 575 109 192 170 1020 2582 897 978 130 113 25086 76593 37096 39498 11861 15312 1719 1224 18255 527 2035 174 284 170 141 183 132 952 297 4895 174 555 113 134 144 227 1117 1857 399 120 1259 192 1065 292 488 239 189 116 1168 332 421 1197 291 12088 132 425 341 5636 146 85 58 3 6826 264 1999 598 221 873 187 270 1876 650 238 7176 492 514 111 97 413 594 2221 588 9599 4462 822 3453 558 105 223 158 936 2484 847 1078 140 124 25576 77038 36738 40300 11202 15848 1640 1155 18643 526 2085 174 247 189 125 185 105 920 283 4839 173 645 104 151 139 225 1096 1833 416 131 1198 160 1090 274 486 217 194 105 1185 380 406 1125 281 12013 135 448 361 5926 136 69 55 5 7135 257 1932 487 230 879 180 261 2201 659 237 7323 615 530 104 64 431 445 2189 538 10155 4475 848 3289 553 101 232 168 871 2516 850 1029 121 119 25865 78009 36919 41090 11154 16188 1635 1064 18887 536 1972 165 244 178 121 182 125 863 280 4666 179 644 121 145 147 197 1152 1875 436 130 1347 170 1157 293 532 278 208 119 1306 401 526 1118 264 12746 130 462 342 5773 127 64 51 9 6959 256 1867 409 236 905 190 253 2447 929 182 7673 591 530 53 22 443 459 2096 427 10684 4561 836 3258 514 109 257 212 937 2784 838 1132 146 113 26808 79836 37972 41864 11788 16187 1594 933 18714 511 1812 163 339 156 150 186 148 654 275 4395 164 640 125 109 140 226 1122 1887 464 133 1293 187 1171 230 517 279 228 115 1302 395 531 1071 270 12600 120 372 339 5715 118 62 51 10 6787 247 1882 440 223 841 178 280 2651 1000 144 7886 584 509 – 62 464 456 2074 433 11084 4930 885 3280 543 108 242 216 965 2928 861 1096 145 128 27843 80299 37762 42537 11697 16593 1754 767 19114 500 1741 172 354 95 156 217 131 513 234 4113 163 685 136 158 151 226 1148 1878 480 131 1392 192 1179 311 508 290 225 112 1325 392 542 1064 282 12968 117 362 355 5708 125 66 52 10 6795 249 1968 527 224 701 204 379 2802 1008 166 8228 573 508 – 67 447 453 2049 419 11656 5010 887 3215 565 108 261 211 1068 3061 848 1064 144 130 28647 81914 38567 43347 11970 2.5% 10.0% -17.8% 2.1% -2.2% -3.9% 5.5% 4.5% -39.2% 3.9% 16.8% -11.8% -21.5% -15.1% -6.4% -1.1% 6.9% 8.5% 45.7% 7.7% 0.6% -1.1% -3.0% 0.2% -1.1% 0.6% -2.8% 0.7% -2.7% -0.1% 0.8% -0.3% -4.4% -11.6% -2.1% -0.4% 0.1% -1.3% -3.7% -1.3% 0.8% -3.8% -1.7% 2.1% -0.4% -3.5% 1.1% 0.3% -2.9% 2.7% 0.5% -1.5% 0.1% 0.7% -0.5% *Atmospheric distillation capacity on a calendar-day basis. ◆Less than 0.05%. n/a not available. 22 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 ◆ Share 2017 20.3% 2.1% 0.9% 23.3% 0.6% 2.1% 0.2% 0.4% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.6% 0.3% 5.0% 0.2% 0.8% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 1.4% 2.3% 0.6% 0.2% 1.7% 0.2% 1.4% 0.4% 0.6% 0.4% 0.3% 0.1% 1.6% 0.5% 0.7% 1.3% 0.3% 15.8% 0.1% 0.4% 0.4% 7.0% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 2.3% -0.5% 3.5% -1.4% 7.6% 2.6% 0.7% 35.0% -1.7% 4.0% -1.3% -2.9% 1.8% -0.9% ◆ 1.9% -0.6% -3.5% 4.5% -2.8% 2.9% -1.4% -2.2% -2.2% -2.7% -1.4% 4.7% 4.2% -0.1% 2.6% 5.7% -1.5% 6.4% -14.3% 2.2% -7.0% ◆ 3.7% 18.4% 0.1% 1.7% 8.3% 1.0% -0.5% 0.3% 4.6% 1.2% 2.4% 19.7% -0.1% 0.6% 0.3% 1.0% 0.3% -16.6% -0.7% 0.9% 15.0% 7.6% 0.2% 35.2% 8.0% 0.5% 5.7% 2.9% 3.4% 0.7% 5.4% 1.2% 15.6% -9.8% 0.2% 4.3% 1.7% 10.0% -1.9% 4.3% 0.7% -0.1% -2.1% 0.6% n/a -100.0% – 8.6% -6.4% 0.1% -3.7% 1.9% 0.5% -0.5% -4.2% 0.6% -1.2% -1.2% 2.5% -3.3% -3.2% 0.5% 5.2% 5.9% 14.2% 1.6% 5.6% 6.1% 0.2% -0.3% 1.1% -2.0% -2.0% 3.9% 4.1% 0.4% 0.7% 0.3% 1.1% 0.1% 7.7% 0.9% 0.3% -2.0% 0.2% 0.3% 10.7% -1.8% 1.3% 4.5% 2.0% 3.7% -1.4% -1.5% 1.0% -2.9% 1.7% 1.3% -0.7% 32.0% 0.2% 1.8% -0.2% 0.2% 2.9% 2.7% 35.0% 2.0% 0.8% 100.0% 2.1% -0.5% 47.1% 1.9% 2.0% 52.9% 2.3% -1.4% 14.6% Source: Includes data from ICIS. Oil: Refining capacity Growth rate per annum Thousand barrels daily* US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Curacao Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Morocco Nigeria South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia China India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 17594 1907 1463 20964 628 1964 242 324 320 175 223 165 1303 1192 6536 201 781 175 193 189 261 1962 2390 425 165 2377 241 1236 316 493 306 389 122 1362 454 613 1819 616 17088 205 460 330 5471 251 526 232 10 7485 260 1772 738 272 936 216 137 2107 625 496 7559 443 810 156 150 520 958 3037 733 8737 2983 1094 4650 534 103 271 270 1427 2679 1197 1100 11 206 25995 88663 45524 43139 15790 17672 1951 1463 21086 628 1977 242 326 320 175 230 165 1303 1176 6542 201 786 175 193 189 261 1971 2366 425 165 2396 241 1280 316 492 306 358 122 1362 454 613 1827 613 17113 205 460 330 5387 251 566 232 10 7441 260 1805 738 275 936 222 137 2107 680 496 7656 444 810 131 250 520 958 3113 734 9670 2992 1094 4650 568 103 274 270 1427 2712 1197 1165 11 208 27075 90025 45742 44283 15818 17584 1976 1463 21023 625 1992 242 336 320 175 252 165 1303 900 6310 201 786 180 193 189 261 1842 2362 425 165 2396 241 1280 316 491 306 283 122 1362 454 613 1757 635 16860 205 460 330 5425 251 582 232 10 7495 260 1860 853 275 936 222 283 2109 700 496 7994 554 810 131 110 520 958 3083 734 10616 3574 1099 4630 572 136 273 267 1427 2746 1197 1236 159 216 28880 91645 45521 46124 15543 17736 1913 1463 21113 625 1992 242 336 320 175 252 165 1303 901 6311 201 787 195 193 189 261 1702 2091 490 165 2396 241 1274 316 560 306 247 122 1421 454 613 1757 635 16618 205 460 330 5563 251 474 232 14 7529 260 1860 914 280 936 222 283 2109 700 496 8060 554 810 131 211 520 959 3185 740 11604 3703 1099 4291 582 136 277 264 1427 2774 1197 1230 159 216 29699 92513 45089 47424 15301 17322 2005 1606 20932 625 2014 250 336 320 175 252 165 1303 1013 6453 193 788 195 193 181 261 1610 2077 495 165 2276 241 1276 329 580 306 229 122 1542 454 596 1787 619 16516 205 460 330 5721 251 474 232 10 7683 260 1860 935 292 936 222 283 2107 705 496 8096 652 810 131 336 520 780 3229 742 12296 3795 1099 4274 601 136 277 261 1427 2864 1197 1230 159 217 30575 93484 44938 48547 15219 17824 2015 1606 21444 657 2004 254 336 320 175 252 165 1303 356 5822 193 753 195 175 181 261 1513 2097 498 165 2098 241 1274 342 582 330 214 122 1546 454 596 1526 607 15962 205 460 330 5816 251 248 232 10 7552 260 1952 971 292 936 222 283 2107 710 496 8229 652 810 201 342 520 910 3435 663 12962 4279 1099 4254 606 136 275 261 1422 2878 1197 1230 159 218 31639 94083 44806 49277 14664 17925 1929 1606 21460 657 2097 254 336 320 175 253 165 1303 361 5921 193 776 195 175 181 261 1375 2061 498 165 1861 241 1274 342 582 330 235 122 1546 454 596 1498 591 15552 205 460 350 6279 251 262 232 11 8050 260 1985 823 294 936 222 283 2507 710 382 8402 647 810 201 342 520 930 3449 662 13594 4319 1099 4123 612 136 390 270 1414 2878 1197 1237 159 227 32316 95150 44311 50839 14270 17889 1929 1522 21340 657 2238 258 336 320 175 253 165 1303 376 6081 193 776 195 175 180 261 1375 2077 498 165 1900 241 1274 342 582 330 228 122 1546 454 596 1337 591 15438 205 460 350 6407 251 240 232 28 8173 260 1985 931 301 936 222 283 2899 726 382 8925 651 810 201 345 520 930 3457 536 14534 4319 1099 3749 612 136 390 271 1514 3123 1197 1252 159 234 33125 96540 43841 52698 14156 18315 1931 1522 21768 657 2281 258 421 320 175 253 165 1303 384 6217 193 776 195 175 180 261 1375 2049 528 165 1900 241 1293 342 581 330 239 122 1562 454 596 1337 519 15414 205 460 350 6513 271 240 232 37 8308 260 1985 903 301 936 222 283 2899 1147 382 9318 651 810 201 345 520 930 3457 443 14306 4307 1111 3721 612 136 389 271 1514 3123 988 1252 159 234 32564 97046 44112 52934 14204 18621 1934 1522 22077 657 2289 258 421 320 175 253 165 1303 384 6225 193 776 195 175 180 261 1245 2051 528 165 1900 241 1293 342 581 330 256 122 1562 454 596 1227 519 15193 205 460 350 6583 271 240 232 37 8378 260 1985 919 301 936 222 429 2899 1147 382 9480 651 810 201 345 520 930 3457 452 14177 4620 1111 3600 618 136 389 271 1514 3246 988 1235 163 234 32753 97562 44194 53368 13983 18567 1968 1546 22081 657 2285 258 421 320 175 253 165 1303 384 6221 193 776 195 175 181 261 1245 2069 528 165 1900 241 1294 342 559 330 247 122 1562 454 596 1227 519 15180 205 470 360 6584 271 240 232 37 8399 260 2105 919 301 736 304 429 2821 1147 496 9518 651 810 201 345 520 910 3437 454 14513 4972 1111 3343 625 136 401 271 1514 3246 1083 1235 167 234 33303 98139 43940 54199 13970 -0.3% 1.8% 1.6% *Atmospheric distillation capacity at year end on a calendar-day basis. ◆Less than 0.05%. ◆ – -0.2% – – – – – – – – -0.1% – – – – 0.3% – – 0.8% – – – – 0.1% – -3.8% – -3.7% – – – – – – -0.1% – 2.2% 2.9% ◆ – – – – 0.3% – 6.0% – – -21.4% 36.9% – -2.7% – 29.8% 0.4% ◆ – – – – -2.2% -0.6% 0.5% 2.4% 7.6% – -7.1% 1.1% – 3.1% 0.1% – – 9.6% – 2.5% – 1.7% 0.6% -0.6% 1.6% -0.1% 2006-16 Share 2017 0.7% 18.9% 0.1% 2.0% 0.4% 1.6% 0.6% 22.5% 0.6% 0.7% 1.7% 2.3% 1.0% 0.3% 2.7% 0.4% – 0.3% -0.1% 0.2% 1.3% 0.3% – 0.2% 0.1% 1.3% -10.4% 0.4% -0.3% 6.3% -0.4% 0.2% 0.1% 0.8% -0.5% 0.2% -1.0% 0.2% -0.5% 0.2% – 0.3% -4.4% 1.3% -1.5% 2.1% 2.2% 0.5% – 0.2% -2.8% 1.9% – 0.2% 0.1% 1.3% 0.8% 0.3% 1.6% 0.6% 0.7% 0.3% -4.1% 0.3% – 0.1% 1.4% 1.6% – 0.5% -0.3% 0.6% -3.9% 1.3% -1.7% 0.5% -1.3% 15.5% – 0.2% – 0.5% 0.6% 0.4% 1.8% 6.7% 0.8% 0.3% -7.5% 0.2% – 0.2% ◆ 14.0% 1.1% 8.6% – 0.3% 1.1% 2.1% 2.1% 0.9% 1.1% 0.3% – 0.7% 1.0% 0.3% 12.1% 0.4% 3.2% 2.9% 6.3% 1.2% -2.6% 0.5% 2.3% 9.7% 3.9% 0.7% – 0.8% 2.7% 0.2% 8.7% 0.4% – 0.5% -0.3% 0.9% 1.3% 3.5% -4.2% 0.5% 5.2% 14.8% 4.9% 5.1% 1.0% 1.1% -2.4% 3.4% 1.6% 0.6% 2.8% 0.1% 3.7% 0.4% -0.2% 0.3% 0.6% 1.5% 2.1% 3.3% -1.4% 1.1% 1.2% 1.3% 30.9% 0.2% 1.3% 0.2% 2.6% 33.9% 1.0% 100.0% -0.3% 44.8% 2.3% 55.2% -1.3% 14.2% Source: Includes data from ICIS. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 23 Oil: Trade movements Growth rate per annum Thousand barrels daily Imports US Europe China India Japan Rest of World Total World Exports US Canada Mexico S. & Cent. America Europe Russia Other CIS Saudi Arabia Middle East (ex S. Arabia) North Africa West Africa Asia Pacific (ex Japan) Rest of World Total World 2006-16 Share 2017 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 13632 14034 4172 2924 5032 17598 57392 12872 13885 4494 3066 4925 17282 56524 11453 12608 5100 3491 4263 17332 54247 11689 12201 5886 3749 4567 17143 55234 11338 12272 6295 3823 4494 17717 55938 10587 12569 6675 4168 4743 17862 56604 9859 12815 6978 4370 4637 20085 58744 9241 12855 7398 4155 4383 21261 59293 9451 13877 8333 4380 4332 22103 62477 10056 13817 9214 4912 4180 22617 64795 10077 14060 10241 4947 4142 24125 67592 0.2% 1.8% 11.1% 0.7% -0.9% 6.7% 4.3% -3.0% 14.9% 0.2% 20.8% 9.0% 15.2% 6.5% 7.3% -2.2% 6.1% 3.7% 35.7% 1.7% 100.0% 1439 2457 1975 3570 2305 7827 1538 8101 12198 3341 4961 6004 1675 57392 1967 2498 1609 3616 2086 7540 1680 8357 12415 3268 4712 5392 1385 56524 1947 2518 1449 3748 2074 7257 1790 7276 11744 2943 4531 5631 1340 54247 2154 2599 1539 3568 1949 7397 1944 7595 11976 2878 4755 6226 653 55234 2495 2798 1487 3755 2106 7448 2080 8120 12188 1951 4759 6088 663 55938 2682 3056 1366 3830 2193 7457 1848 8468 11742 2602 4724 6299 338 56604 3563 3296 1347 3790 2578 7948 2102 8365 12242 2127 4590 6307 491 58744 4033 3536 1293 3939 2512 7792 2012 7911 12699 1743 4849 6450 524 59293 4521 3836 1323 4107 2968 8313 2021 7968 13537 1701 4880 6780 525 62477 4873 3887 1376 4144 2966 8354 1847 8515 14950 1697 4396 7297 494 64795 5540 4201 1279 3993 3281 8611 1974 8238 15680 2155 4470 7641 528 67592 13.7% 8.1% -7.1% -3.6% 10.6% 3.1% 6.9% -3.2% 4.9% 27.0% 1.7% 4.7% 7.0% 4.3% 14.0% 8.2% 5.3% 6.2% -4.1% 1.9% 1.2% 5.9% 2.8% 4.9% 2.1% 12.7% 3.5% 2.9% 0.2% 12.2% 1.8% 23.2% -6.3% 3.2% -0.9% 6.6% 4.8% 11.3% -9.6% 0.8% 1.7% 100.0% Notes: Unless otherwise stated, this table shows inter-regional trade based on the regional classification in the table ‘Oil trade in 2016 and 2017’ (see page 25). Bunkers are not included as exports. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using thousand barrels daily figures. Oil: Inter-area movements 2017 To Crude (million tonnes) From US Canada Mexico S. & Cent. America Europe Russia Other CIS Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia UAE Other Middle East North Africa West Africa East & S. Africa Australasia China India Japan Singapore Other Asia Pacific Total imports S. & Cent. Mexico America Europe Russia Other CIS Middle East US Canada Africa Australasia – 170.3 30.3 68.4 3.2 2.4 0.3 30.0 7.2 47.0 1.0 0.8 6.5 25.3 † 0.1 – – – – 1.2 394.1 16.1 – – 0.5 2.2 0.3 1.7 0.1 – 5.0 – – 1.4 2.3 – † – – – – – 29.7 – † – † – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – † 3.9 0.1 1.0 – 0.5 3.0 – 0.4 – 3.9 † † 2.1 8.2 – 0.1 † † – † † 23.1 10.8 2.2 10.9 11.0 – 170.2 66.4 50.6 9.9 37.0 0.4 39.6 52.8 53.0 1.2 † – † † – † 516.0 – – – † † – 0.6 † – – † – – † † – – – – – – 0.6 † – – – † 18.1 – – – – – 0.1 0.1 † † † – – – – – 18.3 0.1 † 0.1 – 0.4 2.8 5.3 4.5 † 13.7 † 0.1 1.6 † † † † – – – 0.1 28.6 0.3 † – 0.1 0.3 † 0.4 1.7 2.8 8.3 0.1 0.1 † 8.3 † † † † – † † 22.7 – 28.8 3.5 10.6 20.9 16.1 0.7 0.2 † 0.3 0.6 0.4 6.4 2.0 † – 1.0 4.0 1.2 0.9 5.8 103.5 24.7 – † 0.1 5.3 0.3 0.5 – – † † † † † † † 0.3 † † 0.1 † 31.2 38.4 0.9 – 1.1 2.3 † † † – – 0.1 † † † † † † – 0.3 0.4 0.3 43.9 80.0 0.6 0.9 – 8.5 1.9 0.1 – 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 3.7 0.7 0.1 † 3.7 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.5 102.9 25.5 2.4 0.1 3.9 – 84.7 4.5 0.2 2.9 12.3 6.5 7.0 10.7 2.0 0.3 † 2.5 6.7 † 1.3 3.3 176.9 † † † † 0.3 – 0.5 – – † † † † † † † 0.3 † † † 0.1 1.2 † † † † 2.6 10.7 – – † 0.1 † 0.1 † † † † † 0.1 † † † 13.7 2.1 † † 0.3 17.5 2.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 1.4 2.1 6.8 0.5 † 0.8 † 1.2 10.5 † 0.9 1.4 48.5 6.5 0.1 0.3 2.0 42.2 3.4 0.4 † 2.7 9.5 7.7 3.9 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.1 1.5 8.3 † 2.6 4.4 96.8 Japan Singapore Other Asia Pacific Total exports China India 0.2 † † – † 0.7 – – 0.1 0.3 5.0 0.2 1.2 1.9 – – † † † 1.5 10.4 21.5 7.7 0.6 1.3 57.2 9.9 59.8 3.8 36.9 18.2 52.2 10.2 66.5 5.6 72.3 4.7 2.1 – † – – 13.3 422.1 1.2 0.1 7.2 24.5 0.5 2.8 3.2 41.0 11.2 34.1 16.4 31.6 4.1 26.4 1.2 – – – – † 5.5 211.1 1.4 – 2.2 2.3 0.1 9.0 1.3 2.7 11.5 63.4 37.7 24.1 † 0.8 † 0.4 1.9 – – – 3.5 162.5 0.1 – † 0.4 0.3 1.4 0.2 1.0 6.5 10.1 14.4 11.1 0.8 0.5 † 0.8 0.2 † – – 5.9 53.7 4.2 – 4.2 4.3 6.2 6.7 6.7 20.1 34.2 82.4 40.6 41.1 4.9 15.1 0.2 6.5 2.6 † 0.1 0.1 – 280.2 45.8 173.3 57.3 168.8 23.6 277.2 90.0 189.0 101.6 357.5 125.7 215.4 81.2 214.2 7.4 9.9 4.7 † 0.1 1.7 39.9 2184.2 0.8 † † 0.2 0.1 † † – † † 0.1 0.1 † 0.4 † – 2.4 1.6 4.1 9.0 12.6 31.2 8.2 0.4 † 1.3 5.2 2.1 0.5 – 1.4 2.8 8.9 4.2 0.6 1.7 † 0.4 – 0.9 2.3 11.5 31.9 84.4 8.4 0.6 † 0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 † 1.5 8.1 5.4 4.4 0.2 † † 0.1 1.0 – † 0.8 1.9 33.9 10.5 0.4 – 0.2 0.4 2.0 † – 3.1 2.5 4.8 5.1 0.6 † † 0.7 0.6 2.5 – 1.0 7.7 42.1 6.9 0.2 1.2 8.6 20.8 12.5 0.1 4.0 2.1 4.8 4.3 2.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 8.9 8.7 3.0 – 39.0 128.5 9.1 † 0.1 0.4 7.4 9.1 0.6 0.5 9.6 8.7 25.0 14.1 1.7 0.8 0.2 0.8 24.6 12.7 4.1 66.9 – 196.6 221.0 34.5 6.2 28.8 134.2 145.6 8.0 5.1 23.5 50.7 65.8 48.9 25.1 8.1 2.2 2.6 48.0 56.2 15.9 95.9 108.9 1135.1 Product (million tonnes) From US Canada Mexico S. & Cent. America Europe Russia Other CIS Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia UAE Other Middle East North Africa West Africa East & S. Africa Australasia China India Japan Singapore Other Asia Pacific Total imports †Less than 0.05. Notes: Bunkers are not included as exports. Intra-area movements (for example, between countries in Europe) are excluded. Crude imports and exports include condensates. 24 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 Major trade movements 2017 Trade flows worldwide (million tonnes) 36.2 254.9 24.2 61.9 70.9 28.9 199.2 15 154.9 166.3 3 55.0 40.8 38.4 201.3 63 3.5 27.3 33.8 6 8 60.8 87.4 83.8 42.5 42. 42 5 27.2 36.9 45.2 153. 3. 3.8 79.1 276.4 21.1 US Canada Mexico S. & Cent. America Europe CIS Middle East Africa Asia Pacific 44.9 9 67 67.0 23.0 26.4 74.0 24.7 58.5 Oil trade in 2016 and 2017 2016 2017 Million tonnes Crude imports Product imports Crude exports Product exports Crude imports Product imports Crude exports Product exports US Canada Mexico S. & Cent. America Europe Russia Other CIS Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East North Africa West Africa East & S. Africa Australasia China India Japan Singapore Other Asia Pacific Total World 392.0 31.2 † 24.8 489.7 0.2 18.2 † † † 1.1 26.5 4.3 0.6 21.2 20.7 382.6 214.0 168.0 48.1 272.6 2116.2 105.8 32.1 38.0 90.9 192.3 1.4 10.6 1.7 0.7 4.4 12.5 17.4 38.1 26.1 27.1 29.2 74.4 30.0 39.1 121.7 181.7 1075.2 27.6 163.0 59.6 176.2 18.2 272.2 82.7 179.0 103.2 375.5 124.4 202.1 58.5 212.2 7.0 10.6 2.7 † † 0.7 41.0 2116.2 207.2 29.9 8.8 29.5 124.8 139.2 9.1 1.4 25.6 47.7 60.6 44.9 25.2 7.0 2.5 4.0 45.9 49.2 14.4 94.5 103.6 1075.2 394.1 29.7 † 23.1 516.0 0.6 18.3 † † † 1.3 27.2 5.2 0.3 17.2 21.5 422.1 211.1 162.5 53.7 280.2 2184.2 103.5 31.2 43.9 102.9 176.9 1.2 13.7 1.3 0.7 5.9 21.8 18.7 34.3 31.6 31.0 31.2 84.4 33.9 42.1 128.5 196.6 1135.1 45.8 173.3 57.3 168.8 23.6 277.2 90.0 189.0 101.6 357.5 125.7 215.4 81.2 214.2 7.4 9.9 4.7 † 0.1 1.7 39.9 2184.2 221.0 34.5 6.2 28.8 134.2 145.6 8.0 5.1 23.5 50.7 65.8 48.9 25.1 8.1 2.2 2.6 48.0 56.2 15.9 95.9 108.9 1135.1 7851 626 1 498 9807 3 365 ‡ ‡ ‡ 22 532 87 12 424 415 7663 4286 3365 963 5460 42381 2205 670 793 1894 4010 30 222 36 15 91 260 362 795 543 564 609 1551 625 815 2538 3787 22414 553 3264 1193 3528 364 5451 1657 3585 2066 7520 2491 4048 1171 4250 140 213 54 ‡ ‡ 13 820 42381 4320 623 183 616 2602 2903 190 28 534 995 1263 935 526 146 53 83 957 1026 301 1971 2161 22414 7914 596 ‡ 465 10363 13 368 ‡ ‡ ‡ 27 547 103 7 345 432 8477 4239 3263 1078 5628 43864 2163 653 917 2151 3697 25 285 28 15 124 456 390 717 660 648 653 1764 708 879 2685 4109 23728 919 3481 1150 3391 474 5567 1807 3796 2040 7178 2524 4325 1631 4302 148 199 94 1 2 34 801 43864 4621 720 129 603 2806 3044 167 107 492 1060 1374 1022 524 168 47 55 1003 1174 331 2004 2276 23728 Thousand barrels daily US Canada Mexico S. & Cent. America Europe Russia Other CIS Iraq Kuwait Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East North Africa West Africa East & S. Africa Australasia China India Japan Singapore Other Asia Pacific Total World †Less than 0.05. ‡Less than 0.5. Notes: Bunkers are not included as exports. Intra-area movements (for example, between countries in Europe) are excluded. Crude imports and exports include condensates. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 25 Natural gas Total proved reserves US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Denmark Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Romania United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Libya Nigeria Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh Brunei China India Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Pakistan Papua New Guinea Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union †Less than 0.05. ◆Less At end 1997 Trillion cubic metres At end 2007 Trillion cubic metres At end 2016 Trillion cubic metres Trillion cubic metres 4.5 1.7 1.8 8.0 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 4.6 0.1 6.6 0.1 0.2 0.3 1.7 1.2 0.1 0.3 0.8 0.2 4.9 0.7 1.5 33.6 2.6 0.7 1.2 † 40.3 0.1 22.7 3.0 † 1.4 0.5 8.8 5.6 0.2 5.9 0.3 † 48.6 3.9 0.9 1.2 3.3 0.8 10.2 1.2 0.3 0.4 1.2 0.7 2.2 2.2 0.3 0.4 † 0.2 0.2 0.4 9.4 128.1 13.8 114.2 3.6 6.4 1.6 0.4 8.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.5 5.4 0.1 7.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.2 2.3 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.2 5.0 1.0 1.5 33.9 2.6 0.8 1.3 † 41.2 0.1 27.7 3.0 † 1.7 0.9 26.4 6.9 0.3 6.3 0.3 † 73.6 4.3 2.0 1.5 5.0 1.2 14.0 1.8 0.4 0.3 2.3 1.0 3.0 2.4 0.5 0.7 † 0.3 0.5 0.3 13.6 163.5 14.7 148.9 2.6 8.7 2.0 0.2 10.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.3 6.4 0.1 8.3 † † † 0.7 1.8 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 3.0 1.3 1.1 34.8 19.5 1.1 1.2 † 59.0 0.2 33.2 3.5 0.2 1.7 0.7 24.9 8.0 0.3 5.9 0.3 † 78.8 4.3 1.8 1.4 5.2 1.1 13.8 3.6 0.2 0.3 5.5 1.2 2.9 2.7 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.3 19.2 193.1 17.7 175.4 1.2 8.7 1.9 0.2 10.8 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.3 6.4 0.1 8.2 † † † 0.7 1.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 3.0 1.3 1.1 35.0 19.5 1.1 1.2 † 59.2 0.2 33.2 3.5 0.5 1.7 0.7 24.9 8.0 0.3 5.9 0.3 † 79.1 4.3 1.8 1.4 5.2 1.1 13.8 3.6 0.2 0.3 5.5 1.2 2.9 2.7 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.3 19.3 193.5 17.8 175.6 1.2 At end 2017 Trillion cubic Share of feet total 308.5 66.5 6.9 381.9 11.6 9.6 13.5 3.9 15.5 9.2 225.0 2.2 290.3 0.5 1.1 1.5 23.1 60.6 2.4 3.6 6.5 5.1 104.5 46.6 40.4 1234.9 688.1 37.1 42.7 1.2 2091.1 5.5 1173.0 123.9 16.1 59.9 23.5 879.9 283.8 9.5 209.7 9.4 0.2 2794.2 153.1 62.8 50.5 183.7 37.8 487.8 128.3 6.3 9.5 193.5 43.8 102.9 96.6 41.3 13.4 6.8 7.1 22.8 9.5 681.8 6831.7 628.9 6202.8 41.7 4.5% 1.0% 0.1% 5.6% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 3.3% ◆ 4.2% ◆ ◆ ◆ 0.3% 0.9% ◆ 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 1.5% 0.7% 0.6% 18.1% 10.1% 0.5% 0.6% ◆ 30.6% 0.1% 17.2% 1.8% 0.2% 0.9% 0.3% 12.9% 4.2% 0.1% 3.1% 0.1% ◆ 40.9% 2.2% 0.9% 0.7% 2.7% 0.6% 7.1% 1.9% 0.1% 0.1% 2.8% 0.6% 1.5% 1.4% 0.6% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 10.0% 100.0% 9.2% 90.8% 0.6% R/P ratio 11.9 10.7 4.8 11.4 8.8 15.8 13.8 10.8 33.7 7.7 170.2 21.6 45.9 2.7 5.1 8.1 17.9 13.9 16.6 9.9 4.4 16.0 12.2 74.4 42.2 55.0 314.1 54.0 22.7 160.0 72.6 10.3 148.4 337.7 48.3 97.6 20.6 141.8 72.1 86.5 98.2 410.6 48.2 119.9 47.5 36.3 124.0 110.2 41.1 61.4 32.0 6.7 22.4 36.7 43.6 42.9 34.9 65.0 11.0 15.7 5.2 68.3 14.7 31.8 52.6 13.6 74.2 10.0 than 0.05%. Notes: Total proved reserves of natural gas – Generally taken to be those quantities that geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be recovered in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. The data series for total proved natural gas does not necessarily meet the definitions, guidelines and practices used for determining proved reserves at a company level, for instance as published by the US Securities and Exchange Commission, nor does it necessarily represent BP’s view of proved reserves by country. Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio – If the reserves remaining at the end of any year are divided by the production in that year, the result is the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at that rate. As far as possible, the data above represents standard cubic metres (measured at 15ºC and 1013 mbar) and have been standardized using a gross calorific value (GCV) of 40 MJ/m3. Source of data – The estimates in this table have been compiled using a combination of primary official sources and third-party data from Cedigaz and the OPEC Secretariat. 26 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios Years 2017 by region History 150 North America S. & Cent. America Europe CIS 600 Africa Middle East Asia Pacific World 500 120 400 90 300 60 200 30 100 North America S. & Cent. America Europe CIS Middle East Africa 0 Asia Pacific 87 92 97 02 07 12 17 0 Global proved gas reserves in 2017 rose slightly by 0.4 trillion cubic metres (tcm) or 0.2% to 193.5 tcm. This is sufficient to meet 52.6 years of global production at 2017 levels. Israel was the largest single contributor to growth (0.3 tcm), while the CIS region also added 0.2 tcm to reserves. By region, the Middle East holds the largest proved reserves (79.1 tcm, 40.9% of the global total), followed by CIS (59.2 tcm, a 30.6% share). Note: Lags in reporting official data mean that 2017 figures for many countries are not yet available. Distribution of proved reserves in 1997, 2007 and 2017 Percentage Middle East CIS Asia Pacific Africa North America S. & Cent. America Europe 4.2 1.5 40.9 5.6 7.1 4.8 3.1 45.0 5.1 10.0 8.5 5.2 3.8 37.9 6.3 8.3 7.9 7.4 1997 Total 128.1 trillion cubic metres 2007 Total 163.5 trillion cubic metres 31.5 2017 Total 193.5 trillion cubic metres 30.6 25.2 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 27 Natural gas: Production in billion cubic metres* Growth rate per annum Billion cubic metres US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Denmark Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Romania United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Bahrain Iran Iraq Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Libya Nigeria Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh Brunei China India Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Pakistan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union Share 2017 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 2006-16 521.9 174.7 46.9 743.4 43.6 13.3 11.8 7.3 2.6 41.0 37.2 3.9 160.7 9.6 15.0 9.3 63.3 89.6 4.5 10.7 75.5 10.0 287.6 10.6 15.8 601.6 68.4 20.0 60.9 0.2 777.4 11.2 123.1 4.5 10.7 24.6 65.4 70.7 5.7 49.0 – 2.8 367.7 81.6 53.6 14.5 35.0 12.6 197.4 42.8 15.3 11.9 69.8 29.0 72.6 67.6 13.3 33.8 26.9 6.8 17.2 407.1 2941.3 1072.7 1868.7 196.8 546.1 166.5 47.2 759.8 42.8 13.8 14.6 8.7 3.5 40.8 33.4 3.7 161.5 10.5 13.6 8.9 69.6 99.4 4.3 10.5 72.8 9.4 299.0 15.9 18.3 611.5 69.1 20.3 60.4 0.2 795.7 12.0 128.9 6.5 12.1 24.1 79.7 76.4 5.6 49.0 – 3.5 397.6 82.6 56.8 15.1 34.4 16.7 205.5 41.7 16.4 11.8 80.9 29.4 74.8 69.2 12.2 34.6 29.8 7.2 18.3 426.4 3045.4 1100.4 1945.0 198.4 557.6 155.0 52.6 765.2 40.3 11.9 12.5 10.1 3.6 42.4 31.8 3.7 156.3 8.8 12.7 7.7 65.6 103.6 4.3 10.4 61.2 9.2 283.5 15.9 19.0 536.2 38.0 20.3 58.1 0.2 687.8 12.1 141.6 6.9 10.9 23.9 92.4 74.5 6.1 47.6 0.8 2.7 419.6 76.6 60.3 15.1 24.7 16.1 192.8 46.7 18.7 11.1 85.9 35.7 78.0 66.9 11.4 34.7 32.0 7.7 18.6 447.5 2952.8 1095.1 1857.7 179.0 575.2 149.6 51.2 775.9 39.0 13.7 15.3 10.8 7.3 43.5 30.5 3.7 163.8 8.5 11.1 8.1 73.8 106.4 4.3 10.0 57.9 9.3 289.5 16.3 20.4 598.4 44.3 19.4 56.9 0.2 755.9 12.4 150.1 7.1 11.1 25.7 123.9 83.3 8.4 50.0 6.3 3.3 481.6 77.4 59.0 16.0 35.5 18.2 206.1 54.0 19.3 12.0 96.5 48.0 87.0 67.6 12.2 35.3 37.5 9.1 18.1 496.5 3169.3 1120.2 2049.1 182.0 617.4 151.1 52.1 820.5 37.7 15.0 17.5 10.5 11.5 41.9 30.2 3.0 167.5 6.9 10.5 8.1 67.1 100.5 4.5 10.1 46.1 9.2 262.9 16.0 20.1 616.8 62.3 19.5 53.9 0.3 788.9 12.6 157.5 6.3 12.9 27.1 150.4 87.6 7.4 51.0 9.4 4.2 526.4 79.6 59.1 7.5 38.6 17.9 202.6 55.7 19.6 12.5 106.2 44.0 82.7 67.0 12.6 35.3 38.3 8.2 18.3 500.1 3269.0 1139.6 2129.4 161.2 649.1 150.3 50.9 850.3 36.7 17.1 20.2 11.5 12.0 41.5 31.9 2.8 173.8 6.0 9.5 8.3 66.8 113.9 4.5 10.1 39.2 8.3 266.5 16.8 19.8 601.9 65.1 19.4 53.9 0.2 777.1 13.1 163.7 6.3 14.7 28.3 162.5 94.4 6.1 52.9 7.6 2.5 552.2 78.4 58.6 11.6 41.1 18.1 207.8 59.5 21.3 12.3 111.5 38.2 78.3 69.3 12.5 36.6 42.9 9.0 18.0 509.4 3337.1 1175.5 2161.6 151.5 655.7 151.9 52.5 860.1 34.6 19.6 22.3 13.2 12.4 41.7 30.6 2.5 176.9 5.0 8.6 7.4 71.8 107.9 4.4 10.0 37.0 7.2 259.4 17.4 21.4 614.5 65.2 20.2 53.9 0.2 792.8 14.0 164.3 7.1 15.5 30.8 167.7 95.0 5.0 53.2 10.4 6.3 569.1 79.3 54.0 12.2 34.4 18.5 198.3 61.8 22.0 11.9 121.8 31.9 77.6 72.9 12.9 35.6 43.3 9.4 18.6 519.6 3376.2 1184.2 2192.0 150.4 704.7 159.1 51.3 915.1 34.5 20.3 23.7 12.3 13.1 40.9 31.8 2.4 179.1 4.8 8.1 6.9 60.6 108.0 4.3 10.2 37.4 6.3 246.7 18.4 21.7 591.2 70.2 20.2 54.2 0.2 776.1 14.7 183.1 7.5 14.3 29.3 169.1 97.3 4.6 52.9 9.8 7.3 589.9 80.2 47.0 11.8 42.8 18.8 200.6 66.6 23.0 11.6 131.2 30.2 76.4 72.0 16.5 35.0 43.6 9.9 23.5 539.4 3446.9 1232.3 2214.6 137.6 740.3 160.9 47.9 949.2 35.5 19.6 24.2 11.6 12.7 38.5 36.1 2.7 180.9 4.8 7.5 6.5 45.4 116.2 4.3 10.2 40.7 6.1 241.7 18.8 22.0 584.4 72.8 18.8 54.6 0.2 771.6 14.8 191.4 7.3 16.1 30.7 175.2 99.2 4.1 58.7 2.9 8.1 608.4 81.4 42.6 12.4 47.6 19.7 203.6 76.0 25.9 12.2 135.7 29.2 76.2 73.9 19.2 35.0 41.2 10.3 29.3 564.0 3519.4 1271.1 2248.3 124.5 729.3 171.6 43.7 944.6 37.3 17.6 24.5 10.9 14.0 33.5 38.0 2.9 178.8 4.7 6.9 5.6 42.0 115.8 4.1 9.1 41.8 8.7 238.6 18.3 22.9 589.3 66.9 19.0 53.1 0.2 769.8 14.7 203.2 9.9 16.4 31.4 177.0 105.3 3.6 59.6 0.6 9.0 630.8 91.4 40.3 11.2 42.6 21.5 207.0 96.4 26.5 11.7 137.9 27.3 70.7 75.6 18.3 34.7 40.4 10.2 30.5 580.3 3549.8 1286.6 2263.2 121.8 734.5 176.3 40.7 951.5 37.1 17.1 27.5 10.1 13.0 33.8 37.4 2.8 179.0 5.1 6.4 5.3 36.6 123.2 4.0 10.3 41.9 9.1 241.9 17.7 27.1 635.6 62.0 19.4 53.4 0.2 815.5 15.1 223.9 10.4 17.4 32.3 175.7 111.4 3.1 60.4 0.7 9.5 659.9 91.2 49.0 11.5 47.2 26.0 225.0 113.5 26.6 12.0 149.2 28.5 68.0 78.4 18.0 34.7 38.7 9.5 30.6 607.5 3680.4 1313.6 2366.8 117.8 1.0% 3.0% -6.5% 1.0% -0.1% -2.6% 12.4% -6.5% -6.9% 1.2% -1.3% -2.5% 0.4% 7.7% -7.6% -4.0% -12.6% 6.7% -2.0% 14.2% 0.6% 5.0% 1.7% -2.7% 18.6% 8.2% -7.1% 2.5% 0.8% -6.1% 6.2% 3.0% 10.5% 5.3% 6.1% 2.9% -0.5% 6.1% -14.6% 1.8% 2.1% 5.7% 4.9% 0.1% 22.1% 2.9% 11.0% 21.7% 9.0% 18.0% 0.8% 2.5% 8.5% 4.5% -3.6% 4.1% -1.4% 0.2% -4.0% -7.4% 0.6% 5.0% 4.0% 2.4% 4.9% -3.1% 3.8% -0.4% -1.0% 2.6% -1.8% 3.5% 7.7% 4.9% 23.4% -1.5% 0.9% -2.8% 1.4% -8.0% -8.2% -6.2% -4.2% 2.8% -0.9% -2.0% -6.7% -2.1% -2.3% 10.7% 4.2% -0.3% 0.6% -0.5% -1.1% -0.4% 20.0% 4.8% 1.1% 25.9% 1.0% 0.5% 0.7% 0.3% 0.4% 0.9% 1.0% 0.1% 4.9% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 1.0% 3.3% 0.1% 0.3% 1.1% 0.2% 6.6% 0.5% 0.7% 17.3% 1.7% 0.5% 1.5% ◆ 22.2% 0.4% 6.1% 0.3% 0.5% 0.9% 4.8% 3.0% 0.1% 1.6% ◆ 3.2% 6.3% 21.8% 3.4% 2.6% 12.9% 4.2% -4.7% 2.3% ◆ n/a 14.1% 0.3% 6.5% 17.9% 1.2% 2.5% -2.6% 1.3% -1.1% 0.3% 4.3% 1.3% 7.0% 0.7% 1.1% 6.1% 9.0% 3.1% 6.3% 0.7% -0.4% 0.3% 8.9% 4.1% -0.3% 0.8% -0.6% 1.8% 1.0% 2.1% 4.0% 0.5% 0.4% 0.9% 4.8% 1.1% 4.2% 0.3% 7.7% 0.8% 4.0% 16.5% 2.2% 100.0% 1.9% 35.7% 2.3% 64.3% -5.3% 3.2% *E xcludes gas flared or recycled. Includes natural gas produced for gas-to-liquids transformation. Source: Includes data from Cedigaz. ◆Less than 0.05%. n/a not available. Notes: As far as possible, the data above represents standard cubic metres (measured at 15ºC and 1013 mbar); as they are derived directly from tonnes of oil equivalent using an average conversion factor and have been standardized using a gross calorific value (GCV) of 40 MJ/m3. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using billion cubic metres figures. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. Natural gas production data expressed in billion cubic feet per day is available at bp.com/statisticalreview. 28 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 Natural gas: Consumption in billion cubic metres* Growth rate per annum Billion cubic metres US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Morocco South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 2006-16 624.1 90.9 57.0 772.1 42.7 22.2 5.0 7.2 0.5 2.6 21.3 37.3 4.4 143.1 8.3 17.4 8.4 4.1 44.7 88.6 3.9 12.4 81.5 38.6 4.2 14.4 4.4 14.8 37.0 1.0 2.8 33.9 95.3 34.8 550.7 8.8 19.7 10.6 428.8 22.2 66.1 48.0 5.7 609.9 123.6 4.5 2.6 10.7 12.2 24.0 70.7 47.9 19.5 315.8 23.4 36.9 0.6 3.8 29.9 94.6 29.0 15.3 71.1 2.6 38.8 34.6 94.4 40.4 4.2 33.8 3.5 8.1 36.3 – 11.2 35.2 6.8 6.4 472.0 2958.0 1465.2 1492.8 505.4 628.9 89.3 60.0 778.2 43.2 26.1 2.8 7.3 0.4 3.3 20.7 35.1 4.7 143.5 8.9 17.3 8.3 4.2 46.4 89.5 4.1 12.3 81.4 40.3 4.3 15.6 4.8 14.1 40.6 0.9 2.9 35.3 97.9 34.0 563.1 10.0 20.2 10.6 422.7 22.4 62.7 50.9 5.8 605.4 131.2 6.5 3.6 12.1 13.4 19.3 76.4 58.0 20.7 341.0 24.4 39.3 0.6 3.9 30.4 98.6 28.5 16.4 81.9 3.0 40.0 39.7 98.1 43.5 4.0 34.6 3.7 8.7 37.3 – 12.2 36.9 7.2 6.3 502.3 3032.1 1488.3 1543.8 516.8 617.6 86.6 65.2 769.4 41.0 21.0 2.8 8.4 0.5 3.3 21.6 33.2 4.9 136.6 8.7 17.6 7.9 3.7 44.7 84.4 3.4 10.6 74.9 40.7 4.1 15.1 4.8 12.3 36.3 1.1 2.8 33.7 91.2 29.8 527.9 8.6 16.9 10.1 399.5 20.6 48.9 41.7 5.6 551.8 140.6 6.9 4.0 11.8 13.7 19.6 74.5 57.6 22.7 351.3 26.2 40.9 0.6 3.3 26.1 97.2 29.1 18.7 90.2 2.9 48.3 42.1 91.5 40.0 4.2 34.7 3.7 9.2 35.5 – 11.9 38.1 7.7 5.5 513.5 2947.8 1441.3 1506.5 484.2 648.2 88.7 66.0 803.0 42.2 28.0 5.7 8.7 0.5 4.9 22.5 32.2 5.2 150.1 9.4 19.8 9.4 4.1 49.6 88.1 3.7 11.4 79.7 45.6 4.1 16.2 5.2 12.5 36.2 1.5 3.2 35.8 98.5 33.5 567.7 8.1 20.7 11.0 422.6 23.7 54.6 42.7 5.3 588.7 150.6 7.1 5.1 14.0 16.3 24.7 83.3 59.3 25.2 385.6 25.3 43.4 0.7 4.1 29.0 102.5 33.8 19.3 108.9 3.6 59.5 44.0 98.9 39.8 4.5 35.3 3.5 8.3 45.0 – 14.8 43.2 9.1 6.8 578.3 3175.9 1538.9 1637.0 521.0 658.2 95.6 70.8 824.6 44.0 28.0 5.8 8.5 0.5 5.4 22.7 32.6 5.8 153.1 8.9 16.5 7.9 3.6 43.0 80.9 4.6 10.9 74.8 39.8 4.0 16.5 5.3 12.9 33.6 1.3 2.8 41.8 81.9 32.3 523.3 8.9 19.3 12.2 435.6 24.6 56.1 44.1 5.4 606.2 159.8 6.3 4.7 15.9 18.1 27.3 87.6 61.6 22.2 403.6 26.8 47.8 0.9 4.3 28.6 108.3 35.3 19.6 135.2 2.9 61.3 42.7 110.4 38.3 4.0 35.3 3.8 8.3 48.4 – 16.2 44.3 8.2 7.5 621.9 3241.0 1530.2 1710.9 470.3 688.1 92.8 73.7 854.6 45.7 33.1 5.3 9.5 0.6 6.0 21.6 34.0 6.3 162.2 8.5 16.7 8.0 3.2 44.5 81.1 4.2 9.7 71.9 37.7 4.0 17.4 4.6 12.5 33.2 1.1 3.1 43.3 76.9 30.7 512.3 9.4 19.5 13.0 429.6 27.5 51.8 43.7 6.0 600.5 159.1 6.3 2.4 17.5 19.7 33.7 94.4 63.9 20.5 417.6 29.9 50.6 1.2 4.4 30.2 116.2 35.4 21.3 150.9 2.7 56.7 42.9 122.4 42.0 4.4 36.6 3.6 8.9 52.5 – 17.1 48.6 9.0 8.5 663.6 3327.1 1564.1 1763.0 457.9 707.0 98.0 78.5 883.6 45.8 39.0 5.3 10.5 0.7 5.9 21.8 32.9 6.9 168.7 8.1 16.5 8.1 3.0 45.2 85.0 3.7 9.1 67.2 38.2 4.0 17.4 4.3 11.4 30.3 1.1 3.2 44.0 76.3 30.0 506.2 9.4 19.5 13.6 423.0 23.9 45.2 43.3 5.1 583.1 160.4 7.1 6.6 17.8 21.7 35.0 95.0 64.4 21.0 429.0 32.1 49.5 1.1 4.1 29.8 116.6 37.2 22.0 171.9 2.5 49.8 41.4 122.3 44.6 4.7 35.6 3.4 10.0 55.0 – 17.1 48.9 9.4 8.6 684.3 3371.5 1597.1 1774.4 450.7 722.3 103.2 80.1 905.6 46.2 41.3 4.4 11.4 0.7 6.7 21.4 32.9 7.2 172.2 7.5 14.4 7.2 2.7 37.9 73.9 2.8 8.1 59.4 33.3 4.3 17.0 4.1 11.0 27.5 0.9 2.8 46.6 70.1 27.2 458.9 9.9 18.6 15.0 423.6 26.7 38.5 45.3 5.2 582.7 180.9 7.5 7.2 17.6 21.3 38.8 97.3 63.4 20.9 455.0 36.1 46.2 1.1 4.3 34.4 122.1 40.1 23.0 188.4 2.4 49.6 41.5 120.5 44.7 5.1 35.0 3.5 10.4 50.0 – 18.0 49.9 9.9 10.1 702.2 3398.7 1569.1 1829.6 400.9 743.6 102.9 78.0 924.5 46.7 43.7 4.8 11.2 0.7 7.1 20.9 36.5 7.1 178.6 7.9 15.8 7.5 2.3 40.8 77.0 3.1 8.7 64.8 32.9 4.5 17.1 4.8 10.4 28.5 0.9 3.0 46.0 71.8 28.1 475.8 11.1 17.4 15.3 409.6 30.8 30.1 48.6 5.4 568.4 191.9 7.3 8.1 20.3 23.0 44.1 99.2 71.0 22.4 487.2 37.9 46.0 1.1 4.4 40.1 129.6 42.1 25.9 194.7 3.1 46.4 41.0 118.7 43.9 4.7 36.5 3.3 11.6 45.6 – 19.2 51.0 10.3 12.0 710.1 3474.2 1601.4 1872.8 417.7 750.3 109.5 91.8 951.6 48.3 37.7 5.9 10.6 0.7 7.6 18.6 38.3 7.3 175.1 8.3 16.1 8.2 2.0 44.6 84.9 4.0 9.3 68.0 34.5 4.4 18.3 5.1 10.4 29.1 1.0 3.1 44.4 81.0 28.9 505.6 10.9 17.7 15.8 420.2 30.9 30.3 41.6 5.5 572.9 201.4 9.9 9.2 21.1 22.9 43.1 105.3 72.5 23.6 508.9 38.6 49.4 1.1 4.6 39.5 133.2 41.7 26.5 209.4 3.2 50.8 38.3 116.4 41.9 4.9 38.3 3.8 11.9 47.6 – 20.0 50.6 10.2 11.4 727.0 3574.2 1660.0 1914.2 448.8 739.5 115.7 87.6 942.8 48.5 38.3 6.0 10.0 0.6 6.7 18.5 37.6 7.1 173.4 9.0 16.4 8.4 1.8 44.7 90.2 4.8 9.9 72.1 36.1 4.5 19.1 6.2 11.9 32.0 0.8 3.1 51.7 78.8 30.2 531.7 10.6 18.0 16.3 424.8 28.4 29.8 41.6 5.2 574.6 214.4 12.0 9.9 22.2 23.3 47.4 111.4 72.2 23.7 536.5 38.9 56.0 1.1 4.5 41.3 141.8 41.9 26.6 240.4 3.2 54.2 39.2 117.1 42.8 4.9 40.7 3.8 12.3 49.4 – 22.2 50.1 9.5 11.6 769.6 3670.4 1677.6 1992.8 466.8 -1.2% 6.0% -4.4% -0.7% 0.5% 1.9% 1.6% -5.8% -9.9% -11.1% -0.4% -1.5% -1.9% -0.7% 9.0% 1.7% 2.9% -7.9% 0.7% 6.5% 20.9% 6.7% 6.3% 4.7% 3.8% 5.1% 21.4% 14.6% 10.2% -19.1% 0.7% 16.6% -2.4% 4.7% 5.5% -2.9% 2.2% 3.4% 1.4% -7.7% -1.5% 0.3% -5.8% 0.6% 6.8% 21.2% 7.4% 5.4% 2.2% 10.3% 6.1% -0.2% 0.9% 5.7% 1.0% 13.7% -0.6% -2.3% 4.9% 6.8% 0.6% 0.8% 15.1% -0.1% 6.9% 2.6% 0.8% 2.4% -0.5% 6.7% -0.7% 3.5% 3.9% – 11.2% -0.7% -7.4% 2.1% 6.2% 3.0% 1.3% 4.4% 4.3% 2.5% 2.5% 4.7% 2.7% 1.7% 5.8% -3.5% 4.6% 5.2% 16.1% -1.0% 0.9% 6.5% 2.3% -0.6% -0.8% -0.8% -7.7% -0.3% -0.8% 2.7% -3.5% -1.7% -1.4% ◆ 2.4% 2.1% -4.5% -2.2% 0.2% 1.0% 4.3% -1.5% -1.8% -0.9% 0.9% -1.0% 6.0% ◆ Share 2017 20.1% 3.2% 2.4% 25.7% 1.3% 1.0% 0.2% 0.3% ◆ 0.2% 0.5% 1.0% 0.2% 4.7% 0.2% 0.4% 0.2% 0.1% 1.2% 2.5% 0.1% 0.3% 2.0% 1.0% 0.1% 0.5% 0.2% 0.3% 0.9% ◆ 0.1% 1.4% 2.1% 0.8% 14.5% 0.3% 0.5% 0.4% 11.6% 0.8% 0.8% 1.1% 0.1% 15.7% 5.8% 0.3% 0.3% 0.6% 0.6% 1.3% 3.0% 2.0% 0.6% 14.6% 1.1% 1.5% 4.9% -8.0% -0.5% 0.4% -0.4% 6.2% 21.8% 15.5% 6.0% 6.6% 8.3% 4.2% 5.5% 2.2% 5.9% 5.4% 3.5% ◆ 8.1% 2.1% 0.1% 4.6% 1.1% 4.3% 3.9% 4.9% 1.1% 6.3% 0.7% 13.7% 6.6% 1.3% 0.1% 3.5% 1.5% 0.3% 1.1% 2.9% 3.2% 0.5% 1.2% 2.4% 0.1% 1.4% 1.1% 2.6% 0.1% 3.9% 0.3% 3.6% 1.3% – – 6.6% 0.6% 4.4% 1.4% 4.2% 0.3% 7.2% 0.3% 5.2% 21.0% 2.3% 100.0% 1.6% 45.7% 3.0% 54.3% -1.3% 12.7% Source: Includes data from Cedigaz. *Excludes natural gas converted to liquid fuels but includes derivatives of coal as well as natural gas consumed in gas-to-lquids transformation. than 0.05%. Notes: As far as possible, the data above represents standard cubic metres (measured at 15ºC and 1013 mbar); as they are derived directly from tonnes of oil equivalent using an average conversion factor and have been standardized using a gross calorific value (GCV) of 40 MJ/m3. The difference between these world consumption figures and the world production statistics is due to variations in stocks at storage facilities and liquefaction plants, together with unavoidable disparities in the definition, measurement or conversion of gas supply and demand data. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using billion cubic metres figures. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. Natural gas consumption data expressed in billion cubic feet per day is available at bp.com/statisticalreview. ◆Less BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 29 Natural gas: Production in million tonnes oil equivalent* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Colombia Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Denmark Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Romania United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Bahrain Iran Iraq Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Libya Nigeria Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh Brunei China India Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Pakistan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 2006-16 448.7 150.2 40.3 639.2 37.5 11.5 10.1 6.2 2.2 35.3 32.0 3.4 138.2 8.3 12.9 8.0 54.4 77.1 3.9 9.2 64.9 8.6 247.3 9.1 13.6 517.3 58.8 17.2 52.3 0.2 668.5 9.6 105.8 3.9 9.2 21.2 56.2 60.8 4.9 42.2 – 2.4 316.2 70.2 46.1 12.5 30.1 10.8 169.7 36.8 13.2 10.3 60.0 24.9 62.4 58.2 11.4 29.1 23.1 5.9 14.8 350.0 2529.1 922.3 1606.8 169.3 469.5 143.2 40.6 653.3 36.8 11.9 12.6 7.5 3.0 35.1 28.7 3.2 138.8 9.0 11.7 7.6 59.9 85.4 3.7 9.0 62.6 8.1 257.1 13.7 15.7 525.8 59.4 17.5 51.9 0.2 684.2 10.3 110.8 5.6 10.4 20.8 68.5 65.7 4.8 42.1 – 3.0 341.9 71.0 48.8 13.0 29.5 14.4 176.7 35.8 14.1 10.2 69.6 25.3 64.3 59.5 10.5 29.8 25.6 6.2 15.7 366.6 2618.6 946.2 1672.4 170.6 479.4 133.3 45.2 658.0 34.6 10.2 10.7 8.7 3.1 36.5 27.3 3.2 134.4 7.5 11.0 6.6 56.4 89.1 3.7 8.9 52.6 7.9 243.7 13.7 16.3 461.0 32.7 17.5 50.0 0.2 591.4 10.4 121.7 5.9 9.4 20.6 79.5 64.1 5.3 40.9 0.7 2.4 360.8 65.8 51.9 13.0 21.2 13.9 165.8 40.2 16.1 9.6 73.9 30.7 67.1 57.5 9.8 29.8 27.5 6.6 16.0 384.8 2538.9 941.6 1597.3 153.9 494.5 128.6 44.0 667.2 33.5 11.8 13.1 9.3 6.3 37.4 26.2 3.2 140.8 7.3 9.6 6.9 63.4 91.5 3.7 8.6 49.8 8.0 248.9 14.0 17.6 514.5 38.1 16.7 48.9 0.2 650.0 10.7 129.0 6.1 9.6 22.1 106.5 71.6 7.2 43.0 5.4 2.8 414.1 66.5 50.7 13.7 30.5 15.7 177.2 46.4 16.6 10.3 83.0 41.2 74.8 58.1 10.5 30.4 32.2 7.8 15.6 426.9 2725.1 963.2 1761.9 156.5 530.8 129.9 44.8 705.5 32.4 12.9 15.1 9.1 9.9 36.0 26.0 2.6 144.0 5.9 9.0 7.0 57.7 86.4 3.8 8.7 39.6 7.9 226.1 13.7 17.3 530.4 53.5 16.8 46.4 0.2 678.3 10.9 135.4 5.4 11.1 23.3 129.3 75.4 6.4 43.9 8.1 3.6 452.7 68.4 50.9 6.4 33.1 15.4 174.2 47.9 16.8 10.7 91.3 37.8 71.1 57.6 10.8 30.4 32.9 7.0 15.7 430.0 2810.8 979.9 1831.0 138.6 558.1 129.2 43.7 731.1 31.5 14.7 17.3 9.9 10.3 35.7 27.4 2.4 149.4 5.2 8.1 7.1 57.4 97.9 3.9 8.7 33.7 7.2 229.2 14.5 17.1 517.5 56.0 16.7 46.3 0.2 668.2 11.2 140.7 5.5 12.7 24.4 139.8 81.1 5.2 45.5 6.5 2.2 474.8 67.4 50.4 10.0 35.4 15.5 178.7 51.2 18.3 10.5 95.9 32.9 67.3 59.5 10.8 31.5 36.9 7.8 15.5 438.0 2869.4 1010.8 1858.7 130.3 563.8 130.6 45.1 739.6 29.7 16.8 19.2 11.4 10.7 35.8 26.3 2.2 152.1 4.3 7.4 6.4 61.8 92.8 3.8 8.6 31.8 6.1 223.0 15.0 18.4 528.4 56.1 17.3 46.3 0.2 681.7 12.0 141.3 6.1 13.3 26.5 144.2 81.7 4.3 45.8 8.9 5.4 489.4 68.2 46.4 10.5 29.6 15.9 170.5 53.1 18.9 10.2 104.7 27.4 66.7 62.7 11.1 30.6 37.2 8.1 16.0 446.8 2903.0 1018.2 1884.8 129.3 606.0 136.8 44.1 786.9 29.7 17.4 20.4 10.6 11.3 35.2 27.3 2.1 154.0 4.1 7.0 5.9 52.1 92.9 3.7 8.8 32.2 5.4 212.1 15.8 18.6 508.3 60.3 17.4 46.6 0.2 667.3 12.6 157.4 6.5 12.3 25.2 145.4 83.6 4.0 45.5 8.4 6.3 507.2 68.9 40.4 10.2 36.8 16.2 172.5 57.3 19.8 9.9 112.8 26.0 65.7 61.9 14.2 30.1 37.5 8.5 20.2 463.8 2963.8 1059.6 1904.2 118.3 636.5 138.4 41.2 816.2 30.5 16.8 20.8 10.0 10.9 33.1 31.0 2.4 155.5 4.1 6.5 5.6 39.0 99.9 3.7 8.8 35.0 5.2 207.8 16.2 18.9 502.5 62.6 16.2 47.0 0.2 663.5 12.7 164.6 6.3 13.8 26.4 150.7 85.3 3.5 50.5 2.5 6.9 523.1 70.0 36.6 10.6 40.9 16.9 175.1 65.4 22.2 10.5 116.7 25.1 65.5 63.5 16.5 30.1 35.4 8.8 25.2 485.0 3026.2 1093.0 1933.2 107.0 627.1 147.6 37.5 812.2 32.1 15.1 21.1 9.4 12.1 28.8 32.7 2.5 153.7 4.0 6.0 4.8 36.1 99.6 3.6 7.8 35.9 7.5 205.1 15.7 19.7 506.7 57.6 16.4 45.7 0.2 661.9 12.6 174.7 8.5 14.1 27.0 152.2 90.6 3.1 51.2 0.5 7.8 542.4 78.6 34.6 9.7 36.7 18.4 178.0 82.9 22.7 10.1 118.6 23.5 60.8 65.0 15.7 29.8 34.7 8.8 26.2 498.9 3052.3 1106.3 1946.0 104.8 631.6 151.6 35.0 818.2 31.9 14.7 23.7 8.7 11.2 29.1 32.2 2.4 153.9 4.3 5.5 4.6 31.5 106.0 3.5 8.9 36.0 7.8 208.0 15.2 23.3 546.5 53.3 16.7 45.9 0.2 701.2 13.0 192.5 8.9 14.9 27.7 151.1 95.8 2.7 52.0 0.6 8.2 567.4 78.5 42.1 9.9 40.6 22.4 193.5 97.6 22.9 10.3 128.3 24.5 58.4 67.4 15.5 29.8 33.3 8.1 26.3 522.4 3164.6 1129.5 2035.1 101.3 1.0% 3.0% -6.5% 1.0% -0.1% -2.6% 12.4% -6.5% -6.9% 1.2% -1.3% -2.5% 0.4% 7.7% -7.6% -4.0% -12.6% 6.7% -2.0% 14.2% 0.6% 5.0% 1.7% -2.7% 18.6% 8.2% -7.1% 2.5% 0.8% -6.1% 6.2% 3.0% 10.5% 5.3% 6.1% 2.9% -0.5% 6.1% -14.6% 1.8% 2.1% 5.7% 4.9% 0.1% 22.1% 2.9% 11.0% 21.7% 9.0% 18.0% 0.8% 2.5% 8.5% 4.5% -3.6% 4.1% -1.4% 0.2% -4.0% -7.4% 0.6% 5.0% 4.0% 2.4% 4.9% -3.1% 3.8% -0.4% -1.0% 2.6% -1.8% 3.5% 7.7% 4.9% 23.4% -1.5% 0.9% -2.8% 1.4% -8.0% -8.2% -6.2% -4.2% 2.8% -0.9% -2.0% -6.7% -2.1% -2.3% 10.7% 4.2% -0.3% 0.6% -0.5% -1.1% -0.4% 20.0% 4.8% 1.1% 25.9% 1.0% 0.5% 0.7% 0.3% 0.4% 0.9% 1.0% 0.1% 4.9% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 1.0% 3.3% 0.1% 0.3% 1.1% 0.2% 6.6% 0.5% 0.7% 17.3% 1.7% 0.5% 1.5% ◆ 22.2% 0.4% 6.1% 0.3% 0.5% 0.9% 4.8% 3.0% 0.1% 1.6% *Excludes gas flared or recycled. Includes natural gas produced for gas-to-liquids transformation. ◆Less than 0.05%. n/a not available. Notes: Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using million tonnes oil equivalent figures. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. 30 Share 2017 2007 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 3.2% 6.3% 21.8% 3.4% 2.6% 12.9% 4.2% -4.7% 2.3% n/a 14.1% 6.5% 1.2% -2.6% -1.1% 4.3% 7.0% 1.1% 9.0% 6.3% -0.4% 8.9% -0.3% -0.6% 1.0% 4.0% 0.4% 4.8% 4.2% 7.7% 4.0% 2.2% 1.9% 2.3% -5.3% ◆ ◆ 0.3% 17.9% 2.5% 1.3% 0.3% 1.3% 0.7% 6.1% 3.1% 0.7% 0.3% 4.1% 0.8% 1.8% 2.1% 0.5% 0.9% 1.1% 0.3% 0.8% 16.5% 100.0% 35.7% 64.3% 3.2% Source: Includes data from Cedigaz. Natural gas: Consumption in million tonnes oil equivalent* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Morocco South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 2006-16 536.7 78.2 49.0 663.9 36.7 19.1 4.3 6.2 0.4 2.2 18.3 32.0 3.8 123.0 7.2 14.9 7.2 3.5 38.5 76.2 3.3 10.7 70.0 33.2 3.6 12.4 3.8 12.8 31.8 0.9 2.4 29.1 82.0 30.0 473.5 7.5 16.9 9.2 368.7 19.1 56.8 41.3 4.9 524.4 106.3 3.9 2.3 9.2 10.5 20.6 60.8 41.2 16.8 271.5 20.1 31.7 0.5 3.3 25.7 81.3 25.0 13.2 61.1 2.2 33.4 29.8 81.2 34.7 3.6 29.1 3.0 7.0 31.2 – 9.6 30.2 5.9 5.5 405.8 2543.4 1259.9 1283.6 434.6 540.7 76.8 51.6 669.2 37.1 22.4 2.4 6.3 0.4 2.8 17.8 30.2 4.0 123.4 7.7 14.8 7.2 3.6 39.9 77.0 3.5 10.6 70.0 34.6 3.7 13.5 4.1 12.2 34.9 0.8 2.5 30.4 84.1 29.2 484.2 8.6 17.3 9.1 363.5 19.2 54.0 43.8 5.0 520.5 112.8 5.6 3.1 10.4 11.5 16.6 65.7 49.8 17.8 293.2 21.0 33.8 0.5 3.4 26.1 84.8 24.5 14.1 70.4 2.6 34.4 34.1 84.4 37.4 3.4 29.8 3.2 7.5 32.1 – 10.5 31.8 6.2 5.5 431.9 2607.2 1279.7 1327.4 444.4 531.1 74.4 56.0 661.5 35.2 18.1 2.4 7.2 0.4 2.9 18.5 28.5 4.2 117.5 7.5 15.1 6.8 3.2 38.4 72.6 2.9 9.2 64.4 35.0 3.5 13.0 4.1 10.6 31.2 1.0 2.4 29.0 78.5 25.6 453.9 7.4 14.5 8.7 343.5 17.7 42.1 35.9 4.8 474.5 120.9 5.9 3.4 10.2 11.8 16.8 64.1 49.5 19.5 302.1 22.5 35.2 0.6 2.9 22.4 83.6 25.1 16.1 77.6 2.5 41.6 36.2 78.7 34.4 3.6 29.8 3.2 7.9 30.5 – 10.2 32.8 6.6 4.7 441.6 2534.6 1239.3 1295.3 416.4 557.3 76.3 56.8 690.4 36.3 24.1 4.9 7.5 0.4 4.2 19.4 27.7 4.5 129.1 8.1 17.0 8.1 3.6 42.6 75.7 3.2 9.8 68.6 39.2 3.5 14.0 4.5 10.8 31.1 1.3 2.7 30.8 84.7 28.8 488.1 7.0 17.8 9.5 363.4 20.3 46.9 36.7 4.5 506.2 129.5 6.1 4.4 12.0 14.0 21.3 71.6 51.0 21.7 331.6 21.8 37.3 0.6 3.5 24.9 88.2 29.0 16.6 93.6 3.1 51.2 37.9 85.1 34.2 3.9 30.4 3.0 7.2 38.7 – 12.7 37.2 7.8 5.8 497.3 2730.8 1323.2 1407.6 447.9 566.0 82.2 60.9 709.0 37.8 24.0 5.0 7.3 0.4 4.6 19.5 28.0 5.0 131.6 7.6 14.2 6.8 3.1 37.0 69.5 4.0 9.4 64.3 34.3 3.5 14.1 4.5 11.1 28.9 1.1 2.4 36.0 70.4 27.8 450.0 7.7 16.6 10.5 374.5 21.2 48.3 38.0 4.7 521.3 137.4 5.4 4.1 13.6 15.6 23.5 75.4 53.0 19.1 347.1 23.0 41.1 0.8 3.7 24.6 93.1 30.3 16.8 116.2 2.5 52.7 36.7 95.0 32.9 3.5 30.4 3.3 7.1 41.7 – 14.0 38.1 7.0 6.5 534.7 2786.8 1315.7 1471.1 404.4 591.7 79.8 63.3 734.8 39.3 28.5 4.6 8.1 0.5 5.2 18.6 29.3 5.4 139.4 7.3 14.4 6.9 2.7 38.2 69.7 3.6 8.4 61.8 32.4 3.4 15.0 3.9 10.8 28.6 0.9 2.6 37.2 66.1 26.4 440.5 8.0 16.8 11.1 369.4 23.7 44.6 37.5 5.1 516.3 136.8 5.5 2.1 15.1 16.9 29.0 81.1 55.0 17.7 359.1 25.7 43.5 1.0 3.7 25.9 99.9 30.4 18.3 129.7 2.3 48.7 36.9 105.3 36.1 3.8 31.5 3.1 7.7 45.2 – 14.7 41.8 7.8 7.3 570.6 2860.8 1344.9 1515.9 393.7 607.9 84.3 67.5 759.7 39.4 33.6 4.6 9.0 0.6 5.1 18.7 28.3 5.9 145.1 7.0 14.2 6.9 2.6 38.8 73.1 3.2 7.8 57.8 32.8 3.4 15.0 3.7 9.8 26.1 0.9 2.8 37.8 65.6 25.8 435.2 8.1 16.8 11.7 363.8 20.6 38.9 37.3 4.4 501.4 137.9 6.1 5.7 15.3 18.6 30.1 81.7 55.4 18.0 368.9 27.6 42.6 1.0 3.5 25.6 100.3 32.0 18.9 147.8 2.2 42.8 35.6 105.2 38.3 4.0 30.6 2.9 8.6 47.3 – 14.7 42.0 8.1 7.4 588.4 2899.0 1373.3 1525.7 387.5 621.0 88.8 68.9 778.7 39.8 35.6 3.8 9.8 0.6 5.8 18.4 28.2 6.2 148.1 6.4 12.4 6.2 2.3 32.6 63.5 2.4 7.0 51.1 28.6 3.7 14.6 3.5 9.5 23.7 0.8 2.4 40.1 60.2 23.4 394.6 8.5 16.0 12.9 364.2 23.0 33.1 39.0 4.5 501.0 155.6 6.5 6.2 15.1 18.3 33.4 83.6 54.5 18.0 391.2 31.0 39.7 1.0 3.7 29.6 105.0 34.5 19.8 162.0 2.1 42.7 35.7 103.6 38.4 4.4 30.1 3.0 8.9 43.0 – 15.5 42.9 8.5 8.7 603.7 2922.3 1349.2 1573.2 344.7 639.4 88.5 67.1 794.9 40.1 37.5 4.1 9.6 0.6 6.1 18.0 31.4 6.1 153.6 6.8 13.6 6.5 1.9 35.1 66.2 2.6 7.5 55.7 28.3 3.9 14.7 4.1 9.0 24.5 0.8 2.6 39.5 61.7 24.1 409.1 9.6 15.0 13.2 352.2 26.5 25.9 41.7 4.7 488.7 165.0 6.3 6.9 17.5 19.8 37.9 85.3 61.0 19.3 418.9 32.6 39.6 1.0 3.8 34.5 111.4 36.2 22.2 167.4 2.7 39.9 35.3 102.1 37.8 4.0 31.4 2.9 10.0 39.3 – 16.5 43.8 8.8 10.3 610.6 2987.3 1377.0 1610.3 359.1 645.1 94.1 79.0 818.2 41.6 32.4 5.1 9.2 0.6 6.5 16.0 33.0 6.3 150.6 7.1 13.9 7.0 1.7 38.3 73.0 3.4 8.0 58.5 29.7 3.8 15.7 4.4 8.9 25.0 0.8 2.7 38.2 69.6 24.8 434.7 9.4 15.2 13.6 361.3 26.5 26.1 35.8 4.7 492.6 173.1 8.5 8.0 18.1 19.7 37.1 90.6 62.3 20.3 437.6 33.2 42.4 1.0 4.0 33.9 114.5 35.9 22.7 180.1 2.7 43.7 32.9 100.1 36.1 4.2 32.9 3.3 10.2 41.0 – 17.2 43.5 8.8 9.8 625.1 3073.2 1427.3 1645.9 385.9 635.8 99.5 75.3 810.7 41.7 33.0 5.2 8.6 0.5 5.8 15.9 32.4 6.1 149.1 7.7 14.1 7.2 1.6 38.5 77.5 4.1 8.5 62.0 31.0 3.9 16.5 5.3 10.2 27.5 0.7 2.7 44.4 67.7 25.9 457.2 9.1 15.5 14.0 365.2 24.4 25.6 35.8 4.4 494.1 184.4 10.3 8.5 19.0 20.0 40.8 95.8 62.1 20.4 461.3 33.4 48.1 1.0 3.9 35.5 121.9 36.0 22.9 206.7 2.7 46.6 33.7 100.7 36.8 4.2 35.0 3.2 10.6 42.4 – 19.1 43.1 8.1 10.0 661.8 3156.0 1442.5 1713.5 401.4 -1.2% 6.0% -4.4% -0.7% 0.5% 1.9% 1.6% -5.8% -9.9% -11.1% -0.4% -1.5% -1.9% -0.7% 9.0% 1.7% 2.9% -7.9% 0.7% 6.5% 20.9% 6.7% 6.3% 4.7% 3.8% 5.1% 21.4% 14.6% 10.2% -19.1% 0.7% 16.6% -2.4% 4.7% 5.5% -2.9% 2.2% 3.4% 1.4% -7.7% -1.5% 0.3% -5.8% 0.6% 6.8% 21.2% 7.4% 5.4% 2.2% 10.3% 6.1% -0.2% 0.9% 5.7% 1.0% 13.7% -0.6% -2.3% 4.9% 6.8% 0.6% 0.8% 15.1% -0.1% 6.9% 2.6% 0.8% 2.4% -0.5% 6.7% -0.7% 3.5% 3.9% – 11.2% -0.7% -7.4% 2.1% 6.2% 3.0% 1.3% 4.4% 4.3% 2.5% 2.5% 4.7% 2.7% 1.7% 5.8% -3.5% 4.6% 5.2% 16.1% -1.0% 0.9% 6.5% 2.3% -0.6% -0.8% -0.8% -7.7% -0.3% -0.8% 2.7% -3.5% -1.7% -1.4% ◆ 2.4% 2.1% -4.5% -2.2% 0.2% 1.0% 4.3% -1.5% -1.8% -0.9% 0.9% -1.0% 6.0% ◆ Share 2017 20.1% 3.2% 2.4% 25.7% 1.3% 1.0% 0.2% 0.3% ◆ 0.2% 0.5% 1.0% 0.2% 4.7% 0.2% 0.4% 0.2% 0.1% 1.2% 2.5% 0.1% 0.3% 2.0% 1.0% 0.1% 0.5% 0.2% 0.3% 0.9% ◆ 0.1% 1.4% 2.1% 0.8% 14.5% 0.3% 0.5% 0.4% 11.6% 0.8% 0.8% 1.1% 0.1% 15.7% 5.8% 0.3% 0.3% 0.6% 0.6% 1.3% 3.0% 2.0% 0.6% 14.6% 1.1% 1.5% 4.9% -8.0% -0.5% 0.4% -0.4% 6.2% 21.8% 15.5% 6.0% 6.6% 8.3% 4.2% 5.5% 2.2% 5.9% 5.4% 3.5% ◆ 8.1% 2.1% 0.1% 4.6% 1.1% 4.3% 3.9% 4.9% 1.1% 6.3% 0.7% 13.7% 6.6% 1.3% 0.1% 3.5% 1.5% 0.3% 1.1% 2.9% 3.2% 0.5% 1.2% 2.4% 0.1% 1.4% 1.1% 2.6% 0.1% 3.9% 0.3% 3.6% 1.3% – – 6.6% 0.6% 4.4% 1.4% 4.2% 0.3% 7.2% 0.3% 5.2% 21.0% 2.3% 100.0% 1.6% 45.7% 3.0% 54.3% -1.3% 12.7% Source: Includes data from Cedigaz. *E xcludes natural gas converted to liquid fuels but includes derivatives of coal as well as natural gas consumed in gas-to-liquids transformation. than 0.05%. Notes: The difference between these world consumption figures and the world production statistics is due to variations in stocks at storage facilities and liquefaction plants, together with unavoidable disparities in the definition, measurement or conversion of gas supply and demand data. Annual changes and shares of total are calculated using million tonnes oil equivalent figures. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. ◆Less BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 31 Natural gas: Production by region Natural gas: Consumption by region Billion cubic metres Billion cubic metres Asia Pacific Africa Middle East CIS Europe S. & Cent. America North America 92 97 02 07 12 17 4000 4000 3500 3500 3000 3000 2500 2500 2000 2000 1500 1500 1000 1000 500 500 0 92 97 02 07 12 17 Global natural gas production increased by 131 billion cubic metres (bcm), or 4%, almost double the 10-year average growth rate of 2.2%. Russian growth was the largest by far at 46 bcm, followed by Iran at 21 bcm, and Australia at 17 bcm. Gas consumption rose by 96 bcm, or 3% – the fastest growth since 2010. Growth was driven by China (31 bcm, or 15.1%), the Middle East (28 bcm) and Europe (26 bcm). Consumption in the US fell by 1.2%, or 11 bcm. Natural gas: Consumption per capita 2017 Million tonnes oil equivalent 0-0.5 0.5-1.0 1.0-1.5 1.5-2.0 > 2.0 32 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 0 Prices LNG Japan CIF1 US dollars per million Btu 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Japan Korea Marker (JKM)2 3.35 3.34 3.28 3.64 3.99 3.62 3.52 3.18 3.46 3.66 3.91 3.05 3.14 4.72 4.64 4.27 4.77 5.18 6.05 7.14 7.73 12.55 9.06 10.91 14.73 16.75 16.17 16.33 10.31 6.94 8.10 Average German UK Import Price3 (Heren NBP Index)4 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5.28 7.72 14.02 15.12 16.56 13.86 7.45 5.72 7.13 2.55 2.22 2.00 2.78 3.23 2.70 2.51 2.35 2.43 2.50 2.66 2.33 1.86 2.91 3.67 3.21 4.06 4.30 5.83 7.87 7.99 11.60 8.53 8.03 10.49 10.93 10.73 9.11 6.72 4.93 5.62 Natural gas Netherlands TTF (DA Heren Index)4 US Henry Hub5 Canada (Alberta)5 Crude oil OECD countries CIF6 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6.07 7.46 5.93 10.66 4.96 6.77 9.26 9.45 9.75 8.14 6.44 4.54 5.72 – – 1.70 1.64 1.49 1.77 2.12 1.92 1.69 2.76 2.53 2.08 2.27 4.23 4.07 3.33 5.63 5.85 8.79 6.76 6.95 8.85 3.89 4.39 4.01 2.76 3.71 4.35 2.60 2.46 2.96 – – – 1.05 0.89 0.98 1.69 1.45 0.89 1.12 1.36 1.42 2.00 3.75 3.61 2.57 4.83 5.03 7.25 5.83 6.17 7.99 3.38 3.69 3.47 2.27 2.93 3.87 2.01 1.55 1.60 3.09 2.56 3.01 3.82 3.33 3.19 2.82 2.70 2.96 3.54 3.29 2.16 2.98 4.83 4.08 4.17 4.89 6.27 8.74 10.66 11.95 16.76 10.41 13.47 18.55 18.82 18.25 16.80 8.77 7.04 8.97 – – – – – – – – – 1.87 1.96 1.86 1.58 2.71 3.17 2.37 3.33 4.46 7.38 7.87 6.01 10.79 4.85 6.56 9.04 9.46 10.64 8.25 6.53 4.69 5.80 Source: . EDMC Energy Trend. Source: S&P Global Platts ©2018, S&P Global Inc. Source: 1987-1990 German Federal Statistical Office, 1991-2017 German Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA). 4 Source: ICIS Heren Energy Ltd. 5 Source: Energy Intelligence Group, Natural Gas Week. 6 Source: ©OECD/IEA 2018, Oil, Gas, Coal and Electricity Quarterly Statistics www.iea.org/statistics. 1 2 3 Note: CIF = cost+insurance+freight (average prices). Prices $/mmBtu 18 US Henry Hub Average German Import Price UK NBP Netherlands TTF Index Japan LNG CIF Japan Korea Marker (JKM) 15 12 9 6 3 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 17 0 33 US Canada Mexico North America Argentina Brazil Other S. & Cent. America S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Netherlands Poland Slovakia Spain Turkey United Kingdom Other EU Rest of Europe Europe Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Ukraine Other CIS CIS United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Middle East South Africa Other Africa Africa Australia China Malaysia Singapore Thailand Asia Pacific Total exports – 24.0 42.1 66.1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 66.1 80.7 – – 80.7 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 80.7 † – – † – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – † – – – – 6.3 8.6 – 14.9 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14.9 – – – – 0.3 – 0.3 0.5 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.5 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.6 – – – 5.4 – 2.2 – 11.5 – 48.5 – 2.7 – 8.2 – – – 22.3 – 8.6 – 11.1 – 13.7 – – – 27.6 – 4.0 – 12.1 – 2.7 – 189.3 – 17.8 – 3.3 12.1 – – – – 5.0 12.1 26.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.1 – – – – – – – 1.1 – 13.2 215.4 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1.7 6.7 – – 8.4 – – – – – – – 3.4 – – – 3.4 11.8 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8.9 – – – 8.9 – – – – 2.0 2.0 – 1.6 1.6 – – – – – – – – – 12.5 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16.4 2.0 18.4 – – – – – – – – – 18.4 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 18.0 – – – 11.8 – – 3.2 – 33.0 – – – – – – – – – – 3.4 3.4 – – – – – – 36.4 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4.4 – – – – – – – – 4.4 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4.4 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3.9 0.3 4.2 – – – – – – 4.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.7 7.3 – 8.0 8.0 My anm ar O th Pac er A sia ific Tot impal or t s ia nes Indo er A O th a Liby eria A lg Q at Iran ar ekis t an fric a t an – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.3 – – – 0.3 – 1.7 1.7 – – – – 31.7 – – – 31.7 33.6 Uzb Turk m enis ak h st an Rus Fed sian er at ion rbaij – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6.3 – – 2.1 8.4 – – – – – – – 0.6 0.6 – – – – – – – – – 8.9 K az O th – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.1 0.4 0.6 – – 0.1 8.6 3.5 – † – – 0.9 1.9 16.2 – – – 13.3 – 13.3 – – – – – – – – – – – – 29.5 A ze u ro er E ed K – – – – – – – – – 7.9 – – – – – – 1.8 – 1.1 – – – – – – † 10.8 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10.8 an pe om From ingd – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 9.6 0.2 – 3.0 – – 4.9 17.1 20.2 25.7 – – – – – – 8.1 0.8 – 22.6 – – – – – 2.6 – – – 35.4 – 0.9 0.5 0.7 43.3 109.2 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 43.3 109.2 Unit w ay land s N or her N et via Boli xico Me To C an US ad a Billion cubic metres O th Amer S. & eric a Cent. Natural gas: Trade movements 2017 by pipeline – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3.3 – – 8.2 11.5 11.5 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5.8 – – 1.5 – 7.3 7.3 80.7 24.0 42.1 146.8 6.6 8.6 0.3 15.4 8.6 17.7 8.5 2.2 33.5 94.8 3.4 8.2 1.8 53.8 40.9 14.7 13.7 14.4 42.8 39.4 17.1 8.0 423.4 17.8 5.3 18.9 13.3 7.0 62.3 16.4 5.8 22.2 3.9 3.7 7.6 5.8 39.4 0.7 8.9 8.2 62.9 740.7 Source: Includes data from FGE MENAgas service, IHS. †Less than 0.05. Note: As far as possible, the data above represents standard cubic metres (measured at 15ºC and 1013 mbar) and has been standardized using a gross calorific value (GCV) of 40 MJ/m3. Natural gas: Trade movements 2017 as liquefied natural gas* †Less than 0.05. – – – – – 0.1 – – 0.1 0.1 † † 0.1 0.2 – 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.2 – – – – – – 1.2 2.5 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.1 † – 0.1 – – 0.6 – 9.9 – – – 2.6 2.3 – 15.4 15.5 – – – – – – – – – 2.0 – 0.1 – 0.1 – 0.1 – 2.2 – 1.2 – 2.0 – 6.8 – 3.5 – 1.6 – 6.1 – 2.6 – – – 23.7 0.7 2.3 – 5.5 0.3 10.3 0.7 13.2 3.8 13.8 – – – 5.0 – 1.2 5.7 15.9 0.2 7.0 – 3.2 10.7 69.6 11.4 103.4 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.4 – 0.4 0.1 – – 0.5 6.4 – – 0.1 – 0.1 0.1 7.2 7.7 – – – – 0.1 – – – 0.1 – 4.1 1.0 2.4 4.7 0.3 1.5 – 14.1 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.1 – – 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.9 16.6 – – – – – 0.3 – – 0.3 – 0.2 – 0.3 – – 0.1 – 0.6 1.4 0.2 0.4 1.4 0.2 – – 0.2 0.4 – – 2.6 5.0 – 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 – 0.1 – 0.8 – – – – 0.3 – 0.1 – 0.4 0.9 0.1 0.1 1.2 0.5 – 0.3 0.1 0.2 – 0.1 2.5 4.8 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.2 – 23.7 2.5 35.0 0.8 – 2.1 9.6 1.4 0.7 75.7 75.9 – – 0.3 0.3 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.1 – 4.2 0.2 8.9 – – – 4.9 2.9 0.3 21.4 21.7 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5.8 0.3 20.2 – – 0.3 5.1 4.1 0.4 36.1 36.1 Pap Guinua New ea O th e Pac r A sia ific* Tot impal or t s ia lays Ma nes ia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.2 – 5.1 1.1 – – 2.0 0.6 0.1 9.1 9.1 Indo nei Bru trali a 0.2 – 1.5 1.7 0.6 0.8 – – 1.3 – 3.3 – 4.4 2.1 0.1 2.3 – 12.2 2.7 1.2 0.5 3.6 2.1 – 0.5 – 1.1 0.7 0.2 8.7 27.8 Aus eria Nig pt – – – – – – – – – – 0.1 0.1 0.1 – – † – 0.3 0.2 – 0.1 0.4 0.2 – – 0.1 – – – 0.7 1.2 Eq u Guinatorial ea Eg y ola A ng A lg Unit Em e d A r a irate b s ar Q at an Om – 0.1 – 0.1 – – – – – † 0.8 † 0.9 0.9 0.1 2.0 – 4.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 – – – – 0.1 – – 0.4 5.8 O th Eu r e r ope * Rus Fed sian er at ion 1.9 0.2 0.4 2.6 0.7 0.1 3.5 2.5 6.8 – 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 – 1.8 1.0 – 0.2 0.3 0.2 – 0.1 – 0.2 0.3 – 1.2 13.4 w ay N or – – 0.6 0.6 0.1 – – – 0.1 – 0.2 – 3.6 – 0.1 – – 3.9 – – 0.1 – 0.4 – – – 0.5 0.1 – 1.1 5.6 u – – – – 0.1 – – – 0.1 – – – – – – 0.1 – 0.1 – – – – – – – – – – – – 0.1 zil Trin & T idad oba go – † 3.8 3.8 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.2 1.8 – – 0.2 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.9 – 2.6 1.9 0.2 2.1 0.6 1.3 – 0.1 – 2.7 0.2 0.1 7.1 17.4 Per US Canada Mexico North America Argentina Brazil Chile Other S. & Cent. America S. & Cent. America Belgium France Italy Spain Turkey United Kingdom Other EU Rest of Europe Europe Middle East Africa China India Japan Malaysia Pakistan Singapore South Korea Taiwan Thailand Asia Pacific Total exports Bra U S* To eria From Billion cubic metres – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3.0 – 5.8 – – – 0.1 2.6 – 11.5 11.5 *Includes re-exports. Note: As far as possible, the data above represents standard cubic metres (measured at 15ºC and 1013 mbar) and has been standardized using a gross calorific value (GCV) of 40 MJ/m3. 34 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 – – – – 0.2 – – – 0.2 – – – – – – – – – – – 0.3 – 0.2 – – † 0.1 – – 0.6 0.7 2.2 0.4 6.6 9.2 4.8 1.9 4.4 2.8 13.8 1.3 10.8 8.4 16.6 10.9 7.2 10.5 0.1 65.7 13.0 8.2 52.6 25.7 113.9 2.0 6.1 4.1 51.3 22.5 5.2 283.5 393.4 Major trade movements 2017 Trade flows worldwide (billion cubic metres) 161.7 4.8 26.2 109.2 21.4 80.7 2.6 18.9 12.5 24.1 24.0 7.1 27.6 13.3 6.3 37.4 5.0 5.7 3.1 18.4 5.0 5.5 10.6 13.1 3.3 14.3 6.2 13.1 44.6 45.6 36.1 8.9 14.1 42.1 3.8 51.9 4.4 23.7 10.6 10.2 7.3 8.2 3.3 6.9 8.0 5.8 8.6 6.3 US Canada Mexico S. & Cent. America Europe CIS Middle East Africa Asia Pacific Pipeline gas Source: Includes data from FGE MENAgas service, IHS. LNG Gas trade in 2016 and 2017 Billion cubic metres US Canada Mexico Trinidad and Tobago Other S. & Cent. America France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Spain Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Russian Federation Ukraine Other CIS Qatar Other Middle East Algeria Other Africa Australia China India Japan Indonesia South Korea Other Asia Pacific Total World †Less than 0.05. Pipeline imports 79.5 21.1 37.5 – 16.2 32.2 95.6 60.5 36.8 † 15.5 36.9 35.2 94.8 18.1 10.5 29.3 – 25.8 – 8.3 6.4 36.0 – – – – 18.1 714.4 2016 LNG imports 2.4 0.3 5.9 – 15.6 9.1 – 5.9 1.3 – 13.8 7.8 11.0 7.9 – – – – 13.7 – 10.7 0.1 35.9 23.6 113.6 – 45.7 32.5 356.7 Pipeline exports LNG exports Pipeline imports 58.6 79.5 † – 16.2 – 9.1 – 46.8 109.4 0.6 0.6 9.7 13.9 200.1 – 68.5 18.5 8.0 38.1 8.6 – – – – 8.2 – 20.0 714.4 4.3 † – 14.3 6.4 1.5 – – 0.9 6.0 0.2 – 0.6 1.3 14.6 – – 107.2 18.8 15.8 30.0 59.2 – 0.1 – 22.2 0.1 53.4 356.7 80.7 24.0 42.1 – 15.4 33.5 94.8 53.8 40.9 † 14.4 42.8 39.4 103.7 18.9 13.3 30.1 – 22.2 – 7.6 5.8 39.4 – – – – 17.7 740.7 2017 LNG imports 2.2 0.4 6.6 – 13.8 10.8 – 8.4 1.6 – 16.6 10.9 7.2 10.2 – – – – 13.0 – 8.2 – 52.6 25.7 113.9 – 51.3 40.0 393.4 Pipeline exports LNG exports 66.1 80.7 † – 15.4 – 7.1 – 43.3 109.2 0.1 0.6 10.8 21.6 215.4 – 67.5 18.4 12.5 36.4 8.7 – – – – 8.0 – 18.8 740.7 17.4 † – 13.4 5.8 1.0 – – 0.8 5.8 0.1 – 0.3 0.2 15.5 – – 103.4 19.1 16.6 38.9 75.9 – – – 21.7 0.1 57.2 393.4 Source: Includes data from FGE MENAgas service, IHS. Note: As far as possible, the data above represents standard cubic metres (measured at 15ºC and 1013 mbar) and has been standardized using a gross calorific value (GCV) of 40 MJ/m3. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 35 Coal Total proved reserves at end 2017 Million tonnes US Canada Mexico Total North America Brazil Colombia Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Bulgaria Czech Republic Germany Greece Hungary Poland Romania Serbia Spain Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Kazakhstan Russian Federation Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS South Africa Zimbabwe Other Africa Middle East Total Middle East & Africa Australia China India Indonesia Japan Mongolia New Zealand Pakistan South Korea Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union Anthracite and bituminous Subbituminous and lignite Total 220800 4346 1160 226306 1547 4881 731 1784 8943 192 1099 8 – 276 19808 11 402 868 378 70 1108 24220 25605 69634 32039 1375 1509 130162 9893 502 2756 1203 14354 68310 130851 92786 15068 340 1170 825 207 326 – 3116 1326 314325 718310 320377 397933 22913 30116 2236 51 32403 5049 – – 24 5073 2174 2541 36100 2876 2633 6003 280 7112 319 10975 – 5172 76185 – 90730 2336 – – 93066 – – 66 – 66 76508 7968 4942 7530 10 1350 6750 2857 – 1063 244 687 109909 316702 177608 139094 53416 250916 6582 1211 258709 6596 4881 731 1808 14016 2366 3640 36108 2876 2909 25811 291 7514 1187 11353 70 6280 100405 25605 160364 34375 1375 1509 223228 9893 502 2822 1203 14420 144818 138819 97728 22598 350 2520 7575 3064 326 1063 3360 2013 424234 1035012 497985 537027 76329 Share of total 24.2% 0.6% 0.1% 25.0% 0.6% 0.5% 0.1% 0.2% 1.4% 0.2% 0.4% 3.5% 0.3% 0.3% 2.5% ◆ 0.7% 0.1% 1.1% ◆ 0.6% 9.7% 2.5% 15.5% 3.3% 0.1% 0.1% 21.6% 1.0% ◆ 0.3% 0.1% 1.4% 14.0% 13.4% 9.4% 2.2% ◆ 0.2% 0.7% 0.3% ◆ 0.1% 0.3% 0.2% 41.0% 100.0% 48.1% 51.9% 7.4% R/P ratio 357 111 116 335 * 55 * * 141 69 81 206 76 366 203 11 188 427 115 23 192 159 230 391 * 340 418 397 39 171 184 * 53 301 39 136 49 252 51 * * 219 65 88 31 79 134 282 91 164 *More than 500 years. Source: Includes data from Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) Energy Study 2017. than 0.05%. Notes: Total proved reserves of coal – Generally taken to be those quantities that geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be recovered in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. The data series for total proved coal reserves does not necessarily meet the definitions, guidelines and practices used for determining proved reserves at company level, for instance as published by the US Securities and Exchange Commission, nor does it necessarily represent BP’s view of proved reserves by country. Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratio – If the reserves remaining at the end of any year are divided by the production in that year, the result is the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to continue at that rate. Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios are calculated excluding other solid fuels in reserves and production. Shares of total and R/P ratios are calculated using million tonnes figures. ◆Less Prices US dollars per tonne 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Northwest Europe marker price† US Central Appalachian coal spot price index‡ Japan steam spot CIF price† China Qinhuangdao spot price† 38.92 32.00 28.79 35.99 39.03 31.65 43.60 72.08 60.54 64.11 88.79 147.67 70.66 92.50 121.52 92.50 81.69 75.38 56.64 60.09 84.51 29.76 31.00 31.29 29.90 50.15 33.20 38.52 64.90 70.12 57.82 49.73 117.42 60.73 67.87 84.75 67.28 69.72 67.08 51.57 51.45 63.83 – – – – 37.69 31.47 39.61 74.22 64.62 65.22 95.59 157.88 83.59 108.47 126.13 100.30 90.07 76.13 60.10 71.66 96.02 – – – 27.52 31.78 33.19 31.74 42.76 51.34 53.53 61.23 104.97 87.86 110.08 127.27 111.89 95.42 84.12 67.53 71.35 94.72 †Source: IHS Northwest Europe prices for 1997-2000 are the average of the monthly marker, 2001-2017 the average of weekly prices. IHS Japan prices basis = 6,000 kilocalories per kilogram NAR CIF. Chinese prices are the average monthly price for 2000-2005, weekly prices 2006-2017, 5,500 kilocalories per kilogram NAR, including cost and freight (CFR). ‡Source: S&P Global Platts, © 2018, S&P Global Inc. Prices are for Central Appalachian 12,500 BTU, 1.2 SO2 coal, FOB. Prices for 1997-2000 are by coal price publication date, 2001-2005 by coal price assessment date. 2006-2017 weekly CAPP 12,500 BTU, 1.6 SO2 coal, FOB. Note: CIF = cost+insurance+freight (average prices); FOB = free on board. 36 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios Years History 2017 by region 400 700 North America S. & Cent. America Europe CIS Middle East & Africa 600 Asia Pacific World 350 300 500 250 400 200 300 150 200 100 100 50 North America S. & Cent. America Europe CIS Middle East & Africa 0 Asia Pacific 97 02 07 12 17 0 World proved coal reserves are currently sufficient to meet 134 years of global production, much higher than the R/P ratio for oil and gas. By region, Asia Pacific holds the most proved reserves (41% of total), split mainly between Australia, China and India. The US remains the largest single reserve holder (24.2% of total). Distribution of proved reserves in 1997, 2007 and 2017 Percentage Asia Pacific North America CIS Europe Middle East & Africa S. & Cent. America 0.9 5.6 34.9 1.4 1.4 14.2 2.0 5.2 9.7 37.7 41.0 6.1 21.6 23.1 21.8 1997 Total 1106210 million tonnes 2017 Total 1035012 million tonnes 2007 Total 982564 million tonnes 22.6 25.9 25.0 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 37 Coal: Production* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent US Canada Mexico Total North America Brazil Colombia Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Bulgaria Czech Republic Germany Greece Hungary Poland Romania Serbia Spain Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Kazakhstan Russian Federation Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Total Middle East South Africa Zimbabwe Other Africa Total Africa Australia China India Indonesia Japan Mongolia New Zealand Pakistan South Korea Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 558.3 35.7 7.3 601.3 2.7 48.0 5.0 0.3 55.9 4.8 23.8 54.4 8.4 1.8 62.5 6.9 7.2 5.9 14.8 10.7 15.5 216.6 42.2 143.5 34.0 1.0 0.8 221.5 1.1 138.4 1.3 0.8 140.5 227.0 1439.3 210.3 127.8 0.8 4.8 3.0 1.7 1.3 4.9 23.8 20.7 2065.5 3302.4 1026.5 2275.9 187.1 566.9 35.6 6.9 609.4 2.9 50.5 3.7 0.4 57.5 4.9 22.8 50.1 8.1 1.7 60.9 7.0 7.5 4.4 16.7 11.3 15.7 211.0 47.9 149.0 34.4 0.9 0.8 233.0 1.0 141.0 1.0 0.8 142.7 234.2 1491.8 227.5 141.6 0.7 5.2 3.0 1.8 1.3 4.9 22.3 22.1 2156.2 3410.8 1034.7 2376.0 179.0 513.7 33.1 6.1 552.9 2.3 50.0 2.4 0.4 55.1 4.6 20.9 46.4 8.2 1.6 56.4 6.6 7.4 3.8 17.4 11.0 15.8 200.1 43.4 141.7 31.8 1.0 0.8 218.8 0.7 139.7 1.1 0.7 141.5 242.5 1537.9 246.0 151.0 0.7 8.2 2.8 1.6 1.2 4.7 24.7 19.3 2240.5 3409.6 976.4 2433.2 168.0 523.7 35.4 7.3 566.4 2.3 51.1 1.9 0.4 55.7 4.9 20.8 45.9 7.3 1.6 55.4 5.9 7.2 3.3 17.5 11.4 16.0 197.4 47.5 151.0 31.8 1.0 0.9 232.0 0.7 144.1 1.7 0.9 146.8 250.6 1665.3 252.4 162.1 0.5 15.2 3.3 1.5 1.0 4.9 25.1 20.7 2402.6 3601.6 995.9 2605.7 165.8 528.3 35.5 9.4 573.1 2.4 58.9 1.9 0.4 63.6 6.2 21.0 46.7 7.5 1.6 55.7 6.7 7.8 2.6 17.9 11.5 16.0 201.4 49.8 157.6 36.3 1.1 1.0 245.7 0.7 143.2 1.7 1.1 146.0 245.1 1851.7 250.8 208.2 0.7 19.9 3.1 1.4 1.0 5.9 26.1 22.2 2636.0 3866.6 997.8 2868.8 168.6 491.9 35.5 7.4 534.9 2.9 61.2 1.4 0.5 65.9 5.6 20.3 47.8 8.0 1.6 57.8 6.3 7.3 2.5 17.0 10.6 14.4 199.2 51.6 168.3 38.0 1.2 1.2 260.3 0.7 146.6 1.0 4.3 151.9 265.9 1873.5 255.0 227.4 0.7 17.9 3.0 1.4 1.0 4.8 23.6 22.8 2697.0 3909.8 979.9 2930.0 168.2 475.8 36.1 7.2 519.1 3.7 58.7 0.9 1.7 65.0 4.8 17.8 45.1 6.7 1.6 57.2 4.7 7.7 1.8 15.5 8.0 16.7 187.5 51.4 173.1 36.6 1.1 1.3 263.5 0.7 145.3 2.0 5.1 152.4 285.8 1894.6 255.7 279.7 0.7 18.0 2.9 1.3 0.8 4.8 23.0 23.4 2790.6 3978.9 975.5 3003.4 157.4 482.3 35.9 7.3 525.5 3.4 60.8 0.6 3.0 67.8 5.1 17.0 44.1 6.4 1.6 54.0 4.4 5.7 1.6 16.4 7.3 15.4 179.0 48.9 176.6 25.9 1.2 1.4 254.0 0.7 148.2 3.7 5.8 157.7 305.9 1864.2 269.5 269.9 0.7 15.2 2.5 1.5 0.8 4.7 23.0 23.8 2781.7 3966.4 996.5 2969.9 150.5 426.9 32.3 6.9 466.1 2.7 58.8 0.6 2.3 64.4 5.9 17.1 42.8 5.7 1.5 53.0 4.7 7.2 1.2 12.8 5.4 13.9 171.2 46.2 186.4 16.4 1.1 1.4 251.5 0.7 142.9 2.8 6.0 151.6 306.4 1825.6 281.0 272.0 0.6 14.3 2.0 1.5 0.8 3.9 23.3 25.2 2756.7 3862.1 925.9 2936.3 144.9 348.3 31.8 6.1 386.2 3.0 62.2 0.7 2.0 67.8 5.1 16.1 39.8 4.0 1.5 52.1 4.2 7.3 0.7 15.5 2.6 12.5 161.3 44.3 194.0 17.1 1.1 1.7 258.1 0.8 142.4 1.7 5.4 149.6 307.7 1691.4 284.9 268.8 0.7 21.5 1.7 1.8 0.8 4.3 21.6 34.3 2639.6 3663.5 838.0 2825.5 132.4 371.3 31.1 5.5 407.9 3.0 61.4 0.3 2.0 66.8 5.6 15.4 39.6 4.6 1.3 49.6 4.7 7.5 1.0 20.8 1.9 12.5 164.6 47.9 206.3 14.4 1.1 2.0 271.8 0.8 143.0 1.9 9.6 154.5 297.4 1747.2 294.2 271.6 0.8 30.3 1.8 1.8 0.7 4.1 21.3 31.0 2702.3 3768.6 851.6 2917.0 130.8 6.9% -2.0% -8.5% 5.9% – -0.9% -52.4% 1.1% -1.3% 10.3% -3.8% -0.3% 16.2% -13.5% -4.4% 12.1% 3.9% 47.6% 34.8% -27.0% -0.2% 2.3% 8.5% 6.7% -15.6% 4.2% 19.7% 5.6% – 0.7% 8.7% 77.3% 3.6% -3.1% 3.6% 3.5% 1.3% 3.9% 41.4% 2.2% -0.8% -8.0% -4.5% -0.9% -9.2% 2.7% 3.2% 1.9% 3.5% -0.9% 2006-16 Share 2017 -4.7% 9.9% -0.9% 0.8% -1.1% 0.1% -4.4% 10.8% 1.5% 0.1% 3.2% 1.6% ◆ -18.3% 17.6% 0.1% 2.4% 1.8% 1.7% 0.1% -3.9% 0.4% -2.9% 1.0% -7.0% 0.1% ◆ -1.8% -2.6% 1.3% -4.2% 0.1% n/a 0.2% ◆ -19.8% 1.6% 0.6% -13.6% 0.1% -6.3% 0.3% -3.1% 4.4% 0.7% 1.3% 3.2% 5.5% -7.1% 0.4% ◆ 3.3% 9.4% 0.1% 1.6% 7.2% ◆ -2.9% 0.3% 3.8% 2.5% 0.1% 19.7% 0.3% 0.6% 4.1% 3.4% 7.9% 2.4% 46.4% 3.7% 7.8% 8.9% 7.2% ◆ -0.1% 18.2% 0.8% ◆ -7.1% ◆ 0.2% ◆ -4.7% -2.3% 0.1% -0.1% 0.6% 4.3% 0.8% 3.2% 71.7% 1.5% 100.0% -2.0% 22.6% 2.8% 77.4% -3.7% 3.5% *Commercial solid fuels only, i.e. bituminous coal and anthracite (hard coal), lignite and brown (sub-bituminous) coal, and other commercial solid fuels. Includes coal produced for coal-to-liquids and coal-to-gas transformations. than 0.05%. n/a not available. Note: Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. Coal production data expressed in million tonnes is available at bp.com/statisticalreview. ◆Less 38 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 Coal: Consumption* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Morocco South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 544.6 30.3 11.3 586.2 1.2 13.6 4.1 3.2 – 1.0 – 0.1 2.5 25.8 3.9 4.4 21.4 7.0 12.8 86.7 8.8 3.1 16.3 8.4 0.7 55.9 2.9 10.1 20.0 2.7 0.2 29.5 38.4 39.5 372.9 † 0.7 31.1 93.9 – 39.8 1.0 0.8 167.3 1.6 – 8.0 † † – 0.1 0.1 0.1 9.9 0.8 0.8 3.2 83.7 3.6 92.0 52.7 0.6 1584.2 7.5 240.0 36.2 117.7 8.8 1.7 5.4 5.4 † 59.7 † 38.8 13.9 6.3 18.7 2197.6 3451.8 1169.8 2281.9 328.3 535.9 29.4 10.1 575.5 1.5 13.8 4.4 5.0 – 0.9 – 0.1 2.6 28.3 3.8 4.5 19.7 5.3 12.1 80.1 8.3 3.1 15.8 8.0 0.7 55.2 2.5 9.6 13.5 2.4 0.2 29.6 35.6 39.3 349.3 † 0.6 33.8 100.7 – 41.8 1.0 1.1 179.0 1.2 – 7.9 † † – 0.1 0.3 0.2 9.7 0.8 0.7 3.7 93.3 3.0 101.4 54.9 0.6 1609.3 6.9 259.3 31.5 120.3 9.8 2.1 6.0 6.4 † 66.1 0.1 37.0 15.0 11.9 20.5 2257.5 3500.6 1147.1 2353.5 303.6 471.4 23.5 10.3 505.2 0.8 11.1 4.0 4.0 – 0.8 – 0.2 2.1 23.1 2.9 3.1 17.7 5.4 10.8 71.7 8.4 2.6 12.4 7.5 0.6 51.8 2.9 7.6 9.4 1.9 0.1 30.9 29.8 36.9 314.3 † 0.6 30.9 92.2 – 35.9 1.0 0.9 161.5 1.4 – 7.7 – † – † 0.3 0.2 9.6 0.5 0.6 2.7 93.8 3.3 101.0 53.1 0.8 1685.8 7.2 280.8 33.2 101.6 10.6 1.6 4.9 6.1 † 68.6 0.1 35.2 15.0 11.2 16.6 2332.3 3447.0 1026.3 2420.6 267.4 498.8 24.8 12.7 536.3 1.2 14.5 4.5 4.6 – 0.8 – 0.2 2.3 28.1 3.4 3.8 18.8 6.8 11.5 77.1 7.9 2.7 13.7 7.5 0.8 55.1 1.6 7.0 6.9 2.5 0.1 31.4 30.9 38.4 327.8 † 0.6 33.4 90.5 – 38.3 0.9 0.9 164.7 1.3 – 7.7 † † – 0.1 0.7 0.3 10.1 0.3 0.5 2.8 92.8 3.7 100.1 49.4 0.8 1748.9 6.2 290.4 39.5 115.7 14.8 1.4 4.6 7.0 † 75.9 0.1 37.6 15.4 14.6 16.2 2438.6 3605.6 1088.7 2516.9 280.2 470.6 21.8 14.7 507.1 1.3 15.4 5.8 3.7 – 0.8 – 0.2 2.8 30.0 3.5 3.5 18.4 5.5 9.8 78.3 7.9 2.7 15.4 7.4 0.8 55.0 2.2 8.2 12.8 2.5 0.1 33.9 31.4 40.9 340.2 † 0.8 36.3 94.0 – 41.5 1.1 1.0 174.7 1.4 – 7.9 † † – 0.1 0.4 0.4 10.3 0.3 0.4 3.0 90.5 4.2 98.4 48.1 0.7 1903.9 7.4 304.6 46.9 109.6 14.8 1.4 4.0 7.7 † 83.6 0.3 38.9 15.7 17.3 13.2 2618.3 3778.9 1069.4 2709.5 288.1 416.0 21.1 12.8 449.9 1.2 15.3 6.7 4.7 – 0.9 – 0.2 2.7 31.6 3.2 3.2 17.4 4.5 11.1 80.5 8.1 2.6 15.7 8.2 0.8 51.2 2.9 7.6 15.5 2.2 0.1 36.5 39.0 36.9 347.3 † 0.8 37.9 98.4 – 42.5 1.2 1.4 182.1 1.1 – 8.8 – † – 0.1 1.4 0.5 11.9 0.3 0.4 3.0 88.3 3.9 96.0 45.1 0.9 1927.8 7.3 330.0 53.0 115.8 15.9 1.7 4.0 8.1 † 81.0 0.5 38.0 16.5 16.1 13.9 2675.5 3794.5 1025.5 2769.0 294.3 431.8 20.8 12.7 465.4 1.3 16.5 7.5 5.0 – 0.9 – 0.2 2.9 34.3 3.3 3.3 17.2 5.0 11.6 82.8 7.0 2.3 13.5 8.2 0.8 53.4 2.6 5.8 11.4 2.2 0.1 31.6 37.0 37.3 336.4 † 0.9 37.5 90.5 – 41.6 1.1 1.4 173.0 1.4 – 7.4 0.3 0.1 – 0.1 1.8 0.5 11.5 0.2 0.4 3.0 88.4 5.3 97.2 43.0 1.0 1969.1 7.8 352.8 57.0 121.2 15.1 1.5 3.2 10.0 0.3 81.9 0.5 38.6 16.2 17.2 11.2 2747.5 3865.3 1035.9 2829.4 288.1 430.9 19.6 12.7 463.2 1.4 17.5 7.6 5.1 – 0.9 – 0.2 3.2 35.9 3.0 3.3 16.0 4.5 8.6 79.6 6.7 2.2 13.1 9.1 0.9 49.4 2.7 5.7 11.6 2.1 0.1 36.1 29.8 34.7 319.3 † 0.8 37.0 87.6 – 35.6 1.2 1.7 163.8 1.6 – 6.9 0.2 0.1 – 0.2 2.0 0.6 11.5 0.2 0.4 4.0 89.5 7.8 101.9 42.6 0.9 1954.5 8.1 387.5 45.1 119.1 15.4 1.5 4.7 10.6 0.4 84.6 0.9 39.0 17.9 20.8 12.7 2766.5 3862.2 1017.9 2844.2 268.2 372.2 19.9 12.7 404.8 1.4 17.6 7.3 5.4 – 0.8 – 0.1 3.6 36.2 3.2 3.2 16.6 3.8 8.4 78.7 5.6 2.4 12.3 11.0 0.8 48.7 3.3 5.9 13.7 2.1 0.1 34.7 23.2 35.4 313.1 † 0.6 34.2 92.1 – 27.3 1.1 1.8 157.3 1.5 – 6.8 0.2 0.1 – 0.1 1.7 0.4 10.7 0.1 0.4 4.4 83.0 6.7 94.6 43.9 2.3 1914.0 6.7 395.3 51.2 119.0 17.4 1.4 4.7 11.6 0.4 85.5 1.2 37.8 17.5 26.2 12.2 2748.3 3765.0 952.9 2812.1 261.7 340.6 18.9 12.4 371.9 1.0 15.9 7.4 5.5 – 1.0 – 0.3 3.8 34.9 3.0 3.0 16.6 4.4 8.2 75.8 4.4 2.3 11.0 10.2 0.8 49.5 3.2 5.3 10.5 2.1 0.1 38.5 11.2 35.3 295.1 † 0.7 33.9 89.2 – 29.7 1.0 1.6 156.2 0.9 – 5.7 0.2 0.1 – 0.1 1.5 0.4 9.1 † 0.2 4.3 84.7 5.7 94.9 43.6 2.2 1889.1 6.7 405.6 53.4 118.8 19.6 1.2 5.6 11.7 0.4 81.9 1.3 38.6 17.7 28.3 18.3 2744.0 3706.0 897.6 2808.4 239.5 332.1 18.6 13.1 363.8 1.1 16.5 6.7 4.0 – 1.0 – 0.3 3.2 32.7 3.2 2.9 16.0 4.1 9.1 71.3 4.9 2.3 9.8 9.1 0.8 48.7 3.5 5.7 13.4 1.9 0.1 44.6 9.0 36.1 296.4 † 0.9 36.2 92.3 – 24.6 1.2 1.9 157.0 0.9 – 5.2 0.2 0.1 – 0.1 1.6 0.4 8.5 † 0.2 4.5 82.2 6.2 93.1 42.3 2.3 1892.6 6.3 424.0 57.2 120.5 20.0 1.2 7.1 13.1 0.4 86.3 1.4 39.4 18.3 28.2 19.4 2780.0 3731.5 893.4 2838.0 234.3 -2.2% -1.4% 5.6% -1.9% 1.7% 4.1% -9.1% -27.6% – – – -10.8% -14.0% -5.9% 5.0% -1.5% -3.0% -5.6% 11.4% -5.8% 11.7% 1.8% -10.5% -10.4% 2.3% -1.4% 10.6% 6.8% 28.5% -6.2% – 16.3% -19.4% 2.6% 0.7% – 16.2% 7.0% 3.8% – -17.1% 20.8% 16.0% 0.8% 3.0% – -8.4% -29.1% – – – 1.7% -9.8% -5.9% – 4.2% 4.2% -2.7% 8.9% -1.7% -2.8% 7.3% 0.5% -6.1% 4.8% 7.4% 1.7% 2.5% 5.2% 26.2% 12.0% -6.7% 5.7% 5.4% 2.5% 3.7% -3.6% 6.2% 1.6% 1.0% -0.2% 1.3% -1.9% 2006-16 Share 2017 -4.5% 8.9% -4.2% 0.5% 0.1% 0.4% -4.3% 9.7% ◆ 2.1% 2.2% 0.4% 8.0% 0.2% 3.9% 0.1% – – ◆ 2.2% – – ◆ 1.7% 4.6% 0.1% 3.7% 0.9% -2.9% 0.1% -5.0% 0.1% -2.4% 0.4% -5.1% 0.1% -4.1% 0.2% -1.1% 1.9% -6.4% 0.1% -3.0% 0.1% -4.1% 0.3% 2.8% 0.2% ◆ 2.0% -1.5% 1.3% -0.4% 0.1% -5.6% 0.2% -5.2% 0.4% -2.7% 0.1% ◆ -3.0% 3.9% 1.2% -12.2% 0.2% -1.2% 1.0% -2.2% 7.9% ◆ -15.0% ◆ 1.9% 1.8% 1.0% -0.8% 2.5% – – -2.9% 0.7% ◆ 2.1% 8.8% 0.1% -0.7% 4.2% ◆ -5.0% – – -3.1% 0.1% ◆ 57.7% ◆ 62.2% – – ◆ 17.4% ◆ 18.6% ◆ 12.7% -0.8% 0.2% ◆ -25.1% ◆ -15.5% 1.0% 0.1% 0.4% 2.2% 5.1% 0.2% 0.5% 2.5% -1.9% 1.1% 16.6% 0.1% 2.6% 50.7% -0.2% 0.2% 6.3% 11.4% 6.3% 1.5% 0.6% 3.2% 10.4% 0.5% ◆ -6.1% 3.6% 0.2% 8.8% 0.4% ◆ 56.0% 4.1% 2.3% ◆ 40.5% 0.4% 1.1% 3.7% 0.5% 17.3% 0.8% -1.7% 0.5% 3.1% 74.5% 1.3% 100.0% -2.4% 23.9% 2.9% 76.1% -3.1% 6.3% *Commercial solid fuels only, i.e. bituminous coal and anthracite (hard coal), lignite and brown (sub-bituminous) coal, and other commercial solid fuels. Excludes coal converted to liquid or gaseous fuels, but includes coal consumed in transformation processes. †Less than 0.05. ◆Less than 0.05%. Notes: Differences between these world consumption figures and the world production statistics are accounted for by stock changes, and unavoidable disparities in the definition, measurement or conversion of coal supply and demand data. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 39 Coal: Production by region Coal: Consumption by region Million tonnes oil equivalent Million tonnes oil equivalent Asia Pacific Africa Middle East CIS Europe S. & Cent. America North America 92 97 02 07 12 17 4500 4500 4000 4000 3500 3500 3000 3000 2500 2500 2000 2000 1500 1500 1000 1000 500 500 0 92 97 02 07 12 17 0 World coal production increased by 105 million tonnes of oil equivalent or 3.2%, the fastest rate of growth since 2011. Production rose by 56 mtoe in China and 23 mtoe in the US. Global coal consumption grew by 25 mtoe, or 1%, the first growth since 2013. Growth was driven largely by India (18 mtoe), with China consumption also up slightly (4 mtoe) following three successive annual declines during 2014-2016. OECD demand fell for the fourth year in a row (-4 mtoe). Coal prices US dollars per tonne 200 Northwest Europe marker price US Central Appalachian coal spot price index Japan steam spot CIF price China Qinhuangdao spot price 150 100 50 02 40 03 04 05 06 07 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0 Nuclear energy Consumption* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Morocco South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 2006-16 Share 2017 192.1 21.0 2.4 215.4 1.6 2.8 – – – – – – – 4.4 – 10.9 5.9 5.4 99.5 31.8 – 3.3 – 1.0 – – – 1.7 12.5 15.2 6.3 – 14.3 10.3 218.0 – – – 36.2 – 20.9 – 0.6 57.7 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2.6 – 2.6 – – 14.1 – 4.0 – 63.1 – – 0.6 – – 32.3 – 9.2 – – – 123.3 621.5 521.6 99.8 211.7 192.0 21.6 2.2 215.8 1.7 3.2 – – – – – – – 4.8 – 10.3 6.0 5.3 99.4 33.7 – 3.4 – 0.9 – – – 2.5 13.3 14.5 6.2 – 11.9 11.0 218.4 – – – 36.9 – 20.3 – 0.6 57.8 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2.9 – 2.9 – – 15.5 – 3.4 – 57.0 – – 0.4 – – 34.2 – 9.2 – – – 119.7 619.5 517.0 102.5 212.2 190.3 20.2 2.4 212.9 1.9 2.9 – – – – – – – 4.8 – 10.7 6.2 5.4 92.7 30.5 – 3.5 – 1.0 – – – 2.7 11.9 11.8 6.2 – 15.6 10.4 208.6 – – – 37.0 – 18.8 – 0.6 56.3 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2.9 – 2.9 – – 15.9 – 3.8 – 62.1 – – 0.6 – – 33.4 – 9.4 – – – 125.3 610.8 508.5 102.3 202.4 192.2 20.4 1.3 213.9 1.6 3.3 – – – – – – – 4.9 – 10.8 6.3 5.2 97.0 31.8 – 3.6 – 0.9 – – – 2.6 13.9 13.1 6.0 – 14.1 8.0 213.4 – – – 38.6 – 20.2 – 0.6 59.3 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3.1 – 3.1 – – 16.7 – 5.2 – 66.2 – – 0.5 – – 33.6 – 9.4 – – – 131.7 626.2 521.0 105.3 207.4 188.2 21.0 2.3 211.5 1.4 3.5 – – – – – – – 5.0 – 10.9 6.4 5.3 100.1 24.4 – 3.5 – 0.9 – – – 2.7 13.1 13.7 6.1 – 15.6 8.6 211.3 – – – 39.1 – 20.4 – 0.6 60.1 † – – – – – – – – † – – – 2.9 – 2.9 – – 19.5 – 7.3 – 36.9 – – 0.9 – – 35.0 – 9.5 – – – 109.1 600.0 488.4 111.7 205.2 183.2 21.3 2.0 206.5 1.4 3.6 – – – – – – – 5.1 – 9.1 6.9 5.3 96.3 22.5 – 3.6 – 0.9 – – – 2.6 13.9 14.5 5.8 – 15.9 8.3 205.5 – – – 40.2 – 20.4 – 0.5 61.1 0.3 – – – – – – – – 0.3 – – – 2.9 – 2.9 – – 22.0 – 7.5 – 4.1 – – 1.2 – – 34.0 – 9.1 – – – 78.0 559.5 444.0 115.5 199.7 187.9 23.2 2.7 213.8 1.4 3.5 – – – – – – – 4.9 – 9.6 7.0 5.4 95.9 22.0 – 3.5 – 0.7 – – – 2.6 12.8 15.0 5.9 – 16.0 8.0 204.4 – – – 39.0 – 18.8 – 0.5 58.4 1.0 – – – – – – – – 1.0 – – – 3.2 – 3.2 – – 25.3 – 7.5 – 3.3 – – 1.2 – – 31.4 – 9.4 – – – 78.1 563.8 447.1 116.7 198.5 189.9 24.1 2.2 216.2 1.3 3.5 – – – – – – – 4.8 – 7.6 6.9 5.4 98.8 22.0 – 3.5 – 0.9 – – – 2.6 13.0 14.7 6.3 – 14.4 8.5 204.6 – – – 40.9 – 20.0 – 0.6 61.5 0.9 – – – – – – – – 0.9 – – – 3.1 – 3.1 – – 30.0 – 7.8 – – – – 1.1 – – 35.4 – 9.6 – – – 83.9 575.0 450.0 125.0 198.3 189.9 22.9 2.6 215.4 1.6 3.3 – – – – – – – 5.0 – 5.9 6.1 5.3 99.0 20.8 – 3.6 – 0.9 – – – 2.6 13.0 12.8 5.3 – 15.9 8.2 199.3 – – – 44.2 – 19.8 – 0.6 64.7 0.8 – – – – – – – – 0.8 – – – 2.8 – 2.8 – – 38.6 – 8.7 – 1.0 – – 1.1 – – 37.3 – 8.3 – – – 95.0 582.8 446.8 136.0 194.0 191.9 21.8 2.4 216.1 1.9 3.6 – – – – – – – 5.5 – 9.8 5.5 5.3 91.2 19.2 – 3.6 – 0.9 – – – 2.6 13.3 14.3 5.2 – 16.2 8.2 195.2 – – – 44.5 – 18.3 – 0.5 63.3 1.5 – – – – – – – – 1.5 – – – 3.6 – 3.6 – – 48.3 – 8.6 – 4.0 – – 1.3 – – 36.7 – 7.2 – – – 106.0 591.2 445.9 145.4 190.1 191.7 21.9 2.5 216.1 1.4 3.6 – – – – – – – 5.0 – 9.5 6.4 5.1 90.1 17.2 – 3.6 – 1.2 – – – 2.6 13.1 14.9 4.6 – 15.9 8.1 192.5 – – – 46.0 – 19.4 – 0.6 65.9 1.6 – – – – – – – – 1.6 – – – 3.6 – 3.6 – – 56.2 – 8.5 – 6.6 – – 1.8 – – 33.6 – 5.1 – – – 111.7 596.4 442.6 153.8 187.9 0.2% 0.6% 3.3% 0.3% -25.3% -0.3% – – – – – – – –9.0% – -2.8% 17.9% -2.9% -0.9% -10.1% – 0.5% – 35.2% – – – 2.3% -0.6% 4.4% -11.2% – -1.7% -0.7% -1.1% – – – 3.6% – 6.0% – 10.3% 4.4% 7.8% – – – – – – – – 7.8% – – – -0.7% – –0.7% – – 16.7% – -1.0% – 64.9% – – 39.5% – – -8.1% – -28.9% – – – 5.7% 1.1% -0.5% 6.1% -0.9% 0.2% -0.1% -0.3% 0.2% 0.9% 1.4% – – – – – – – 1.2% – -0.7% -0.8% 0.1% -1.1% -6.6% – 1.8% – 1.3% – – – 7.2% -0.3% -0.6% -1.9% – -0.5% -3.5% -1.6% – – – 2.3% – -1.1% – -1.0% 1.2% – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4.7% – 4.7% – – 14.5% – 8.0% – -24.8% – – 7.8% – – 0.9% – -2.3% – – – -1.9% -0.7% -1.8% 4.1% -1.6% 32.1% 3.7% 0.4% 36.2% 0.2% 0.6% – – – – – – – 0.8% – 1.6% 1.1% 0.9% 15.1% 2.9% – 0.6% – 0.2% – – – 0.4% 2.2% 2.5% 0.8% – 2.7% 1.4% 32.3% – – – 7.7% – 3.2% – 0.1% 11.1% 0.3% – – – – – – – – 0.3% – – – 0.6% – 0.6% – – 9.4% – 1.4% – 1.1% – – 0.3% – – 5.6% – 0.9% – – – 18.7% 100.0% 74.2% 25.8% 31.5% *Based on gross generation and not accounting for cross-border electricity supply. Converted on the basis of thermal equivalence assuming 38% conversion efficiency in a modern thermal power station. †Less than 0.05. Notes: Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. Nuclear energy data expressed in terawatt-hours is available at bp.com/statisticalreview. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 41 Hydroelectricity Consumption* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Morocco South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 55.0 83.2 6.2 144.4 8.5 84.6 5.1 10.0 2.0 4.4 – 18.8 19.5 153.0 8.4 0.1 0.5 3.2 13.0 4.8 0.6 † 7.4 † 30.2 0.5 2.3 3.6 6.2 15.0 8.0 8.1 1.1 12.2 125.3 0.5 † 1.8 40.1 † 2.3 1.4 7.5 53.7 4.1 1.0 † – – – – – 0.9 6.0 0.1 3.2 0.2 0.6 17.5 21.6 3.0 0.2 109.8 – 27.7 2.6 16.9 1.3 5.4 7.2 1.9 – 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.8 5.1 7.3 192.9 696.9 289.3 407.5 71.1 56.8 85.4 8.9 151.1 8.4 83.6 5.5 10.4 2.6 4.3 – 19.6 19.5 154.0 8.7 0.1 0.5 3.9 14.4 4.6 0.7 † 9.4 † 31.5 0.5 1.5 3.9 5.3 15.6 8.2 7.5 1.2 14.1 131.6 0.5 † 1.7 37.3 † 2.6 2.6 6.5 51.2 1.7 0.7 † – – – – – 0.7 3.1 0.1 3.4 0.2 0.3 18.0 22.0 2.7 0.2 144.1 – 26.1 2.6 16.8 1.8 5.1 6.1 2.2 – 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.6 5.9 7.8 225.5 738.5 301.1 437.4 75.2 61.4 83.4 6.0 150.9 9.2 88.5 5.7 9.2 2.1 4.5 – 19.4 19.3 157.9 9.3 0.1 0.5 2.9 12.9 4.3 1.2 0.1 11.1 † 28.3 0.5 1.9 3.5 6.0 14.8 8.1 8.1 1.2 15.9 130.7 0.5 † 1.6 39.4 † 2.7 2.1 6.4 52.7 1.5 0.6 † – – – – – 0.6 2.7 0.1 3.1 0.6 0.3 18.5 22.6 2.9 0.1 139.3 – 24.1 2.6 15.6 1.6 5.5 6.4 2.2 – 0.6 0.9 0.8 1.6 6.8 7.7 218.5 736.2 298.3 437.9 75.9 58.2 79.5 8.4 146.1 9.2 91.3 4.9 9.2 2.0 4.5 – 17.3 20.3 158.7 8.7 0.1 0.6 2.9 14.2 4.7 1.7 † 11.6 † 26.4 0.7 3.7 4.5 9.5 15.0 8.2 11.7 0.8 19.0 144.0 0.8 † 1.8 37.7 † 3.0 2.5 6.9 52.6 2.3 0.8 † – – – – – 0.8 3.9 † 2.9 0.8 0.3 20.3 24.3 3.1 0.2 161.0 – 24.6 3.9 19.7 1.4 5.6 6.7 1.8 – 0.8 1.3 0.9 1.2 6.2 9.3 247.7 777.5 306.8 470.7 85.2 71.5 85.0 8.2 164.7 9.0 96.9 4.6 11.0 2.5 4.9 – 18.8 20.8 168.5 7.7 † 0.5 2.8 10.1 4.0 0.9 0.1 10.4 † 27.2 0.5 2.6 3.3 6.9 15.2 7.2 11.8 1.3 13.6 126.2 0.6 † 1.8 36.9 – 2.5 2.3 7.6 51.6 2.4 0.8 † – – – – – 1.0 4.1 0.1 2.9 0.5 0.7 20.8 25.0 4.4 0.2 155.7 – 29.8 2.8 18.3 1.8 5.7 6.9 2.2 – 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.8 9.3 10.6 252.5 792.7 313.4 479.3 70.8 62.0 86.0 7.2 155.3 8.3 94.0 4.6 10.8 2.8 5.0 – 18.5 21.5 165.4 9.9 0.1 0.5 3.8 13.3 5.0 1.0 † 9.5 † 32.1 0.5 1.3 2.7 4.6 17.9 8.6 13.1 1.2 14.0 139.1 0.4 † 1.7 37.0 – 2.4 2.5 7.6 51.7 2.8 1.0 † – – – – – 1.0 4.8 0.1 2.9 0.4 0.2 21.5 25.1 3.9 0.2 195.2 – 26.2 2.9 17.2 2.1 5.2 6.7 2.3 – 0.9 0.7 1.3 1.9 11.9 10.8 289.4 830.7 314.9 515.8 76.1 60.3 88.7 6.3 155.3 9.2 88.5 4.5 10.0 2.5 5.1 – 18.9 22.1 160.7 9.5 0.1 0.6 2.9 16.0 5.2 1.4 † 11.9 † 29.0 0.6 3.1 3.3 8.3 13.9 8.6 13.4 1.1 17.3 146.4 0.3 † 1.7 41.0 – 3.1 2.6 7.4 56.2 3.3 1.0 † – – – – – 0.9 5.3 † 3.0 0.6 0.2 22.7 26.6 4.3 0.2 205.8 – 29.9 3.8 17.7 2.6 5.2 7.0 2.3 – 1.0 1.6 1.2 1.2 13.0 12.1 308.8 859.4 319.6 539.8 84.0 57.9 86.6 8.8 153.2 9.2 84.5 5.2 10.1 2.6 5.0 – 17.8 20.8 155.4 9.3 0.1 0.4 3.0 14.2 4.4 1.0 0.1 13.2 † 30.6 0.5 3.5 4.2 8.9 14.4 8.4 9.2 1.3 16.7 143.6 0.3 † 1.9 39.2 – 1.9 2.7 7.2 53.2 3.3 0.6 † – – – – – 0.6 4.5 † 3.1 0.4 0.4 24.1 28.0 3.3 0.1 237.8 – 31.5 3.4 18.1 3.0 5.5 7.2 2.1 – 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.2 13.8 12.0 341.8 879.7 314.6 565.1 84.8 55.8 86.5 7.0 149.2 9.5 81.4 5.3 10.1 3.0 5.4 – 16.6 20.7 152.0 8.4 0.1 0.4 3.8 12.3 4.3 1.4 0.1 10.3 † 31.1 0.4 2.0 3.8 6.4 17.0 8.5 15.2 1.4 16.1 142.8 0.4 † 2.1 38.0 – 1.2 2.7 6.9 51.3 3.0 0.6 † – – – – – 0.2 3.8 † 3.1 0.4 0.2 23.6 27.4 3.2 0.2 252.2 – 30.2 3.1 19.0 3.5 5.6 7.3 2.0 – 0.5 1.4 1.0 0.9 12.9 11.3 354.0 880.5 311.3 569.2 77.2 59.7 87.6 6.9 154.2 8.7 86.2 4.5 10.6 3.6 5.4 – 15.0 22.6 156.4 9.0 0.1 0.5 3.6 13.6 4.6 1.3 0.1 9.6 † 32.2 0.5 3.6 4.1 8.2 14.0 7.9 15.2 1.2 16.8 146.1 0.4 † 2.6 41.8 – 1.7 2.7 7.0 56.3 3.5 0.8 † – – – – – 0.3 4.6 † 3.0 0.3 0.2 23.7 27.1 4.0 0.2 261.0 – 29.0 4.4 18.1 4.9 5.9 7.8 1.8 – 0.6 1.0 1.5 0.8 14.5 13.0 368.5 913.3 318.3 594.9 79.2 67.1 89.8 7.2 164.1 9.4 83.6 5.1 13.0 4.5 6.5 – 17.4 22.9 162.3 8.8 0.1 0.4 3.3 11.1 4.5 0.9 † 8.2 † 32.0 0.6 1.3 3.2 4.2 14.6 7.2 13.2 1.3 15.2 130.4 0.4 0.1 2.5 41.5 – 2.0 2.7 7.6 56.7 3.7 0.5 † – – – – – 0.3 4.5 † 3.0 0.3 0.2 25.6 29.1 3.1 0.2 261.5 – 30.7 4.2 17.9 5.6 5.7 7.0 2.2 – 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.1 15.9 13.7 371.6 918.6 314.8 603.9 67.8 2017 2006-16 12.7% -0.8% 7.3% 2.8% 0.9% 9.8% 3.5% 0.1% 0.8% 6.7% 0.2% 17.9% 8.9% -1.3% 1.0% -2.7% 0.9% 9.1% 13.8% -3.5% 0.6% 22.9% 1.0% 1.4% 27.2% 8.3% 0.5% 20.9% 2.0% 0.7% – – – 16.1% -2.0% 1.9% 1.8% 2.0% 2.5% 4.1% 0.6% 17.7% -1.6% 1.1% 1.0% ◆ -25.7% 0.3% ◆ -6.3% -2.4% -6.1% 3.3% 0.4% -17.8% 0.6% 1.2% -3.9% 0.3% 0.5% -27.1% -0.6% 0.1% ◆ -14.5% 3.4% -14.3% 1.4% 0.9% ◆ -37.8% -0.5% -0.4% 1.8% 3.5% 20.5% 0.5% 0.1% -63.3% 3.7% 0.1% -20.4% -0.2% 0.4% -49.1% 3.5% 0.5% 4.7% 0.1% 1.6% -8.5% 1.3% 0.8% -12.8% 4.3% 1.4% 10.5% 1.6% 0.1% -9.7% 1.9% 1.6% -10.5% 1.6% 14.2% ◆ -10.6% -2.5% ◆ 57.7% 15.0% -3.6% 4.1% 0.3% -0.5% 0.6% 4.5% – -100.0% – 13.1% -5.1% 0.2% 0.9% 2.7% 0.3% 9.0% -0.6% 0.8% 0.9% 0.4% 6.2% 6.5% -1.8% 0.4% -35.3% -3.8% 0.1% ◆ – 5.1% – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ◆ 5.0% -11.8% -0.6% -3.3% 0.5% ◆ -21.6% -10.5% 0.7% 0.4% 0.3% ◆ -5.4% 2.5% ◆ 24.2% -13.3% 8.3% 3.3% 2.8% 7.4% 2.7% 3.2% -22.9% 1.8% 0.3% ◆ 16.7% 1.7% 0.5% 10.2% 28.5% – – – 6.0% 1.3% 3.3% -5.0% 7.2% 0.5% -0.6% -0.9% 2.0% 14.2% 13.2% 0.6% -2.7% 1.0% 0.6% -9.8% 1.3% 0.8% 18.7% -2.0% 0.2% – – – 5.5% -2.0% 0.1% -4.9% -0.9% 0.1% -17.0% 4.8% 0.1% 32.7% -7.8% 0.1% 10.1% 12.5% 1.7% 5.7% 7.0% 1.5% 1.1% 7.4% 40.4% 0.9% 2.9% 100.0% -0.9% 0.7% 34.3% 1.8% 4.4% 65.7% -14.1% 1.0% 7.4% *Based on gross primary hydroelectric generation and not accounting for cross-border electricity supply. Converted on the basis of thermal equivalence assuming 38% conversion efficiency in a modern thermal power station. †Less than 0.05. ◆Less than 0.05%. Notes: Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. Hydroelectricity data expressed in terawatt-hours is available at bp.com/statisticalreview. 42 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 Share 2017 Nuclear energy consumption by region Hydroelectricity consumption by region Million tonnes oil equivalent Million tonnes oil equivalent 700 Rest of world Asia Pacific CIS Europe North America 1000 Asia Pacific Africa Middle East CIS Europe S. & Cent. America North America 600 900 800 500 700 600 400 500 300 400 300 200 200 100 100 92 97 02 07 12 17 0 97 92 02 07 12 17 0 Global nuclear generation rose by 5 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe), or 1.1%, above the 10-year average growth rate of -0.7%. Growth in China (8 mtoe) and Japan (3 mtoe) was partially offset by declines in Europe (3 mtoe). World hydroelectric power generation rose by 5 mtoe, just 0.9%, compared with the 10-year average of 2.9%. The US (7 mtoe) provided the largest increment. China’s growth was the slowest since 2011, while European output declined by 10.5% (-16 mtoe). Other renewables consumption by region Other renewables share of power generation by region Million tonnes oil equivalent Percentage 500 Asia Pacific Africa Middle East CIS Europe S. & Cent. America North America 20 World Asia Pacific Africa Middle East CIS Europe S. & Cent. America North America 450 400 18 16 350 14 300 12 250 10 200 8 150 6 100 4 50 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 0 2 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 17 0 Renewable energy in power generation (not including hydro) grew by 17%, slightly higher than the 10-year average (16.2%) and the largest increment on record at 69 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe). Wind provided more than half of renewables growth, while solar contributed more than a third despite accounting for just 21% of the total. In China, renewable power generation rose by 25 mtoe – a country record, and the second largest contribution to global primary energy growth from any single fuel and country, behind natural gas in China. The share of renewables in total power generation increased from 7.4% to 8.4% globally, and from 16.5% to 18.3% in Europe, a new high. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 43 Renewable energy Other renewables consumption* Growth rate per annum Million tonnes oil equivalent US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Morocco South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 24.8 2.7 1.9 29.5 0.4 4.2 0.6 0.1 † 0.1 † – 1.4 6.9 1.4 0.7 0.3 2.3 1.9 15.2 0.5 0.4 3.4 1.7 0.3 0.7 1.4 † 7.0 2.5 0.3 0.2 3.3 3.9 47.3 – † – 0.1 – 0.1 – † 0.2 † – † – – – – – † † – 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.8 1.6 † 3.5 † 4.3 1.6 6.2 † 1.1 0.2 2.3 0.1 0.2 † 0.5 0.6 † † 22.3 107.0 86.4 20.6 45.7 29.7 2.7 1.8 34.2 0.4 4.7 0.8 0.1 † 0.1 † – 1.6 7.7 1.4 0.9 0.4 2.4 2.3 16.5 0.6 0.5 3.7 2.1 0.3 1.0 1.8 † 8.8 2.8 0.3 0.3 3.8 4.2 54.0 – † – 0.1 – 0.1 – † 0.2 † – † – – – – – † 0.1 – 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.9 1.7 † 6.4 † 5.4 1.9 6.1 † 1.3 0.3 2.4 0.1 0.3 † 0.5 0.5 † † 26.8 123.9 98.1 25.8 52.2 33.9 3.5 1.8 39.3 0.4 5.4 0.7 0.2 † 0.1 † – 1.8 8.7 1.4 1.2 0.5 2.0 2.9 17.2 0.6 0.6 4.6 2.4 0.3 1.4 2.3 † 10.7 3.2 0.3 0.5 4.5 4.5 61.1 † † – 0.1 – † – † 0.2 0.1 – † – – – – † † 0.1 – 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.6 1.0 1.7 † 11.0 † 6.3 2.1 6.1 0.3 1.6 0.2 2.4 0.1 0.4 † 0.6 0.5 † † 33.4 143.7 110.7 33.0 59.0 39.3 4.3 2.0 45.6 0.5 7.6 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.2 † † 2.0 11.3 1.5 1.4 0.7 2.5 3.5 19.1 0.7 0.6 5.8 2.5 0.3 1.8 2.8 0.1 12.3 3.6 0.3 0.9 5.1 5.3 70.9 † † – 0.1 † 0.1 – † 0.2 † – † – – – – † † 0.1 † 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.7 1.3 1.9 † 15.9 † 7.7 2.1 6.7 0.3 1.8 0.2 2.3 0.1 0.5 † 0.6 0.8 † † 41.1 170.5 127.9 42.6 68.4 45.7 4.7 2.0 52.5 0.5 7.9 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 † † 2.2 12.1 1.5 1.9 1.2 2.6 4.4 24.1 0.9 0.6 8.4 2.8 0.4 2.4 2.8 0.4 12.6 4.0 0.4 1.3 6.7 6.5 85.9 – † † 0.1 † 0.1 – † 0.2 0.1 – 0.1 – – † † † † 0.2 † 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.7 1.4 2.5 † 22.8 † 9.5 2.2 7.0 0.3 2.0 0.3 2.3 0.1 0.6 † 0.8 0.9 † † 51.3 203.5 150.6 53.0 82.7 51.7 5.2 2.4 59.3 0.6 9.1 1.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 † † 2.6 14.3 1.7 2.3 1.3 2.6 5.5 27.4 1.3 0.6 11.4 2.8 0.4 3.4 3.1 0.6 15.0 4.4 0.5 1.7 8.1 7.2 101.4 – † † 0.1 † 0.2 – † 0.3 0.1 – 0.1 – – † † † † 0.2 † 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.9 1.6 3.0 † 29.4 † 11.2 2.2 7.7 0.4 2.0 0.3 2.4 0.1 0.9 † 0.8 1.2 † † 61.7 238.7 174.3 64.5 97.6 60.2 6.9 2.6 69.8 0.6 10.6 1.6 0.3 0.1 0.3 † † 3.0 16.5 1.9 2.6 1.5 2.9 5.9 29.3 1.8 0.6 13.4 2.7 0.5 3.3 3.6 1.2 16.8 4.8 0.5 2.3 11.0 8.0 114.5 † † † 0.1 † 0.3 † † 0.4 0.1 † 0.1 † † † † † † 0.3 † 0.4 0.3 0.2 1.0 1.8 3.7 † 42.3 † 12.7 2.2 9.3 0.3 2.0 0.4 2.2 0.2 1.2 0.1 0.9 1.6 † 0.1 79.2 282.6 200.0 82.6 109.9 67.2 8.1 3.1 78.4 0.7 13.3 1.5 0.3 0.1 0.4 † † 3.6 19.8 2.0 2.7 1.6 2.9 6.6 32.3 1.7 0.6 14.1 2.6 0.6 4.0 3.6 1.5 16.1 5.0 0.6 2.8 13.3 8.9 123.5 † † † 0.2 † 0.4 † † 0.6 0.1 † 0.2 † † † † 0.1 † 0.5 † 0.3 0.4 0.6 1.4 2.7 4.1 † 51.1 † 14.3 2.3 11.8 0.3 2.3 0.5 2.4 0.2 2.1 0.1 0.9 2.0 † 0.1 94.5 320.1 221.2 98.9 118.3 71.5 8.4 3.7 83.6 0.7 16.0 2.0 0.3 0.1 0.4 † † 4.5 24.1 2.3 3.2 1.7 3.1 7.9 38.4 2.0 0.7 14.3 3.1 0.6 4.7 3.6 2.2 15.6 6.1 0.7 3.9 17.4 9.7 141.2 † † † 0.2 † 0.4 † † 0.7 0.1 † 0.3 † † † † 0.1 0.1 0.6 † 0.4 0.6 1.4 1.8 4.3 4.9 0.1 64.1 † 15.1 2.4 15.4 0.3 2.4 0.5 2.8 0.2 2.7 0.1 1.0 2.3 0.1 0.1 114.4 368.8 248.9 120.0 134.8 83.1 9.6 4.1 96.8 0.7 19.1 2.5 0.4 0.1 0.6 † † 5.2 28.6 2.5 3.1 1.7 3.3 8.4 38.3 2.1 0.7 14.8 3.3 0.5 4.7 3.7 2.0 15.4 6.1 0.7 5.4 17.6 9.8 144.2 † † 0.1 0.3 † 0.4 † † 0.8 0.1 † 0.4 † † † † 0.1 0.3 1.0 0.1 0.6 0.8 1.8 2.0 5.2 5.4 0.1 81.7 † 18.3 2.6 18.8 0.3 2.4 0.6 3.1 0.2 3.1 0.1 1.0 2.8 0.1 0.1 140.8 417.4 270.1 147.3 136.3 94.8 10.3 4.4 109.5 0.7 22.2 3.0 0.4 0.1 0.6 † † 5.6 32.6 2.8 3.5 1.7 3.7 9.4 44.8 2.2 0.7 15.5 4.0 0.7 4.8 3.7 2.2 15.7 6.8 0.8 6.6 21.0 11.0 161.8 † 0.1 0.1 0.3 † 0.4 † † 0.9 0.1 † 0.4 † † † † 0.1 0.6 1.4 0.1 0.6 0.8 2.0 2.1 5.5 5.7 0.1 106.7 † 21.8 2.9 22.4 0.4 2.4 0.8 3.1 0.3 3.6 0.1 1.2 3.4 0.1 0.1 175.1 486.8 304.9 181.9 152.3 14.3% 8.2% 9.0% 13.5% 2.3% 16.1% 20.5% 7.9% -6.8% -2.4% – – 9.4% 14.3% 14.6% 12.0% 4.8% 13.1% 11.8% 17.4% 5.3% 10.1% 4.5% 19.9% 32.4% 2.7% 0.1% 9.5% 2.2% 10.4% 11.4% 24.0% 19.7% 13.2% 12.5% -0.3% 36.9% 5.5% 8.7% – 9.6% 49.3% -1.7% 10.0% 23.9% – 8.2% 81.1% 136.1% 0.6% 10.1% 65.0% 76.4% 37.6% 98.6% 3.4% 1.7% 10.3% 5.5% 7.4% 4.8% 18.2% 31.1% 0.4% 19.7% 15.9% 19.4% 9.5% -0.3% 33.0% -1.8% 6.2% 15.7% 18.6% 17.5% 19.6% 19.4% 25.2% 24.7% 17.0% 13.2% 23.8% 12.0% 2006-16 Share 2017 13.8% 19.5% 14.0% 2.1% 9.1% 0.9% 13.6% 22.5% 6.1% 0.1% 18.9% 4.6% 22.8% 0.6% 9.9% 0.1% ◆ 15.5% 21.8% 0.1% ◆ -21.9% ◆ – 15.1% 1.2% 17.7% 6.7% 8.1% 0.6% 18.2% 0.7% 22.6% 0.4% 2.9% 0.8% 19.9% 1.9% 12.6% 9.2% 17.8% 0.5% 8.5% 0.2% 17.0% 3.2% 6.3% 0.8% 8.7% 0.1% 24.8% 1.0% 13.4% 0.8% 111.5% 0.5% 10.0% 3.2% 11.2% 1.4% 10.3% 0.2% 51.4% 1.4% 19.1% 4.3% 11.5% 2.3% 13.8% 33.2% ◆ – ◆ 52.0% ◆ – 8.0% 0.1% ◆ – 46.4% 0.1% ◆ – ◆ 27.6% 20.1% 0.2% ◆ 14.4% ◆ – 66.5% 0.1% ◆ – ◆ – ◆ – ◆ – ◆ – 66.6% 0.1% 40.6% 0.3% ◆ – 15.8% 0.1% 33.9% 0.2% 33.7% 0.4% 10.3% 0.4% 17.8% 1.1% 14.5% 1.2% ◆ 41.9% 41.9% 21.9% ◆ 65.2% 18.4% 4.5% 5.4% 0.6% 12.5% 4.6% – 0.1% 9.1% 0.5% 11.7% 0.2% 2.8% 0.6% 8.3% 0.1% 38.1% 0.7% ◆ 48.7% 8.0% 0.2% 19.9% 0.7% ◆ 18.1% ◆ 18.4% 21.9% 36.0% 16.2% 100.0% 13.6% 62.6% 23.7% 37.4% 13.5% 31.3% *Based on gross generation from renewable sources including wind, geothermal, solar, biomass and waste, and not accounting for cross-border electricity supply. Converted on the basis of thermal equivalence assuming 38% conversion efficiency in a modern thermal power station. †Less than 0.05. ◆Less than 0.05%. Notes: Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. Other renewables data expressed in terawatt-hours is available at bp.com/statisticalreview. 44 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 Biofuels production Growth rate per annum Thousand tonnes oil equivalent 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Colombia Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Finland France Germany Italy Netherlands Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Total CIS Total Middle East Total Africa Australia China India Indonesia South Korea Thailand Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 14709 502 5 15216 173 12427 155 606 13360 222 146 54 1153 3243 448 82 103 162 378 150 374 504 7019 2 – 6 75 982 100 217 78 148 227 1827 37429 22297 15133 6944 20934 543 5 21481 635 15486 158 806 17085 269 282 101 2064 2805 623 78 290 149 384 183 289 956 8473 7 – 11 111 1194 154 530 146 525 390 3051 50109 30020 20090 8332 23761 761 5 24527 1055 15277 320 634 17285 373 486 231 2408 2834 772 242 408 226 1001 254 220 1153 10609 36 – 18 174 1224 61 469 358 656 478 3419 55894 35413 20481 10460 28044 787 10 28841 1670 16866 455 232 19223 391 523 301 2353 3022 678 391 439 284 1312 339 304 1153 11490 34 5 8 222 1584 123 723 511 700 443 4306 63906 40832 23074 11387 31184 899 13 32095 2234 14403 572 313 17522 390 525 208 1935 2967 486 674 414 330 851 400 322 1259 10761 28 5 8 223 1970 192 1110 309 765 692 5262 65680 43107 22573 10569 29808 1004 9 30821 2295 14739 627 304 17965 390 536 263 2145 3031 298 1276 652 276 620 491 303 1413 11692 29 5 23 241 2103 168 1397 283 1054 1067 6313 66848 42773 24074 11581 31057 1059 7 32124 2014 17114 650 359 20136 374 526 330 2306 2770 454 1495 697 274 749 635 517 1449 12578 23 5 32 210 2346 198 1750 321 1330 1363 7518 72415 44936 27478 12492 32890 1188 7 34086 2644 18005 676 382 21707 329 666 367 2573 3460 575 1980 750 301 1030 789 403 1494 14717 25 5 40 163 2609 198 3110 337 1490 1522 9429 80009 49000 31009 14632 33849 1142 5 34996 2038 19332 693 385 22448 381 482 432 2559 3191 572 1816 940 321 1122 222 310 1679 14025 19 5 40 162 2653 438 1314 385 1603 1777 8333 79866 49235 30630 13906 35986 1197 14 37197 2828 18168 626 409 22030 419 477 109 2405 3228 600 1477 928 298 1200 211 554 1745 13652 19 5 40 183 1811 544 2238 386 1610 1767 8540 81483 51054 30429 13532 36936 1239 14 38190 3131 18465 617 456 22669 391 471 219 2224 3293 595 1658 920 315 1541 185 617 1738 14167 19 5 40 144 2147 435 2326 406 1846 1727 9031 84121 52552 31569 14044 2.9% 3.8% – 3.0% 11.0% 1.9% -1.1% 11.8% 3.2% -6.5% -1.0% 101.9% -7.3% 2.3% -0.5% 12.6% -0.6% 5.9% 28.7% -12.0% 11.8% -0.1% 4.1% – – – -21.1% 18.8% -19.9% 4.2% 5.3% 15.0% -2.0% 6.0% 3.5% 3.2% 4.0% 4.1% 2006-16 Share 2017 12.9% 43.9% 21.4% 1.5% ◆ – 13.1% 45.4% 57.3% 3.7% 6.6% 22.0% 15.8% 0.7% -2.3% 0.5% 7.9% 26.9% 14.4% 0.5% 35.8% 0.6% 24.2% 0.3% 13.4% 2.6% 2.2% 3.9% 0.1% 0.7% 51.4% 2.0% 19.7% 1.1% 15.5% 0.4% 16.0% 1.8% 8.7% 0.2% 9.3% 0.7% 15.7% 2.1% 10.0% 16.8% ◆ – ◆ – ◆ 15.8% 13.4% 0.2% 6.9% 2.6% 22.0% 0.5% 48.1% 2.8% 25.1% 0.5% 33.9% 2.2% 28.5% 2.1% 20.1% 10.7% 11.4% 100.0% 12.2% 62.5% 10.1% 37.5% 10.0% 16.7% ◆Less than 0.05%. Source: Includes data from F.O. Lichts; Strategie grains; Notes: Consumption of fuel ethanol and biodiesel is included in oil consumption tables. US Energy Information Administration (March 2018). Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. World biofuels production Million tonnes oil equivalent 100 Rest of World Europe S. & Cent. America North America Ethanol 2007 Ethanol 2017 Biodiesel 2007 Biodiesel 2017 40 80 30 60 20 40 10 20 07 09 11 13 15 17 0 North America S. & Cent. America Europe Rest of World 0 World biofuels production increased by 3.5% in 2017, well below the 10-year average of 11.4%, but the fastest for three years. The US provided the largest increment (950 thousand tonnes of oil equivalent, or ktoe). By fuel type, global ethanol production grew at a similar rate of 3.3%, and contributing over 60% to total biofuels growth. Biodiesel production rose by 4%, driven mainly by growth in Argentina, Brazil and Spain. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 45 Electricity Electricity generation* Growth rate per annum Terawatt-hours 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 4431.8 4390.1 4206.5 4394.3 4363.4 4310.6 4330.3 637.1 638.4 614.0 606.9 638.3 636.5 662.5 263.2 269.3 267.8 275.6 292.1 296.4 297.1 5332.2 5297.8 5088.3 5276.7 5293.8 5243.5 5289.9 113.5 121.9 122.3 126.0 129.5 136.0 139.4 445.1 462.9 466.2 515.8 531.8 552.5 570.8 58.3 59.7 59.7 61.3 65.2 69.7 73.0 60.5 61.3 63.2 64.7 66.2 67.7 69.8 17.3 18.6 18.3 19.5 20.5 22.8 23.3 29.9 32.5 32.9 35.9 38.8 41.0 43.3 7.7 7.7 7.8 8.5 8.8 9.1 9.5 113.7 119.3 124.8 116.7 122.9 127.9 130.0 188.5 188.1 188.0 192.3 198.2 205.3 209.3 1034.7 1072.1 1083.3 1140.7 1181.8 1232.1 1268.5 64.9 66.9 69.1 71.1 65.9 72.4 68.0 88.8 84.9 91.2 95.2 90.2 82.9 83.5 88.0 83.5 82.3 85.9 87.6 87.6 87.1 81.7 77.9 72.5 81.1 73.7 70.5 71.4 569.8 573.8 535.9 569.3 565.0 564.5 573.8 640.6 640.7 595.6 633.1 613.1 630.1 638.7 63.5 63.7 61.4 57.4 59.4 61.0 57.2 40.0 40.0 35.9 37.4 36.0 34.6 30.3 313.9 319.1 292.6 302.1 302.6 299.3 289.8 105.2 108.2 113.5 118.1 113.0 102.5 100.9 137.2 142.1 131.8 123.6 127.6 147.7 134.0 159.3 155.3 151.7 157.7 163.5 162.1 164.6 47.3 46.0 50.2 54.1 52.5 46.6 51.7 61.7 65.0 58.0 61.0 62.2 59.0 58.9 305.1 313.8 296.3 300.4 291.8 297.6 285.3 148.7 149.7 136.7 148.3 151.2 166.3 153.2 69.4 70.5 70.0 69.7 66.2 71.6 71.9 191.6 198.4 194.8 211.2 229.4 239.5 240.2 396.8 388.9 376.8 382.1 368.0 363.9 358.3 296.8 309.3 306.4 320.0 307.2 295.4 309.2 3870.1 3897.8 3722.8 3878.6 3826.0 3855.1 3827.8 21.8 21.6 18.9 18.7 20.3 23.0 23.4 31.8 35.1 30.4 34.9 32.2 30.8 31.5 76.6 80.3 78.7 82.6 86.6 90.6 92.6 1018.7 1040.0 993.1 1038.0 1054.9 1069.3 1059.1 14.9 15.0 16.0 16.7 17.2 17.8 18.9 196.3 192.6 173.6 188.8 194.9 198.9 194.4 49.0 49.4 50.0 51.7 52.4 52.5 54.2 44.1 39.7 39.1 41.1 44.6 46.0 43.3 1453.2 1473.8 1399.8 1472.6 1503.1 1528.9 1517.3 203.1 210.5 221.8 235.7 235.6 248.8 258.9 32.3 35.3 41.3 41.7 42.2 47.8 62.1 55.1 55.8 55.3 58.5 59.3 63.0 61.4 48.8 51.7 53.2 57.1 57.5 62.7 61.0 14.4 16.0 18.4 19.8 21.9 25.0 26.2 19.5 21.6 24.2 28.1 30.7 34.8 34.7 204.4 216.4 229.2 251.4 262.2 284.7 299.3 78.8 80.5 85.7 93.9 99.1 106.2 110.0 80.9 87.1 90.7 98.7 100.8 97.0 88.3 737.3 775.0 819.8 885.0 909.3 969.9 1001.8 37.3 40.2 43.1 45.7 53.1 57.4 59.9 119.9 128.8 134.3 144.4 149.6 162.8 165.1 20.3 21.0 21.7 23.7 25.4 27.7 28.1 263.5 258.3 249.6 259.6 262.5 257.9 256.1 169.5 174.1 179.9 196.9 197.4 213.6 232.1 610.5 622.4 628.5 670.4 688.0 719.4 741.3 243.2 245.4 249.9 251.0 256.3 250.7 249.6 31.0 34.2 37.2 40.8 44.2 48.7 54.4 3281.6 3495.8 3714.7 4207.2 4713.0 4987.6 5431.6 38.9 38.0 38.7 38.4 39.1 38.8 39.2 796.3 828.4 879.7 937.5 1034.0 1091.8 1146.1 142.4 149.4 156.8 169.8 183.4 200.3 216.2 1180.1 1183.7 1114.0 1156.0 1104.2 1106.9 1087.8 103.6 106.9 111.3 120.1 120.9 127.3 138.3 43.8 43.8 43.4 44.9 44.4 44.3 43.3 98.1 96.2 97.1 100.0 99.9 99.0 102.2 59.6 60.8 61.9 67.7 69.2 72.9 75.3 41.1 41.7 41.8 45.4 46.0 46.9 48.0 425.4 442.6 452.4 495.0 517.6 531.2 537.2 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.8 11.6 11.9 12.0 243.1 238.3 230.0 247.1 252.2 250.4 252.4 142.5 145.4 145.9 157.6 153.3 169.0 168.6 64.1 71.0 80.6 91.7 101.5 115.1 124.5 63.7 66.7 65.4 72.8 76.9 78.3 84.5 7008.6 7298.3 7530.9 8253.7 8867.7 9271.1 9811.0 20046.5 20437.2 20273.3 21577.7 22269.8 22820.0 23457.6 10993.6 11000.9 10563.7 10994.0 10944.1 10951.9 10947.8 9052.9 9436.3 9709.6 10583.7 11325.6 11868.1 12509.9 3384.3 3388.7 3224.4 3364.7 3299.2 3295.4 3269.6 4363.3 660.4 303.3 5327.1 138.6 590.5 71.6 72.7 24.3 45.5 9.9 128.3 206.6 1288.2 65.1 72.7 86.0 68.2 564.2 626.7 50.5 29.4 279.8 103.4 142.0 159.1 52.8 63.3 278.8 153.7 73.3 252.0 338.1 296.3 3755.1 24.7 34.7 94.6 1064.2 20.1 182.8 55.6 44.1 1520.9 275.6 71.2 61.3 65.1 29.1 38.7 333.7 116.5 84.7 1076.1 64.2 171.2 29.3 254.8 245.7 765.2 247.6 57.5 5649.6 39.9 1262.2 228.6 1062.7 143.6 43.6 107.3 77.3 49.3 540.4 12.9 260.0 173.8 141.3 89.0 10186.4 23918.8 10891.7 13027.1 3187.3 4348.7 663.7 310.3 5322.7 145.4 581.2 74.5 75.0 26.0 48.3 10.3 123.8 213.2 1297.7 64.9 69.8 83.9 68.8 570.3 646.9 51.9 30.3 283.0 110.1 144.5 164.9 52.4 66.3 281.0 162.1 69.4 261.8 338.9 297.3 3818.7 24.7 34.2 91.6 1067.5 21.5 163.7 57.6 43.3 1504.2 280.2 75.3 64.2 68.3 32.8 41.5 359.6 127.4 80.5 1129.9 68.8 181.8 30.3 250.1 252.4 783.6 254.3 61.8 5814.6 38.0 1319.0 234.0 1030.1 147.2 44.3 110.5 82.4 50.3 547.8 13.2 258.2 177.8 157.9 91.4 10432.8 24289.5 10930.3 13359.2 3235.4 4347.9 664.6 320.3 5332.9 147.2 578.9 77.7 74.4 27.3 51.7 10.0 111.8 224.4 1303.5 67.9 85.5 83.3 68.8 556.2 649.1 51.4 31.9 289.8 115.2 149.0 166.6 60.3 65.1 274.6 156.1 67.4 274.4 339.4 305.7 3857.8 25.0 33.6 94.6 1091.0 22.6 164.6 58.3 43.0 1532.6 286.1 86.3 67.2 70.1 34.2 42.3 370.4 129.6 78.8 1165.1 71.0 188.2 30.7 252.7 255.4 798.0 259.4 70.3 6133.2 38.3 1421.5 248.6 1002.3 159.3 43.9 118.6 90.8 51.6 561.0 14.4 264.1 179.7 174.6 108.9 10940.3 24930.2 10975.2 13954.9 3254.6 4281.8 693.4 315.0 5290.2 147.0 590.9 78.6 75.3 28.0 52.5 10.3 117.6 215.5 1315.8 70.1 86.4 87.0 67.9 554.1 654.2 55.1 32.9 295.4 116.6 148.7 170.3 60.0 63.6 275.4 163.9 63.2 295.5 335.9 305.0 3901.3 24.3 34.3 103.0 1091.2 22.8 157.1 60.1 46.6 1539.5 304.4 93.3 68.3 72.6 35.9 43.8 375.6 135.8 81.3 1210.9 75.2 193.2 31.6 255.1 275.6 830.7 259.4 74.7 6495.1 37.0 1497.0 260.4 1020.0 162.3 44.3 123.9 94.4 52.4 571.7 14.9 270.3 176.6 190.1 118.3 11462.9 25551.3 11013.2 14538.1 3286.6 -1.3% 4.6% -1.4% -0.5% 0.2% 2.4% 1.4% 1.4% 2.9% 1.9% 2.6% 5.6% -3.7% 1.2% 3.6% 1.3% 4.8% -1.0% -0.1% 1.1% 7.4% 3.6% 2.2% 1.5% 0.1% 2.5% -0.1% -2.0% 0.6% 5.3% -6.1% 8.0% -0.8% 2007 US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Iran Iraq Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Morocco South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 2008 2009 *Based on gross output. ◆Less than 0.05%. Note: Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. 46 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 2010 2011 2012 ◆ 1.4% -2.3% 2.6% 9.1% 0.3% 1.2% -4.3% 3.3% 8.7% 0.7% 6.7% 8.3% 1.9% 3.8% 5.4% 3.9% 1.7% 5.1% 3.4% 4.2% 6.2% 2.9% 3.3% 1.2% 8.2% 4.4% 0.3% 6.6% 6.2% -3.0% 5.6% 5.0% 2.0% 2.2% 1.1% 4.8% 4.2% 1.9% 2.2% 4.0% 2.6% -1.5% 9.2% 8.9% 5.1% 2.8% 0.6% 4.5% 1.3% 2006-16 ◆ 0.8% 2.3% 0.3% 2.6% 3.3% 3.6% 2.3% 6.1% 6.6% 3.4% 0.1% 2.1% 2.8% 0.5% ◆ -0.1% -1.8% -0.3% 0.1% -1.7% -1.2% -0.8% 1.5% 2.1% 0.3% 2.1% 0.4% -0.9% 0.9% 0.3% 4.5% -1.6% ◆ 0.1% 0.2% 0.5% 2.8% 1.0% 5.2% -1.6% 1.4% -0.1% 0.8% 4.0% 10.9% 2.6% 3.9% 9.7% 10.7% 6.6% 6.9% 0.4% 5.4% 7.3% 5.4% 4.2% ◆ 4.4% 3.1% 0.9% 9.1% 7.9% -0.1% 6.7% 6.4% -1.5% 4.8% 0.1% 2.1% 4.8% 2.7% 3.4% 4.2% 1.2% 2.8% 11.7% 6.1% 5.4% 2.7% 0.2% 5.2% -0.4% Share 2017 16.8% 2.7% 1.2% 20.7% 0.6% 2.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% ◆ 0.5% 0.8% 5.1% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 2.2% 2.6% 0.2% 0.1% 1.2% 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.2% 0.2% 1.1% 0.6% 0.2% 1.2% 1.3% 1.2% 15.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.4% 4.3% 0.1% 0.6% 0.2% 0.2% 6.0% 1.2% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 1.5% 0.5% 0.3% 4.7% 0.3% 0.8% 0.1% 1.0% 1.1% 3.3% 1.0% 0.3% 25.4% 0.1% 5.9% 1.0% 4.0% 0.6% 0.2% 0.5% 0.4% 0.2% 2.2% 0.1% 1.1% 0.7% 0.7% 0.5% 44.9% 100.0% 43.1% 56.9% 12.9% Regional electricity generation by fuel 2017 Percentage Oil Natural gas Coal Nuclear Hydroelectricity Renewables Other (includes sources not specified elsewhere e.g. pumped hydro, non-renewable waste and statistical differences) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 North America S. & Cent. America Europe CIS Middle East Africa Asia Pacific 0 Natural gas is the dominant fuel used for power generation in North America, CIS, the Middle East and Africa. South and Central America gets more than half of its power from hydroelectricity, with a share far higher than any other region. In Europe, nuclear energy is the top source of electricity, but only just, as the shares of nuclear, coal, natural gas and renewables are all in a narrow range of 18-22%. Share of global electricity generation by fuel Percentage Hydroelectricity Nuclear energy Renewables Oil Coal Natural gas 50 Other 40 30 20 10 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 09 11 13 15 0 17 Coal remains the world’s dominant source of power, with a share of 38.1% in 2017, almost as much as natural gas (23.2%) and hydroelectricity (15.9%) combined, which sit in second and third positions. Renewables’ share of power generation was 8.4% in 2017, having risen 6.1% percentage points since 2007. Over the same period, nuclear’s share declined by 3.4 percentage points while coal lost 3.1 percentage points. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 47 Electricity generation by fuel* 2016 Terawatt-hours US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Other S. & C. America Total S. & C. America Germany Italy Netherlands Poland Spain Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Kazakhstan Russian Federation Ukraine Other CIS Total CIS Iran Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Egypt South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia China India Indonesia Japan Malaysia South Korea Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD EU Oil Natural Gas 26.0 4.3 33.5 63.8 20.7 14.9 106.1 141.7 5.8 12.1 1.3 2.3 16.8 1.9 1.8 21.5 63.6 2.1 25.2 1.6 3.3 32.1 39.7 156.6 1.6 130.6 328.5 34.8 † 51.0 85.9 6.0 10.4 10.0 23.3 82.0 1.5 17.7 10.9 0.5 0.7 79.8 242.8 958.4 226.6 731.8 59.3 1482.1 68.4 192.0 1742.5 74.4 56.5 108.3 239.2 81.3 126.1 52.6 7.8 52.8 89.2 143.4 150.4 703.7 20.0 529.4 9.8 127.5 686.7 223.5 213.7 127.7 215.8 780.7 137.5 1.7 160.8 300.0 48.9 188.3 74.0 59.3 397.2 63.7 123.1 85.6 126.1 45.0 185.8 1397.0 5849.7 3056.4 2793.3 607.2 2017 Coal Nuclear energy Hydro electric Renewables Other‡ Total 1346.2 65.8 34.4 1446.4 1.9 26.1 51.9 80.0 261.7 38.4 36.7 132.9 37.4 92.3 30.7 230.8 861.0 60.6 149.3 61.2 3.8 274.8 0.5 – – 24.4 24.9 – 223.2 26.5 249.7 162.3 4163.6 1090.4 135.4 330.9 70.9 235.6 120.0 37.1 64.5 103.5 6514.2 9451.0 3007.2 6443.8 719.4 848.1 96.4 10.6 955.0 8.4 15.9 – 24.3 84.6 – 4.0 – 58.6 – 71.7 643.8 862.7 – 196.6 81.0 2.4 279.9 6.6 – – – 6.6 – 15.9 – 15.9 – 213.3 37.9 – 17.7 – 162.0 31.7 – – 5.8 468.3 2612.8 1970.4 642.4 839.9 263.8 387.1 30.7 681.6 38.3 380.9 272.1 691.3 20.5 42.4 0.1 2.1 36.4 67.2 5.4 471.5 645.7 11.6 184.8 7.7 44.8 248.9 15.4 – – 4.7 20.2 13.3 0.7 105.9 119.9 17.8 1153.3 128.4 19.4 80.0 21.8 2.8 6.6 3.5 63.9 131.0 1628.5 4036.1 1406.8 2629.2 350.0 367.4 42.3 18.0 427.7 3.0 84.6 38.9 126.4 169.1 65.6 14.6 20.7 68.2 23.8 77.8 197.6 637.4 0.4 1.1 1.6 0.4 3.4 0.5 0.1 0.3 3.4 4.3 2.6 7.9 12.3 22.9 24.1 360.9 80.7 11.3 83.1 1.4 13.9 4.4 12.5 0.3 29.8 622.4 1844.6 1193.7 651.0 602.5 14.4 0.4 1.1 15.8 0.4 – 0.1 0.6 26.0 5.0 5.9 0.8 4.4 – 8.5 33.0 83.7 – 4.7 1.7 0.3 6.6 – – – † † – 3.3 0.5 3.8 0.2 43.5 0.1 † 11.5 – 5.8 4.9 – – 0.9 66.9 177.5 114.2 63.3 76.2 4347.9 664.6 320.3 5332.9 147.2 578.9 577.4 1303.5 649.1 289.8 115.2 166.6 274.6 274.4 339.4 1748.6 3857.8 94.6 1091.0 164.6 182.4 1532.6 286.1 370.4 129.6 379.0 1165.1 188.2 252.7 357.1 798.0 259.4 6133.2 1421.5 248.6 1002.3 159.3 561.0 264.1 179.7 174.6 536.7 10940.3 24930.2 10975.2 13954.9 3254.6 *Based on gross output. †Less than 0.05. ‡Includes sources not specified elsewhere e.g. pumped hydro, non-renewable waste and statistical discrepancies. 48 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 Oil Natural Gas 22.7 4.3 40.8 67.7 11.1 17.2 90.8 119.2 5.7 9.0 1.1 1.9 17.7 2.0 2.2 22.1 61.6 2.0 15.8 1.3 3.8 22.9 34.3 154.3 1.6 126.1 316.3 27.2 † 54.2 81.5 6.3 14.9 10.3 23.5 54.8 1.6 12.4 12.1 0.3 0.8 76.9 213.9 883.0 196.1 686.9 57.2 1368.7 73.4 181.1 1623.2 82.8 65.4 94.7 242.8 86.0 144.6 56.4 9.8 63.1 108.2 133.3 173.2 774.6 25.1 529.9 7.3 129.8 692.0 245.5 221.1 133.7 238.5 838.8 149.9 1.9 173.3 325.1 54.9 196.2 75.5 53.2 401.5 61.9 120.8 93.8 121.0 44.4 195.6 1418.7 5915.3 3016.2 2899.1 658.5 Coal Nuclear energy Hydro electric Renewables Other‡ Total 1314.0 76.1 31.0 1421.1 1.7 25.2 42.4 69.4 242.2 32.8 31.4 134.1 45.1 97.6 22.6 235.6 841.3 64.3 153.3 50.6 3.8 272.1 0.5 – – 22.3 22.7 – 223.8 27.1 250.9 159.1 4360.9 1141.4 152.3 342.5 72.5 264.4 126.4 35.7 74.3 116.6 6846.0 9723.4 2992.0 6731.5 693.8 847.3 96.7 10.9 954.9 6.3 15.8 – 22.0 75.9 – 5.3 – 58.1 – 70.3 641.0 850.7 – 203.1 85.6 2.6 291.3 7.1 – – – 7.1 – 15.8 – 15.8 – 248.3 37.4 – 29.1 – 148.4 22.4 – – 8.1 493.7 2635.6 1956.1 679.5 830.5 296.5 396.9 31.7 725.1 41.6 369.5 306.4 717.4 19.7 36.3 0.1 2.6 18.5 58.4 5.9 434.7 576.2 11.2 183.3 8.7 47.5 250.6 16.4 – – 3.6 20.0 13.4 0.9 114.2 128.5 13.7 1155.8 135.6 18.4 79.2 24.8 3.0 5.4 4.7 70.2 131.4 1642.2 4059.9 1391.1 2668.8 299.7 418.9 45.6 19.6 484.1 3.0 97.9 43.2 144.1 198.1 68.4 17.5 21.2 69.5 29.4 92.9 218.2 715.1 0.4 1.2 1.7 0.5 3.8 0.6 0.1 0.5 4.7 6.0 2.7 8.7 13.1 24.5 25.2 471.7 96.4 13.0 98.9 1.6 16.0 5.2 14.8 0.4 30.7 773.9 2151.5 1347.7 803.9 673.3 13.6 0.5 – 14.1 0.5 – 0.4 0.9 26.6 4.5 4.8 0.8 3.5 – 8.6 33.2 81.9 – 4.7 1.9 0.3 6.8 – – – † † – 4.1 0.4 4.5 0.2 47.4 0.3 † 14.1 – 6.7 4.9 – – 0.7 74.4 182.6 114.2 68.4 73.6 4281.8 693.4 315.0 5290.2 147.0 590.9 577.9 1315.8 654.2 295.4 116.6 170.3 275.4 295.5 335.9 1758.0 3901.3 103.0 1091.2 157.1 188.2 1539.5 304.4 375.6 135.8 395.2 1210.9 193.2 255.1 382.4 830.7 259.4 6495.1 1497.0 260.4 1020.0 162.3 571.7 270.3 176.6 190.1 559.9 11462.9 25551.3 11013.2 14538.1 3286.6 CO2 Carbon Carbon dioxide emissions Growth rate per annum Million tonnes of carbon dioxide US Canada Mexico Total North America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Other S. & Cent. America Total S. & Cent. America Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Other Europe Total Europe Azerbaijan Belarus Kazakhstan Russian Federation Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Other CIS Total CIS Iraq Iran Israel Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Other Middle East Total Middle East Algeria Egypt Morocco South Africa Other Africa Total Africa Australia Bangladesh China China Hong Kong SAR India Indonesia Japan Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Other Asia Pacific Total Asia Pacific Total World of which: OECD Non-OECD European Union 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 2006-16 5881.4 551.6 428.9 6861.9 156.7 351.4 76.5 59.6 26.8 30.7 26.0 164.0 214.1 1105.8 68.0 139.6 127.4 67.6 371.2 807.2 109.2 55.6 460.9 234.1 37.4 317.0 59.2 96.6 378.6 59.1 40.3 273.0 568.4 418.2 4688.8 29.9 57.1 175.5 1528.1 60.8 315.4 113.9 22.6 2303.3 79.0 490.5 70.4 73.1 35.4 53.8 392.5 185.7 149.2 1529.5 85.4 160.2 43.8 411.8 265.0 966.1 396.8 39.7 7214.8 85.7 1365.5 386.5 1266.0 190.5 36.0 142.0 71.8 151.4 545.4 13.8 276.3 236.9 79.2 125.1 12623.2 30078.7 13629.7 16449.0 4222.6 5704.0 545.9 431.6 6681.6 160.2 374.9 77.4 69.5 27.3 34.3 26.3 172.2 208.8 1150.9 68.5 141.6 120.0 60.2 371.1 806.5 104.1 54.5 448.1 231.2 36.3 319.2 57.5 93.9 352.4 57.4 43.0 276.9 560.2 414.0 4616.6 29.6 59.8 189.4 1554.3 61.5 317.3 115.9 24.4 2352.3 82.4 514.0 71.6 79.6 42.3 47.6 424.4 211.5 154.8 1628.3 90.8 170.5 48.6 447.5 277.9 1035.4 407.1 43.0 7351.8 79.2 1466.9 376.0 1273.1 197.8 37.2 146.4 74.0 163.4 556.8 12.6 258.9 238.1 104.3 130.3 12916.9 30381.8 13413.6 16968.3 4144.0 5295.8 502.1 433.0 6230.9 152.7 352.1 74.3 64.7 27.7 34.1 25.1 169.9 203.6 1104.2 62.6 129.0 111.3 57.7 356.2 751.0 100.5 48.2 405.1 222.8 36.8 305.0 56.9 79.9 314.6 53.9 43.6 276.1 513.0 386.5 4310.5 25.9 57.6 170.6 1448.5 57.3 271.8 97.7 23.9 2153.4 93.2 527.7 68.4 81.2 42.1 47.8 443.2 205.4 155.3 1664.4 95.8 177.2 45.2 446.7 279.8 1044.6 402.1 47.7 7680.7 86.5 1594.4 387.8 1110.7 190.4 34.2 146.0 74.6 176.7 559.0 13.2 248.1 237.1 102.4 114.7 13206.3 29714.2 12506.8 17207.4 3838.6 5508.3 525.7 442.4 6476.4 166.2 400.3 76.1 71.8 31.9 38.3 26.8 168.3 207.7 1187.3 67.8 137.1 115.7 65.7 361.5 779.9 93.6 49.0 410.9 232.5 37.5 323.1 51.5 77.4 299.0 57.0 41.3 278.6 529.0 398.8 4406.9 24.8 60.5 183.9 1489.8 65.2 286.9 97.5 23.1 2231.7 99.1 530.0 71.6 87.0 48.9 58.5 485.1 214.9 150.8 1745.8 94.2 188.8 49.1 449.3 297.1 1078.5 397.6 50.8 8104.9 88.4 1661.8 427.0 1182.4 216.5 34.3 145.7 80.1 185.3 609.8 13.1 261.3 249.3 121.9 117.2 13947.5 31074.2 12970.7 18103.5 3933.7 5374.7 532.1 465.4 6372.2 169.2 426.4 87.0 70.6 32.7 42.1 26.7 169.3 213.6 1237.6 65.2 123.2 111.2 56.8 335.9 761.0 93.0 48.6 401.0 224.6 36.7 322.9 51.3 83.2 308.3 53.5 39.4 301.5 494.2 399.5 4311.0 28.5 57.6 202.5 1555.8 67.8 303.0 100.2 24.1 2339.4 104.0 542.3 73.1 85.9 52.3 65.5 501.5 222.0 143.9 1790.5 100.6 189.5 52.9 440.7 288.2 1072.0 403.5 55.0 8792.3 92.1 1737.2 478.7 1192.1 213.8 33.7 144.1 80.8 192.7 645.6 14.8 271.4 254.2 135.0 110.8 14847.8 31970.5 12815.3 19155.1 3808.6 5168.6 513.6 473.7 6156.0 175.6 449.7 89.4 79.9 34.0 43.2 26.1 180.1 210.9 1288.8 62.6 118.8 106.7 50.3 337.7 770.7 88.1 44.6 381.5 216.3 36.5 307.5 50.6 80.3 306.5 50.8 40.7 316.9 510.9 374.9 4252.7 29.6 58.8 209.7 1571.0 74.4 296.7 98.4 28.5 2367.1 111.1 545.6 78.9 96.0 57.6 77.0 525.5 233.1 134.2 1859.0 108.9 200.4 53.9 435.2 309.3 1107.8 396.2 60.3 8966.3 88.8 1850.5 510.8 1284.5 226.6 35.2 145.5 83.4 192.0 644.1 16.1 266.1 271.7 132.7 115.7 15286.6 32317.8 12652.8 19665.0 3742.0 5309.1 529.1 474.0 6312.2 182.5 489.0 91.1 83.3 36.2 44.7 27.4 177.1 207.9 1339.2 62.8 119.5 104.9 50.8 337.7 795.1 79.8 42.0 350.9 210.9 36.5 310.1 49.0 68.7 275.3 49.0 42.8 305.5 497.4 370.4 4159.1 30.2 59.3 211.0 1524.4 67.6 281.2 97.4 26.8 2297.9 119.5 575.4 72.1 100.5 65.6 82.6 534.3 247.9 130.5 1928.4 115.4 198.1 54.0 437.0 328.4 1132.9 392.3 61.5 9204.2 91.6 1930.9 524.2 1274.6 232.8 34.8 145.5 92.2 192.8 646.5 13.9 266.2 275.1 140.8 112.4 15632.3 32802.0 12717.9 20084.1 3657.5 5360.1 538.0 461.7 6359.8 183.8 511.9 88.4 88.0 38.1 45.8 26.8 168.0 211.2 1362.1 58.8 111.9 99.2 45.8 304.2 749.4 76.2 40.8 325.9 199.7 35.9 293.2 48.9 69.4 272.9 48.0 38.1 337.9 455.7 353.9 3965.9 31.0 56.5 212.5 1533.3 74.1 241.5 101.2 27.3 2277.5 115.6 602.0 68.0 89.7 65.2 91.6 570.4 244.8 132.3 1979.5 123.6 201.6 55.9 440.5 348.6 1170.2 399.4 65.3 9206.5 89.8 2084.6 476.5 1231.8 241.0 35.0 152.3 97.6 192.6 644.4 16.9 271.8 282.2 157.5 126.4 15771.7 32886.8 12533.6 20353.2 3445.5 5214.4 529.9 457.4 6201.7 187.0 497.2 88.9 90.9 37.3 48.3 26.3 162.4 220.5 1358.9 61.2 118.7 102.9 44.3 309.2 753.5 73.7 43.8 339.1 207.4 36.0 293.0 53.5 70.2 288.9 46.7 38.9 346.8 435.7 364.1 4027.5 33.8 52.2 205.8 1495.5 82.4 188.9 107.3 29.2 2195.1 116.2 595.5 71.0 97.8 69.0 103.8 587.1 265.2 125.1 2030.6 128.6 204.5 56.7 420.4 357.4 1167.7 407.1 77.7 9163.2 90.6 2146.3 485.2 1196.9 245.7 35.3 160.6 106.6 204.4 655.5 19.2 267.7 290.1 183.5 134.9 15870.4 32851.9 12411.1 20440.8 3488.0 5129.5 543.0 488.7 6161.3 187.3 462.1 94.2 91.5 35.1 52.1 24.0 154.0 227.0 1327.3 61.5 119.6 104.5 46.9 314.8 765.4 71.0 45.0 339.7 210.9 35.2 304.3 54.8 69.3 283.2 48.5 37.4 365.6 410.4 372.9 4060.6 33.3 52.8 207.7 1510.5 83.6 200.2 94.5 29.7 2212.3 131.7 598.6 69.9 99.1 70.4 104.7 590.8 272.4 120.2 2057.9 128.2 212.1 57.0 425.1 362.9 1185.2 407.1 79.6 9113.6 92.8 2251.0 486.0 1180.5 252.1 35.2 176.7 111.7 218.6 665.2 20.2 274.6 294.0 194.9 159.2 16013.0 33017.6 12398.4 20619.3 3499.3 5087.7 560.0 473.4 6121.1 183.7 466.8 92.3 84.7 34.0 50.9 23.8 147.0 226.6 1309.8 64.2 122.1 103.9 45.0 320.3 763.8 74.9 47.7 344.0 209.1 35.3 308.6 59.8 74.1 301.9 48.0 38.4 410.9 398.2 382.0 4152.2 32.2 53.8 218.5 1525.3 79.1 179.4 95.3 29.8 2213.3 140.8 633.7 71.4 99.4 70.5 114.8 594.7 267.3 119.7 2112.3 128.1 217.3 58.5 415.6 385.3 1204.9 406.0 82.8 9232.6 99.0 2344.2 511.5 1176.6 255.8 37.0 189.2 119.9 226.7 679.7 21.4 284.5 298.8 196.0 168.7 16330.4 33444.0 12448.4 20995.5 3541.7 -0.5% 3.4% -2.9% -0.4% -1.7% 1.3% -1.7% -7.1% -2.9% -2.1% -0.7% -4.3% 0.1% -1.0% 4.8% 2.4% -0.3% -3.8% 2.0% 0.1% 5.8% 6.4% 1.5% -0.6% 0.5% 1.7% 9.3% 7.3% 6.9% -0.8% 2.9% 12.7% -2.7% 2.7% 2.5% -3.1% 2.1% 5.4% 1.3% -5.1% -10.1% 1.1% 0.7% 0.3% 7.2% 6.1% 2.3% 0.6% 0.5% 9.9% 0.9% -1.6% -0.2% 2.9% 0.2% 2.7% 3.0% -2.0% 6.5% 1.9% -1.2% 0.3% 1.4% -0.9% 2.7% 3.2% 3.7% 4.2% 2.9% 6.7% 0.3% -0.7% 0.8% 2.3% -1.5% -1.6% -1.9% -3.9% -1.9% -0.9% -3.9% -2.4% -3.2% -1.1% -0.6% -0.5% -1.1% -3.4% -2.5% -2.3% -1.7% 3.9% -3.4% -1.1% -1.5% ◆ 4.2% 1.6% 7.0% 4.4% 5.5% -0.1% 1.7% 5.4% 7.4% 7.7% 4.0% 2.5% 6.1% 3.9% 1.9% 0.9% 6.2% 2.3% 1.6% 0.7% 2.1% 1.5% ◆ -1.0% 2.6% -0.2% 4.5% -4.6% -1.1% 4.0% -0.3% 5.7% 2.7% 0.4% 2.8% 7.0% 9.4% 4.7% 4.9% -1.7% 3.6% 4.7% 3.4% 2.5% 0.6% 3.8% 2.5% 0.4% 7.7% 3.2% 1.5% 6.0% 3.1% -0.6% 2.9% -0.5% 3.1% 5.2% 4.5% 2.5% 4.5% ◆ 2.7% 10.4% 1.9% 3.1% 1.3% -0.8% 2.9% -2.0% Share 2017 15.2% 1.7% 1.4% 18.3% 0.5% 1.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.1% 0.4% 0.7% 3.9% 0.2% 0.4% 0.3% 0.1% 1.0% 2.3% 0.2% 0.1% 1.0% 0.6% 0.1% 0.9% 0.2% 0.2% 0.9% 0.1% 0.1% 1.2% 1.2% 1.1% 12.4% 0.1% 0.2% 0.7% 4.6% 0.2% 0.5% 0.3% 0.1% 6.6% 0.4% 1.9% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 1.8% 0.8% 0.4% 6.3% 0.4% 0.6% 0.2% 1.2% 1.2% 3.6% 1.2% 0.2% 27.6% 0.3% 7.0% 1.5% 3.5% 0.8% 0.1% 0.6% 0.4% 0.7% 2.0% 0.1% 0.9% 0.9% 0.6% 0.5% 48.8% 100.0% 37.2% 62.8% 10.6% ◆Less than 0.05%. Notes: The carbon emissions above reflect only those through consumption of oil, gas and coal for combustion related activities, and are based on ‘Default CO2 Emissions Factors for Combustion’ listed by the IPCC in its Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006). This does not allow for any carbon that is sequestered, for other sources of carbon emissions, or for emissions of other greenhouse gases. Our data is therefore not comparable to official national emissions data. Growth rates are adjusted for leap years. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 49 Key materials for the changing energy system Cobalt production Mine production Growth rate per annum Thousand tonnes 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 2006-16 Australia Canada DR Congo Cuba Madagascar Morocco New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Philippines Russian Federation South Africa Zambia Rest of World World 4.7 8.7 25.4 4.5 – 1.8 2.3 – 1.0 6.3 0.6 4.7 7.3 67.3 4.8 9.0 42.5 4.0 – 1.7 2.1 – 1.2 6.2 0.6 4.6 7.0 83.6 4.7 3.9 56.1 4.6 – 2.6 2.0 – 1.4 6.1 0.6 5.9 6.2 94.1 3.9 4.6 84.0 4.8 0.2 3.1 2.9 – 2.1 6.2 1.8 8.6 7.3 129.6 3.9 6.8 99.5 5.1 0.5 2.2 3.1 – 2.0 6.1 1.6 7.7 8.2 146.7 5.9 6.7 86.4 4.9 0.6 2.0 2.7 0.5 2.7 6.3 2.5 5.4 7.7 134.3 6.4 7.2 76.6 4.2 2.2 2.0 3.2 1.0 2.8 6.3 3.0 5.9 8.2 129.0 6.2 6.9 76.5 3.7 3.1 2.2 4.0 2.1 4.6 6.3 3.0 4.6 8.3 131.5 5.7 7.5 84.4 4.3 3.7 2.6 3.7 2.5 4.3 6.2 3.0 3.0 7.7 138.6 5.1 7.0 69.0 4.3 3.5 2.7 3.4 2.2 4.0 5.5 2.3 5.0 5.5 119.5 4.7 6.4 90.3 4.1 3.1 2.5 2.8 3.2 4.2 5.6 2.5 2.7 5.4 137.5 -8.8% -8.1% 31.2% -2.3% -10.1% -7.3% -17.2% 46.5% 4.8% 2.1% 9.0% -46.5% -2.1% 15.4% ◆ ◆Less than 0.05%. -0.2% 9.8% -2.7% – 0.5% 7.6% – 16.2% -1.3% 14.4% 0.7% -0.4% 6% Share 2017 3.4% 4.6% 65.7% 3.0% 2.3% 1.8% 2.0% 2.3% 3.1% 4.1% 1.8% 1.9% 3.9% 100% Sources: includes data from US Geological Survey, British Geological Survey © UKRI and World Mining Data. Lithium production Mine production Growth rate per annum Thousand tonnes of Lithium content 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Argentina Australia Brazil Chile China Portugal US Zimbabwe Rest of World World 3.0 6.8 0.2 11.5 3.0 0.6 1.5 0.3 0.7 27.6 3.2 6.7 0.2 11.0 3.3 0.7 1.5 0.5 0.7 27.7 2.2 5.5 0.2 6.0 3.8 – 1.5 0.4 0.3 19.8 3.0 8.5 0.2 10.4 4.0 0.8 1.0 0.5 – 28.2 3.0 11.7 0.3 13.6 4.1 0.8 1.0 0.5 – 35.0 2.7 12.6 0.2 13.9 4.5 0.6 1.0 1.1 – 36.5 2.5 10.1 0.4 11.7 4.7 0.6 0.9 1.0 – 31.9 3.2 12.4 0.2 12.0 2.3 0.3 0.9 0.9 – 32.2 3.6 11.9 0.2 10.9 2.0 0.2 0.9 0.9 – 30.7 5.8 14.9 0.2 15.2 2.3 0.4 0.9 1.0 – 40.7 5.5 18.7 0.2 15.0 3.0 0.4 0.9 1.0 – 44.7 *Zero (not leap year adjusted). 2006-16 Share 2017 -4.9% 7.2% 26.2% 9.1% –* -1.9% -1.0% 4.3% 30.8% -2.0% –* 2.3% –* -5.0% –* 5.2% – -100.0% 10.2% 5% 12.3% 41.8% 0.4% 33.6% 6.7% 0.9% 2.0% 2.2% – 100% 2017 Sources: includes data from US Geological Survey, British Geological Survey © UKRI and World Mining Data. Natural graphite production Mine production Growth rate per annum Thousand tonnes Brazil1 Canada China India2 Madagascar Mexico Mozambique Russian Federation Sri Lanka Ukraine Zimbabwe Rest of World Total World 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 2006-16 Share 2017 77.2 28.0 800.0 170.8 5.4 9.9 – 14.0 9.6 10.6 5.4 36.9 1167.8 80.5 27.0 650.0 117.8 4.9 7.2 – 14.0 6.6 11.3 5.1 40.7 965.2 59.4 15.0 450.0 124.6 3.4 5.1 – 14.0 3.2 4.3 2.5 58.5 740.0 92.4 20.0 700.0 115.7 3.8 6.6 – 14.0 3.4 2.8 4.0 24.7 987.4 105.2 25.0 800.0 153.3 3.6 7.3 – 14.0 3.4 0.6 7.0 25.3 1144.7 88.1 24.0 820.0 134.7 2.9 7.5 – 14.0 4.2 4.6 6.0 49.8 1155.8 91.9 20.0 750.0 146.4 4.3 7.0 – 14.0 3.1 6.9 4.0 51.6 1099.3 87.0 30.0 780.0 116.7 5.3 9.2 – 14.0 3.1 13.8 7.0 37.1 1103.2 75.1 30.0 780.0 135.5 8.1 6.5 – 15.9 2.8 14.5 7.0 22.8 1098.2 72.0 30.0 780.0 151.8 9.2 3.8 – 19.4 3.1 14.6 6.0 21.6 1111.6 72.0 30.0 780.0 46.4 8.2 3.8 23.0 25.0 3.1 14.6 6.0 21.6 1033.8 –3 –3 –3 -69.4% -10.6% –3 – 29.2% –3 –3 –3 –3 -6.7% -0.6% 0.7% 0.8% -0.7% 6.6% -10.6% – 3.3% -6.0% 3.2% -0.9% -7.1% 0% 7.0% 2.9% 75.5% 4.5% 0.8% 0.4% 2.2% 2.4% 0.3% 1.4% 0.6% 2.1% 100% Including . beneficiated and directly shipped material. Run of the mine. Zero (not leap year adjusted). Sources: includes data from US Geological Survey, British Geological Survey © UKRI and World Mining Data. 1 2 3 Rare earth metals production Mine production Growth rate per annum Thousand tonnes1 Australia Brazil China India Malaysia Russian Federation Thailand US Rest of World World 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017 2006-16 Share 2017 – 0.6 120.0 † 0.4 2.7 – – – 123.8 – 0.5 125.0 † 0.1 2.5 – – – 128.1 – 0.2 129.0 † † 1.9 4.0 – – 135.1 – 0.1 89.2 – 0.4 1.5 5.6 – 0.2 97.0 2.2 0.1 93.8 – 0.4 1.4 3.1 – 0.2 101.3 3.2 1.6 93.8 – 0.1 2.1 0.1 3.0 0.2 104.2 1.3 0.3 93.8 0.3 0.2 1.4 0.1 5.5 0.1 103.0 6.2 – 105.0 1.7 0.2 2.1 1.9 5.4 – 122.6 11.9 0.9 105.0 1.0 0.3 2.3 0.8 5.9 0.3 128.3 13.9 2.2 105.0 1.0 0.3 3.1 1.6 – 0.2 127.2 17.3 2.0 105.0 1.0 0.3 3.3 1.6 – 0.1 130.5 24.8% -8.8% –2 –2 –2 7.4% –2 – -54.4% 2.9% – 15.4% –2.3% 35.7% –3.5% 0.4% – – – –1% 13.2% 1.5% 80.5% 0.7% 0.2% 2.5% 1.2% – 0.1% 100% †Less than 0.05. . Thousand tonnes of rare earth oxide equivalent. Zero (not leap year adjusted). 1 2 50 BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 Sources: includes data from US Geological Survey, British Geological Survey © UKRI and World Mining Data. Reserves of key materials Cobalt reserves Natural graphite reserves Thousand tonnes At end of 2017 Share R/P ratio 1200 250 3500 500 150 17 64 51 280 250 29 270 539 7100 16.9% 3.5% 49.3% 7.0% 2.1% 0.2% 0.9% 0.7% 3.9% 3.5% 0.4% 3.8% 7.6% 100.0% 257 39 39 121 48 7 23 16 66 45 12 102 101 52 Australia Canada Democratic Republic of Congo Cuba Madagascar Morocco New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Philippines Russian Federation South Africa Zambia Rest of World World Lithium reserves Thousand tonnes At end of 2017 Share R/P ratio Brazil Canada China India Madagascar Mexico Mozambique Russian Federation Sri Lanka Ukraine Zimbabwe Rest of World World 70000 * 55000 8000 1600 3100 17000 14800 * * * * 270000 25.9% n/a 20.4% 3.0% 0.6% 1.1% 6.3% 5.5% n/a n/a n/a n/a 100.0% 972 n/a 71 173 194 808 739 592 n/a n/a n/a n/a 261 Share R/P ratio 2.8% 18.3% 36.7% 5.8% 197 11000 419 7218 100 5485 n/a – n/a 920 Rare earth metals reserves Thousand tonnes Argentina Australia Brazil Chile China Portugal US Zimbabwe Rest of World World At end of 2017 Share R/P ratio 2000 2700 48 7500 3200 60 35 23 434 16000 12.5% 16.9% 0.3% 46.9% 20.0% 0.4% 0.2% 0.1% 2.7% 100.0% 364 144 240 500 1067 150 39 23 – 358 *Reserves included in world total. ◆Less than 0.05%. n/a not available. Thousand tonnes At end of 2017 Australia Brazil China India Malaysia Russian Federation Thailand US Rest of World World 3400 22000 44000 6900 30 18000 * 1400 * 120000 Cobalt prices ◆ 15.0% n/a 1.2% n/a 100.0% Source (for all tables): includes data from US Geological Survey. Lithium carbonate prices Thousands of US dollars per tonne* Thousands of US dollars per tonne† 90 14 80 12 70 10 60 50 8 40 6 30 4 20 2 10 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 0 *2000-2012 spot grade for cathodes, source US Geological Survey. 2013-2017 minimum purity 99.8%, source London Metal Exchange. †2000-2008 unit value, data series 140, source US Geological Survey. 2009-2017 FOB South America, source Benchmark Mineral Intelligence. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 51 Appendices Approximate conversion factors Crude oil* Units From To Tonnes (metric) Kilolitres Barrels US gallons Barrels per day tonnes (metric) US gallons tonnes per year kilolitres barrels Multiply by 1 0.8581 0.1364 0.00325 – 1.165 1 0.159 0.0038 – 7.33 6.2898 1 0.0238 – 307.86 264.17 42 1 – – – – – 49.8 tonnes kilolitres to barrels to tonnes Multiply by tonnes to kilolitres *Based on worldwide average gravity. Products To convert barrels to tonnes Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Gasoline Kerosene Gas oil/diesel Residual fuel oil Product basket 0.086 0.120 0.127 0.134 0.157 0.125 11.60 8.35 7.88 7.46 6.35 7.98 0.542 0.753 0.798 0.843 0.991 0.788 1.844 1.328 1.253 1.186 1.010 1.269 Natural gas (NG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) From To billion cubic metres NG 1 billion cubic metres NG 1 billion cubic feet NG 1 million tonnes oil equivalent 1 million tonnes LNG 1 trillion British thermal units 1 million barrels oil equivalent billion cubic million tonnes million tonnes feet NG oil equivalent LNG Multiply by 1.000 0.028 1.163 1.360 0.029 0.170 35.315 1.000 41.071 48.028 1.035 6.003 0.860 0.024 1.000 1.169 0.025 0.146 0.735 0.021 0.855 1.000 0.022 0.125 trillion British million barrels thermal units oil equivalent 34.121 0.966 39.683 46.405 1.000 5.800 5.883 0.167 6.842 8.001 0.172 1.000 Definitions Statistics published in this review are taken from government sources and published data. No use is made of confidential information obtained by BP in the course of its business. Country, regions and geographic groupings Country and geographic groupings are made purely for statistical purposes and are not intended to imply any judgement about political or economic standings. North America US (excluding US territories), Canada, Mexico. South & Central America Caribbean (including Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands), Bermuda, Central and South America. Europe European members of the OECD plus Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Georgia, Gibraltar, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan. Middle East Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria. North Africa Territories on the north coast of Africa from Egypt to Western Sahara. 52 West Africa Territories on the west coast of Africa from Mauritania to Angola, including Cape Verde, Chad. East and Southern Africa Territories on the east coast of Africa from Sudan to Republic of South Africa. Also Botswana, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Asia Pacific Brunei, Cambodia, China†, China Hong Kong SAR*, China Macau SAR*, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka), South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Oceania. †Mainland China. *Special Administrative Region. Australasia Australia, New Zealand. OECD members Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK. Other member countries: Australia, Canada, Chile, Israel, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, South Korea, US. OPEC members Middle East: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates. North Africa: Algeria, Libya. West Africa: Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria. South America: Ecuador, Venezuela. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 1 metric tonne = 2204.62lb = 1.1023 short tons 1 kilolitre = 6.2898 barrels = 1 cubic metre 1 kilocalorie (kcal)= 4.1868kJ = 3.968Btu 1 kilojoule (kJ) = 0.239kcal = 0.948Btu 1 British thermal = 0.252kcal unit (Btu) = 1.055kJ 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 860kcal = 3600kJ = 3412Btu Calorific equivalents One tonne of oil equivalent equals approximately: Heat units10 million kilocalories 42 gigajoules 40 million British thermal units Solid fuels 1.5 tonnes of hard coal 3 tonnes of lignite and sub-bituminous coal Gaseous fuelsSee Natural gas and liquefied natural gas table Electricity 12 megawatt-hours One million tonnes of oil or oil equivalent produces about 4400 gigawatt-hours (= 4.4 terawatt-hours) of electricity in a modern power station. 1 barrel of ethanol = 0.58 barrels of oil equivalent 1 barrel of biodiesel = 0.86 barrels of oil equivalent 1 tonne of ethanol = 0.68 tonnes of oil equivalent 1 tonne of biodiesel = 0.88 tonnes of oil equivalent European Union members Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK. Non-OECD All countries that are not members of the OECD. Methodology Primary energy consumption is reported in net terms. The gross calorific value to net calorific value adjustment is fuel-specific. The primary energy values of nuclear and hydroelectric power generation, as well as electricity from renewable sources, have been derived by calculating the equivalent amount of fossil fuel required to generate the same volume of electricity in a thermal power station, assuming a conversion efficiency of 38% (the average for OECD thermal power generation). Fuels used as inputs for conversion technologies (gas‑to-liquids, coal-to-liquids and coal-to-gas) are counted as production for the source fuel and the outputs are counted as consumption for the converted fuel. Percentages Calculated before rounding of actuals. Rounding differences Because of rounding, some totals may not agree exactly with the sum of their component parts. Tonnes Metric equivalent of tons. 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Acknowledgements Data compilation: Centre for Energy Economics Research and Policy, Heriot-Watt University, ceerp.hw.ac.uk Design and typesetting: Whitehouse Associates, London SALTERBAXTER MSLGROUP Printing: Pureprint Group Limited, UK ISO 14001, FSC® certified and CarbonNeutral® Paper: This document is printed on Oxygen paper and board. Oxygen is made using 100% recycled pulp, a large percentage of which is de-inked. It is manufactured at a mill with ISO 9001 and 14001 accreditation and is FSC® (Forest Stewardship Council) certified. This document has been printed using vegetable inks. Printed in the UK by Pureprint Group using their printing technology. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2018 53 Energy Outlook Watch the BP Energy Outlook 2018 video, containing our projections of long-term energy trends to 2040. 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