WWW.KPDS.ORG - İngilizce Kursumuz

ÜDS SAĞLIK – (MART) 2007
1. – 18. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.
5. When someone chokes on food, it is because the
food has slipped into the air passage and ---breathing.
1. The ---- of lactose intolerance varies widely
among ethnic groups, indicating that the trait is
genetically determined.
B) prevalence
D) notice
D) switched off
E) supply
2. Some evidence suggests that weight training can
raise HDL if undertaken regularly, but frequent
and sustained aerobic activity may be more ---- in
lowering LDL and raising HDL.
B) irrelevant
D) effective
C) set out
E) cut off
6.
A) tentative
B) kept on
C) recession
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A) conversion
A) given in
The vitamin portion of a coenzyme allows a
chemical reaction to ----, while the remaining
portion of the coenzyme binds to the enzyme.
A) put on
B) get off
C) catch up
D) take place
E) settle down
C) factual
E) protective
7. In a study carried out over a period of six
months, researchers ---- that smoking ---- far
more heart attacks than haemochromatosis.
3. The army psychologists ---- initiated treatment,
and so he soon regained his confidence as a
soldier.
A) promptly
B) vaguely
C) obviously
D) relunctantly
E) imminently
A)
have found / had caused
B)
had found / has caused
C) found / caused
D) find / could have caused
E)
would have found / causes
8. Alcohol ---- every organ of the body, but the most
dramatic evidence of its disruptive behaviour ---in the liver.
4. Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, which
enables them to carry oxygen from the lungs and
---- it to all parts of the body.
A)
affected / has appeared
B)
affects / appears
C) is affecting / appeared
D) had affected / would appear
A) contribute
B) organize
C) deliver
E)
D) transform
has affected / had appeared
E) guide
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9. Although constipation usually ---- lifestyle habits,
in some cases it may be a side effect of
medication or may reflect a medical problem
such as tumours that ---- the passage of waste.
A)
had reflected / obstruct
B)
has reflected / obstructed
12. People who wish to improve their athletic
performance need to be aware that it can be
achieved ---- physical conditioning combined ---high energy food intakes.
A) by / with
B) with / for
D) through / to
C) in / by
E) of / into
C) reflected / had obstructed
E)
reflects / are obstructing
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D) will reflect / have obstructed
10. Indeed, some studies ---- that taking the glycemic
effect into account in meal planning ---- a
practical way to improve glucose control.
A) have shown / is
B) show / was
C) had shown / had been
D) showed / will be
E) could show / has been
11. Of every 10,000 children born in the US, almost 7
---- from health problems because their mothers
---- alcohol during pregnancy.
A)
suffered / have consumed
B)
were suffering / consume
C) had suffered / were consuming
13. Almost 2 million people die ---- tuberculosis (TB)
each year, mostly in developing countries lacking
access ---- fast, accurate testing technology.
A) from / at
D) by / in
C) of / to
E) with / through
14. ---- the body has manufactured antibodies
against a particular antigen (such as the measles
virus), it remembers how to make them the next
time it is attacked by the same antigen.
A) Until
B) Once
C) Unless
D) Even though
D) will have suffered / will consume
E)
B) about / with
suffer / consumed
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E) Whereas
ÜDS SAĞLIK – (MART) 2007
15. Some researchers believe schizophrenia is a
single disorder, ---- others believe it is a
syndrome based on numerous underlying
diseases.
B) since
D) while
C) even so
E) unless
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A) if
16. Anyone who wonders ---- the newborn baby
senses touch or experiences pain should watch
the baby’s reaction to a heel prick for a blood
sample.
A) whereby
19. – 23. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da
ifadeyi bulunuz.
B) whether
D) in case
19.
C) until
E) what
Older people suffer more broken bones than younger
people because the mass and strength of bones
decrease with age. There is no single reason why
this occurs, or why some individuals and populations
are more (19) ---- than others. Like other complex
traits, age-related changes in bones result (20) ---interactions between environmental and genetic
factors. Scientists have linked changes in bone
strength to (21) ---- in physical activity, the levels of
dietary calcium and vitamin D, and alcohol and
tobacco use. However, among (22) ----, physical
activity is the variable (23) ---- likely to account for the
geographic heterogeneity in the incidence of
fractures.
A) considerate
B) equal
C) sensible
D) negligible
E) vulnerable
20.
B) of
A) to
D) over
C) from
E) at
17. Water, indispensable and abundant, provides the
environment ---- nearly all the body’s internal
activities are conducted.
A) in which
B) whose
C) wherever
D) by what
E) however
21.
A) circulations
B) settlements
C) variations
D) tendencies
E) similarities
22.
A) these
18. Certain plants can help some conditions more
effectively than medical drugs, and with
significantly ---- side-effects.
A) little
B) more
D) fewer
B) that
D) whom
C) which
E) this
C) much
E) any
23.
B) as
A) how
D) so
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C) such
E) most
ÜDS SAĞLIK – (MART) 2007
24. – 35. sorularda, verilen cümleyi uygun
şekilde tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.
26. By comparing urinary creatinine excretion to
standards for sex and height, ---- if muscle mass
is adequate or depleted.
24. Although AIDS still has no cure, ----.
A)
the devastating effects of HIV infection seemed
unstoppable
B)
remarkable progress has been made in
understanding and treating HIV infection
A)
it is concluded
B)
it has been understood
C) one can determine
D) the physician can assume
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C) a specific dietary strategy for the treatment of the
disease has not been devised
E)
we are convinced
D) the severity of wasting may determine the
duration of survival
E)
the causes of malnutrition and wasting in HIV
infection are related to the disease itself
25. If a child has the potential for cardiovascular
disease, ----.
A)
this article focuses on efforts to prevent
childhood obesity and cardiovascular disease
B)
most people consider cardiovascular disease to
be an adult disease
C) obesity in children affects these changes
D) poor health choices, such as poor diet, will
cause the disease itself to develop
E)
questions arose about the extent to which
genetics is involved in the risk of cardiovascular
disease
27. Just as the human mind allows a person to
develop a concept of intellectual self, ----.
A)
each cell in a person’s body has molecules on its
surface that are unique to that specific person
B)
the function of the immune system is to defend
the body against invaders
C) virtually any organ can be attacked by the
immune system, including the kidneys, lungs,
heart and brain
D) the immune system provides a concept of
biological self
E)
the immune system is composed of cells and
soluble substances
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28. Once people have been diagnosed with cancer,
----.
A)
B)
30. Imitation is a very important means ----.
therapists could have used relaxation methods
to assist them in coping with some of the
negative aspects of cancer treatments
they can affect their survival time by adapting a
“fighting spirit”, having strong emotional and
social support or attending group counselling
sessions
A)
that the mirror neuron system serves as a bridge
in this process
B)
though Iacoboni and his group used functional
magnetic resonance imaging to observe the
brains of human subjects
C) in which both activities triggered the inferior
frontal gyrus of the brain
D) from which scientists can derive evidence about
gene function
D) at least half of those treated with chemotherapy
had experienced nausea, fatigue, depression,
sleep problems and loss of appetite
E)
E)
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C) attempts by their partners to protect them from
the reality of their illness were not helpful
family history and ethnic background are factors
in many types of cancer
29. Because the visual system is not well-developed
at birth, ----.
A)
newborn babies’ ability to change focus is limited
and they are very nearsighted
B)
a nearsighted adult with 20/30 vision will be able
to see at 20 feet
C) newborn infants can distinguish the sound of the
human voice from other sounds
D) developmental psychologists would have
designed some ingenious procedures to study
the mental capacities of young infants
E)
by which we learn and transmit skills, language
and culture
31. Most researchers find the new method of
generating human embryonic stem cells
promising, ----.
A)
even if they held the possibility of regenerating
body parts
B)
as it might lead to new and possibly better stemcell lines
C) so that stem cells can become any other kind of
cell
D) if this had led to healthier children
E)
since this procedure was introduced more than a
decade ago
parents noticed with delight that the baby had
begun to make eye contact
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32. ----, analysts had to rely on a more primitive urine
screen for this purpose.
A)
Unless drugs opened the way to a better system
B)
Although an athlete could beat the test by
ingesting artificial testosterone throughout the
testing period
34. A person with leukemia has an unusually high
number of leukocytes, ----.
B)
although cancerous cells grow uncontrollably
E)
whereas, in some cases, they do not respond to
the standard treatments
Before the carbon isotope radio (CIR) urine test
became standard protocol for testing athletes for
doping
33. The vast majority of smoking-related cancer
deaths are from lung cancer ----.
A)
B)
D) that is, cancer of the white blood cells
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E)
since it is usually fatal unless treated
C) most of which do not function normally
C) If later screens for testosterone levels matched
the preliminary results
D) Only if the body were able to make testosterone
from an artificial compound
A)
although smoking may also be responsible for
deaths from cancers of the lip, pharynx,
pancreas, trachea and kidney
because the rate of smoking in the US has
slowly declined since the mid-1960s, especially
among men
35. Hypnosis was first used as a surgical anaesthetic
in India in 1845, ----.
A)
if doctors had used hypnosis for patients who
are allergic to anaesthetics
B)
since hypnotized patients will recover more
quickly, with less pain and with fewer side effects
C) although hypnosis as an alternative to sedation
is making a comeback in the operating room
C) but weight gain would have been quite modest
for most people who had stopped smoking
D) but it was quickly abandoned with the
introduction of ether the following year
D) if group counselling had been successful in
helping people to quit smoking
E)
E)
even if many nonsmokers find the smoke of
others to be a nuisance and even irritating to
their eyes and nose
even if studies using advanced scanning
technology have shed new light on how hypnosis
works to block pain
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36. – 38. sorularda, verilen Đngilizce cümleye
anlamca en yakın Türkçe cümleyi bulunuz.
38. If a person has a family history of a certain
disease, it is a powerful indicator of his/her
tendency to contract that disease.
36. Although many forms of therapy have been tried,
none has been able to prevent the disease from
progressing.
A)
Bir hastalığın aile içindeki öyküsü, kişinin bu hastalığa yakalanma eğilimini ortaya koyan en güçlü
belirtidir.
Pek çok tedavi biçimi denenmiş olmasına rağmen, hiçbiri hastalığın ilerlemesini engelleyememiştir.
B)
Bir ailedeki bireylerin hastalık öyküleri, o ailedeki
bireylerin hastalığa yakalanma eğilimini ortaya
koyar.
B)
Uygulanan tedavi yöntemlerinden hiçbiri hastalığın ağırlaşmasını engelleyemedi.
C)
Kişinin belirli bir hastalığa yakalanma eğilimi, en
doğru biçimde, ailesinin hastalık öyküsünden belirlenebilir.
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A)
C) Pek çok tedavi yöntemi var, ancak hiçbiri hastalığın ilerlemesini tam olarak durduramıyor.
D) Farklı bir tedavi yöntemi bulunsa da hastalığın
yayılması hiçbir zaman engellenemez.
E)
D) Kişinin belirli bir hastalığa yakalanma eğiliminin
en güçlü belirtisi, o hastalığın aile öyküsüdür.
E)
Hastalığın ilerlemesini durdurmak için bazı tedavi biçimleri denenmesine rağmen başarılı olunamadı.
37. People who do not consume milk products or
other calcium-rich foods that provide even half of
the recommended calcium amount may benefit
from calcium supplements.
A)
Süt ürünleri ya da kalsiyum yönünden zengin
diğer besinleri tüketmeyenler önerilen kalsiyum
miktarının ancak yarısını alabildiklerinden kalsiyum desteğinden yararlanabilirler.
B)
Tavsiye edilen kalsiyum miktarının yarısını bile
karşılayacak miktarda süt ürünleri ya da kalsiyum bakımından zengin diğer besinleri tüketmeyen insanlar kalsiyum desteğinden yararlanabilirler.
Kişinin belirli bir hastalıkla ilgili aile öyküsü varsa
bu, onun o hastalığa yakalanma eğiliminin güçlü
bir göstergesidir.
39. – 41. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümleye
anlamca en yakın Đngilizce cümleyi bulunuz.
39. Yıllarca, gelişmiş pek çok ülkede başlıca ölüm
nedeni, genellikle kardiyovasküler hastalıklar olarak bilinen kalp ve damar hastalıkları olmuştur.
A)
Over the years, it has generally been known that
among the major causes of death in most
developed countries is cardiovascular disease,
which refers to diseases of the heart and blood
vessels.
B)
Generally, diseases of the heart and blood
vessels, which for many years were known as
cardiovascular disease, have been among the
main causes of death in various developed
countries.
C) Tavsiye edilen kalsiyum miktarının yarısını karşılayacak kadar kalsiyum desteğinden yararlanan
insanlar süt ürünleri ve kalsiyum yönünden zengin diğer besinleri tüketmeyebilirler.
C) Cardiovascular disease, which as a whole
includes the major diseases of the heart and
blood vessels, has over the years been the usual
cause of death in a number of developed
countries.
D) Önerilen kalsiyum miktarının yarısını karşılasa
da kalsiyum desteğinden yararlanan insanlar süt
ürünleri ve kalsiyum bakımından zengin diğer
besinleri de tüketmelidirler.
D) For years, the major cause of death in many
developed countries has been diseases of the
heart and blood vessels, generally known as
cardiovascular disease.
E)
E)
Kalsiyum desteğinden yararlanan insanlar, tavsiye edilen kalsiyum miktarının ancak yarısını
karşılayabilecek miktarda süt ürünleri ya da kalsiyum bakımından zengin diğer besinleri tüketenlerdir.
Numerous diseases of the heart and blood
vessels, which are as a whole called
cardiovascular disease, have for years been the
most common cause of death in developed
countries.
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40. Yiyeceklerdeki iyot miktarı değişkendir ve genellikle, bitkilerin yetiştiği veya hayvanların üzerinde
otladığı topraktaki miktarı yansıtır.
A)
B)
The amount of iodine contained in foods varies
significantly and depends on the amount in the
soil, needed for the growth of plants or the
grazing of animals.
Foods contain various amounts of iodine, and
these are usually related to the amount in the
soil used for plant cultivation and animal grazing.
42. – 46. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için getirilebilecek cümleyi bulunuz.
42. Alcohol is rich in energy (7 kcalories per gram),
but, as in pure sugar or fat, the kcalories are
empty of nutrients. ----. This means that the more
alcohol people drink, the less likely it is that they
will eat enough food to obtain adequate nutrients.
Thus, the more kcalories provided by alcohol,
the less nutritious food is normally eaten
B)
Alcohol in heavy doses is not efficiently
metabolized, generating more heat than fat
D) The soil in which plants are grown or on which
animals graze usually contains the same amount
of iodine as found in various foods.
C) Most dramatic, however, is alcohol’s effect on
the B vitamin folate
E)
D)
The combination of poor folate status and
alcohol consumption has, as a result, been
implicated in promoting colorectal cancer
E)
Generally, moderate drinkers consume alcohol
as added energy – on top of their normal food
intake
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A)
C) The amount of iodine in foods is variable and
generally reflects the amount in the soil in which
plants are grown or on which animals graze.
The amount of iodine which is contained in the
soil used for the cultivation of plants or the
grazing of animals is, on the whole, reflected by
the amount of iodine in foods.
41. Mikroskop altında incelenmek üzere iğne ile alınmış karaciğer dokusu örneği içeren karaciğer biyopsisi, vakaların yalnızca % 75’i kadarında tanıyı
doğrular.
A)
A liver biopsy, which is carried out by the
removal with a needle of a sample of liver tissue
for microscopic examination, is indispensable for
a reliable diagnosis in 75% of cases.
B)
About 75% of cases can be definitively
diagnosed through a liver biopsy, which involves
the removal by needle of a sample of liver tissue
for examination under a microscope.
C) The diagnosis of about 75% of cases can be
confirmed through a liver biopsy, which is
performed with the removal of a sample of liver
tissue for microscopic examination.
43. The pharmaceutical industry is particularly
interested in new substances that could mask
unpleasant flavours. ----. And chronically ill
people, such as AIDS patients, who have to force
down many unpleasant tablets daily, would
greatly appreciate more agreeable formulations.
A)
Such a quality might prove undesirable for
sweets or soda
B)
The idea of a bitter-blocker has still to be tested
D) A liver biopsy, in which a sample of liver tissue is
removed by needle for examination under a
microscope, confirms the diagnosis in only about
75% of cases.
C) Flavour-optimized drugs would be especially
valuable for treating children, who often refuse to
swallow nasty-tasting syrups
E)
D) Nutritionists want to know how much these
choices could affect the health of individuals
In about 75% of cases, the diagnosis is
confirmed by means of a liver biopsy, which is
performed by removing with a needle a sample
of liver tissue for examination.
E) Widespread use could possibly undermine a
natural protective function
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44. The main diagnostic signs of autism are social
isolation, lack of eye contact, poor language
capacity and absence of empathy. ----. Many
people with autism, for instance, have trouble
understanding metaphors; they also have
difficulty mimicking other people’s actions.
It would be premature to conclude that damage
to the cerebellum is the sole cause of the
disorder
B)
Other, less well-known symptoms, however, are
also commonly evident
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A)
C) Some researchers posit that the main
abnormality in autism is a deficit in the ability to
construct “a theory of other minds”
D) Certain brain cells are often referred to as motorcommand neurons
E)
Still, children with autism do have characteristic
abnormalities in the cerebellum
45. A pregnant woman should participate in “lowimpact” activities and avoid sports in which she
might fall or be hit by other people or objects. ----.
Swimming is also ideal because it allows the
body to remain cool and move freely with the
water’s support.
A)
B)
It also maintains the habits that help a woman
lose excess weight and get back into shape after
the birth
In general, the more weight a woman gains
beyond what she needs for pregnancy, the more
she will retain
C) Women who begin their pregnancy at a healthy
weight need to gain about 30 pounds, which
covers the growth and development of the
placenta, uterus, blood, breasts and infant
D) Several of these guidelines have been aimed at
preventing dehydration
E)
46. The liver has primary responsibility for
detoxifying alcohol. ----. Cancer is more likely to
occur in cirrhotic livers than in healthy ones, but
alcohol abusers are likely to die of a variety of
causes before liver cancer develops.
For example, a daily walk is always beneficial
A)
An excessive intake of alcohol often leads to
cirrhosis of the liver, a degenerative disease that
limits the organ’s effectiveness
B)
This evidence indicates that high levels of
alcohol consumption are related to various kinds
of cancer
C) For cancers of all sites, alcohol is not as strong a
risk factor as either smoking or an imprudent diet
D) Recent research has found a synergistic effect
between alcohol and tobacco
E)
Pancreatic cancer has a special affinity to
alcohol consumption
47. – 51. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş
bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi
bulunuz.
47. Margaret :
- Have you read this article about the 1987
nuclear contamination incident in Goiânia,
Brazil?
Henry :
- ---Margaret :
- Well, apparently some people found an
abandoned radiation-therapy machine and
opened it up. Many people were contaminated
and 4 eventually died.
Henry :
- That’s terrible! The machine should have been
disposed of safely.
A) Why did you read the article?
B)
Not yet. Is it worth reading?
C) Yes, it’s terrible, isn’t it?
D) What do you think about it?
E)
No, what happened?
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48. Bill :
- I read today about a new type of stent used to
widen a patient’s artery.
50. Fran :
- ---Jim :
- Why are these studies so important?
Jen :
- ----
Jen :
- That sounds like a promising development.
A)
I think many doctors are too quick to insert
stents. They should first try medication to
reduce clogging in the patient’s arteries.
B)
How does it differ from other stents?
C)
Doctors say that coronary stents have
revolutionized patient care.
D)
Patients with clogged coronary arteries always
used to undergo bypass surgery.
E)
June :
- ----
Tracy :
- I think it’s because the humans’ cells reacted
differently with the drug than the monkeys’
cells.
B)
A)
According to a recent study, fraternal twins are
no more similar than any two biological siblings.
B)
In the study, it has been suggested that the IQ
scores of two identical twins are usually more
closely related than those of two fraternal twins.
C) There are lots of studies recently being carried
out on twins.
D)
One can conclude from this study that fraternal
twins share an environment as similar as that of
identical twins.
E)
That particular study concentrated on identical
twins.
Have you ever recommended this procedure?
49. Tracy :
- Here’s an article about a drug trial that went
badly wrong. After testing a drug on monkeys
and obtaining the desired result, researchers
went ahead and did a trial on six human
volunteers. Now they’re all in intensive care,
and one of them is in a coma!
A)
Fran :
- Well, scientists are comparing monozygotic
(identical) twins with dizygotic (fraternal) twins
to see if their traits or behaviour are influenced
more by their genes or their environment.
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Bill :
- It releases a drug into the artery over several
weeks which prevents excess build-up of
fibrous tissue, reducing the further narrowing
of the artery.
51. Art :
- Did you know that as many as 235,000 hospital
patients in the US die unneccessarily each
year?
Ed :
- ---Art :
- About 45 per cent of the deaths are due to
medical errors, and the rest are because of
adverse reactions to medication.
A) When are you going to begin your residency?
B)
I don’t believe it. Where did you read that?
The researchers should release the clinical data
so that other researchers can benefit from their
mistake.
C) That must result in a lot of malpractice lawsuits.
Researchers should be more careful when
testing new drugs on humans.
D) I think there must be some sort of mistake in that
article.
C) What do you think will happen to him?
E)
That’s a staggering number! What causes them?
D) I wonder why the drug didn’t work in the
volunteers in the same way it had worked in the
monkeys?
E)
Researchers hoped that the drug would be
capable of activating immune cells other
antibody-drugs could not activate.
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52. – 56. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla okunduğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü bozan
cümleyi bulunuz.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
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52. (I) According to a recent study, depressed white girls
are more likely to grow out of their problems than
black girls are. (II) White teens become less
depressed as they approach early adulthood.
(III) Factors such as social class and parental
separation should not be overlooked. (IV) The
depression rate among blacks, however, remains
steady. (V) This appears to be largely the result of
poorer health care and lack of insurance.
54. (I) Most people believe that some drugs are
acceptable and even desirable because of the
medical benefits they confer. (II) But all psychoactive
drugs – drugs that cross the blood-brain barrier and
alter mental functioning – are potentially harmful to
health. (III) Even drugs that are not psychoactive
have the potential for unpleasant side effects.
(IV) For a time, cocaine was used as an anaesthetic
for surgery, especially eye surgery. (V) For example,
antihistamines may cause confusion, dizziness, dry
mouth and blurred vision.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
E) V
55. (I) Antibiotics are drugs that disable or kill infectious
microorganisms. (II) However, for nearly every
antibiotic that has been developed, a resistant strain
of bacterium has appeared within a few decades.
(III) Penicillin, for example, was originally isolated
from a mold and has been widely prescribed since
the 1940s. (IV) A revolution in human health rapidly
followed its introduction, rendering many previously
fatal diseases easily curable (such as strep throat
and surgical infections). (V) During the 1950s, some
doctors even predicted the end of human infectious
diseases altogether.
53. (I) According to recent data, doctors sometimes
misdiagnose migraines as “sinus headaches”.
(II) Migraines are an inherited form of recurring
headaches. (III) This confusion in diagnosis occurs
because neurons in the brain stem can activate the
sinuses during a migraine, causing them to secrete a
clear fluid. (IV) Yet this discharge differs from the
cloudy fluid produced by a sinus infection.
(V) Therefore, it is advisable for doctors to consider
migraines more seriously and to look for clear nasal
secretions as symptoms.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
56. (I) Of all the things we feel, none captures our
attention like pain. (II) We may sometimes be
unconcerned about other experiences but it is hard to
ignore the experience of pain. (III) Yet for all the
discomfort it causes, we would be at risk if we had no
sense of pain. (IV) For instance, it would be difficult
for children to learn not to touch a hot stove, or to
stop chewing their tongues. (V) These receptors are
neurons with specialized free nerve endings.
A) I
B) II
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C) III
D) IV
E) V
ÜDS SAĞLIK – (MART) 2007
57. – 60. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre
cevaplayınız.
58. According to the passage, in very severe cases
of cyanide poisoning, ----.
57. It is pointed out in the passage that cyanide
poisoning ----.
A)
B)
administration of sodium nitrite may be
recommended
B)
hypertension and methemoglobinemia cannot be
avoided
D) patients should be put under constant
observation to control lactic acidosis
E)
the use of sodium thiosulphate should be
completely ruled out
59. It is suggested in the passage that lactic acidosis
in patients suffering from smoke inhalation ----.
A)
is the most common cause of cyanide poisoning
B)
can be eliminated through the enzyme called
“rhodanese”
C) can cause the formation of toxic thiocyanate in
the body
D) is one of the indicators of cyanide poisoning
E)
should not be taken as evidence of cyanide
poisoning
60. It is clearly emphasized in the passage that
several important bodily functions ----.
results solely from the use of some cosmetics
such as artificial fingernail remover
A)
are severely impaired as a result of cyanide
poisoning
can be diagnosed very easily, but its treatment
takes a long time
B)
can be weakened through intravenous
administration of sodium thiosulphate
C) has the potential to quickly lead to some very
serious complications
D) has no effect whatsoever on cells and their
functions
E)
A)
C) various kinds of antidotes can be administered
but few are reliable
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The most common cause of cyanide poisoning is
smoke inhalation. A source to the public is
acetonitrile in the form of artificial fingernail remover.
Cyanide poisoning produces cellular hypoxia by
binding with the ferric iron of mitochondrial
cytochrome oxidase, disrupting the electron transport
chain and the ability of cells to use oxygen. Patients
who inhale cyanide may rapidly develop coma,
shock, seizures, lactic acidosis, and respiratory and
cardiac arrest. Mild exposures following smoke
inhalation are now being described. Diagnosis may
be difficult in these patients, and emergency
administration of an antidote may be lifesaving.
Patients with smoke inhalation who show evidence of
lactic acidosis should be suspected of cyanide
poisoning. The body has a natural enzyme, called
“rhodanese”, which can complex cyanide and sulphur
to form mildly toxic thiocyanate. Intravenous
administration of sodium thiosulphate provides the
sulphur necessary to produce thiocyanate and is
relatively safe. Sodium nitrite may also be
administered, but its use is reserved for the most
critical cases only, because it causes hypertension
and methemoglobinemia.
C) can be undermined by rhodanese unless an
antidote is administered
D) depend, to a large extent, on the presence of
thiocyanate in the blood
is rarely related to smoke inhalation
E)
are not affected by cellular hypoxia or the
disruption of the electron transport chain
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61. – 64. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre
cevaplayınız.
62. It is clear from the passage that, for testing
purposes, a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid
----.
A)
can be removed from low down in the spinal
column
B)
is not enough for an accurate diagnosis of
meningitis
C) can be extracted once meningitis has been
diagnosed
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When doctors suspect meningitis, they must quickly
determine whether it is from a bacterial, viral, fungal,
or other type of infection or from irritation caused by
something other than an infection (for example, a
chemical). The possible causes are many, and the
treatment differs for each. The test usually used to
diagnose meningitis and determine its cause is the
spinal tap, or lumbar puncture. A thin needle is
inserted between two bones in the lower spinal
column to withdraw a sample of cerebrospinal fluid
from an area just below the spinal cord. The doctor
then examines the fluid for bacteria under a
microscope and sends a sample of it to the
laboratory to be cultured and identified. The bacteria
can be tested for susceptibility to treatment with
different antibiotics. The sugar level, an increase in
protein, and the number and type of white blood cells
in the fluid also help determine the type of infection.
D) should be taken but this will have no influence
on the choice of antibiotic to be used
E)
should be examined only if an increase in the
protein levels is suspected
63. It is pointed out in the passage that, since the
causes of meningitis are varied, ----.
A)
any kind of antibiotic may be used to treat any
case of meningitis
B)
the treatments must also vary
C) it is virtually impossible to track down the cause
in any one instance
D) irritation caused by a chemical is the most likely
E)
the type of white blood cell determines the
choice of antibiotic
61. It is mentioned in the passage that the fluid
obtained from a lumbar puncture ----.
A)
always contains elevated levels of protein and
white blood cells
B)
is different from that obtained during a spinal tap
C) is examined carefully to help understand the
cause of the meningitis
D) is not helpful in deciding on methods of
treatment for meningitis
E)
is not a common diagnostic test for meningitis
64. We see from the passage that meningitis may be
caused by ----.
A)
different antibiotics
B)
cerebrospinal fluid
C) a spinal tap
D) the blood-sugar level
E)
an infection or an irritation
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65. – 68. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre
cevaplayınız.
66. We see from the passage that the permeability of
the membrane to the solute ----.
A)
is the most important of the variables mentioned
B)
is one of the variables that affects the speed of
dialysis
C) decreases as the surface area of the membrane
decreases
D) is not a factor in haemodialysis
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In dialysis with an artificial kidney, the rate of
movement of solute across the dialyzing membrane
depends on four variables: the concentration gradient
of the solute between the blood and the dialyzing
fluid, the permeability of the membrane to the solute,
the surface area of the membrane, and the length of
time that the blood and fluid remain in contact with
the membrane. Thus, the maximum rate of solute
transfer occurs initially when the concentration
gradient is greatest (when dialysis is begun) and
slows down as the concentration gradient is
dissipated. In a flowing system such as
haemodialysis, in which blood and dialysate fluid flow
through an artificial kidney, the dissipation of the
concentration gradient can be reduced, and diffusion
of solute across the membrane can be optimized by
increasing the flow rate of either or both the blood
and dialyzing fluid.
E)
is greater initially and then decreases as dialysis
continues
67. It is clear from the passage that increasing the
flow rate of blood through the artificial kidney is
----.
65. According to the passage, solute transfer in
dialysis is faster ----.
A)
than the natural kidney function
B)
when the concentration gradient between the
blood and dialyzing fluid is dissipated
C) when the patient’s own kidney is used
D) at the beginning of the process
E)
when dialysis is prolonged
A)
a good way to increase the length of time the
blood and fluid are in contact with the membrane
B)
not a practical option in dialysis
C) only achieved when certain pre-conditions are
met
D) one of the ways in which dialysis can be made
more efficient
E)
better than raising the rate of flow of the
dialyzing fluid
68. It can be understood from the passage that, as
the concentration gradient between the blood
and dialyzing fluid is reduced, ----.
A)
the maximum rate of transfer occurs
B)
the membrane slowly becomes more permeable
to the solute
C) the diffusion of solute across the membrane
slows down
D) the transfer of blood and fluid across the
membrane is optimized
E)
an artificial kidney must be used to keep the
patient healthy
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ÜDS SAĞLIK – (MART) 2007
69. – 72. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre
cevaplayınız.
70. The topic of this passage is ----.
A)
the effect of the destruction of the main areas of
the brain
B)
the effect of brain damage on the choice of food
C) changes in the lateral hypothalamic area of the
brain resulting from starvation
D) the stimulation of different areas of the brain
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Stimulation of several areas of the hypothalamus in
the brain causes an animal to experience extreme
hunger, a voracious appetite, and an intense desire
to search for food. The area most associated with
hunger is the lateral hypothalamic area. Damage to
this area sometimes causes the animal to lose desire
for food, sometimes causing lethal starvation. On the
other hand, a centre in the hypothalamus that
opposes the desire for food, called the satiety centre,
is located in the ventromedial nucleus. When this
centre is stimulated electrically, an animal that is
eating food suddenly stops eating and shows
complete indifference to food. However, if this area is
destroyed bilaterally, the animal cannot be satiated;
instead, its hypothalamic hunger centres become
overactive, so that it has a voracious appetite,
resulting in tremendous obesity.
E)
the hypothalamus and its relation to appetite
71. According to the passage, obesity in animals can
be caused by ----.
69. It is pointed out in the passage that the satiety
centre, when stimulated, causes an animal to ----.
A)
lose interest in eating
B)
have a voracious appetite
A)
stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus in the
hypothalamus
B)
a damaged lateral hypothalamic area
C) irreparable bilateral damage to the ventromedial
nucleus
D) over-stimulation of the satiety centre
E)
the easy availability of food
72. We see from the passage that, when the lateral
hypothalamic area of an animal’s brain is
damaged, the animal ----.
A)
cannot control its activities
B)
may starve to death
C) have an overactive hunger centre
C) becomes overactive
D) have an intense desire to search for food
D) is in danger of also losing the ventromedial
nucleus
E)
connect this stimulation directly with hunger
E)
loses all sensitivity to stimulation of the brain
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73. – 76. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre
cevaplayınız.
74. According to the passage, dead space air ----.
73. It is clearly pointed out in the passage that only a
small amount of the air inspired during normal
respiration ----.
A)
reaches the atmosphere
B)
is expired before the next breath is taken
C) is called dead space air
D) stays in the nose, pharynx and trachea
E)
ever reaches the gas exchange areas of the
lungs
A)
aids the gas exchange process tremendously
B)
is the last to reach the atmosphere during
expiration
C) flows all the way to the alveoli through diffusion
D) does not help in the expiration of gases from the
lungs
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The ultimate importance of the pulmonary ventilatory
system is to continually renew the air in the gas
exchange areas of the lungs, where the air is in
proximity to pulmonary blood. These areas include
the alveoli, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and
respiratory bronchioles. However, during normal
quiet respiration, the volume of air is only enough to
fill the respiratory passageways down as far as the
terminal bronchioles, with only a small portion of the
inspired air actually flowing all the way to the alveoli.
Some of the molecules in the inspired air travel the
final short distance to the alveoli through diffusion,
but most never reach the gas exchange areas of the
lungs, instead going to fill respiratory passages
where gas exchange does not occur, such as the
nose, pharynx and trachea. This air is called dead
space air because it is not useful for the gas
exchange process; the respiratory passages where
no gas exchange takes place are called dead space.
On expiration, the air in the dead space is expired
first, before any of the air from the alveoli reaches the
atmosphere. Therefore, the dead space does not aid
in removal of the expiratory gases from the lungs.
E)
is of ultimate importance in the pulmonary
ventilatory system
75. It can be understood from the passage that the
main function of the pulmonary ventilatory
system is to provide ----.
A)
clean air to the pulmonary blood
B)
dead space air to the gas exchange areas of the
lungs
C) gas exchange in the dead space areas
D) atmospheric air during expiration
E)
clean air to the nose, pharynx and trachea
76. It is mentioned in the passage that the alveoli,
alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and respiratory
bronchioles ----.
A)
occasionally renew the air in the gas exchange
areas of the lungs
B)
are the parts of the lungs that are closest to
pulmonary blood
C) do not receive any of the inspired air during quiet
respiration
D) are part of the dead space of the respiratory
system
E)
are outside the gas exchange areas of the lungs
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ÜDS SAĞLIK – (MART) 2007
77. – 80. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre
cevaplayınız.
78. It is clear from the passage that if the human flu
virus and the H5N1 strain were to infect the same
mammalian cell at the same time, ----.
A)
the H5N1 strain would probably gain the ability
to spread between people
B)
mammals would become immune to both flu
strains
C) this could prove dangerous but will almost
certainly never happen
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Virologist Robert Webster thinks that the H5N1 strain
of the avian influenza virus poses the most serious
public health threat since the Spanish flu pandemic
of 1918, which killed an estimated 40 million to 100
million people worldwide. Although the H5N1 strain
has so far shown no signs that it has acquired the
ability to transmit easily from person to person,
Webster says that it is only a matter of time before it
does. For that to happen, Webster and others believe
that a version of the human flu virus, which is easily
transmittable between people, and the H5N1 avian
virus would have to infect the same mammalian cell
at the same time and re-combine their DNA. If H5N1
picks up those genes from the human flu virus that
enable it to spread from person to person, Webster
says that virtually nobody will have immunity to it,
and many deaths may ensue.
D) it would pose no danger to the public
E)
the H5N1 strain would be destroyed
79. As we can infer from the passage, virologist
Robert Webster thinks that ----.
77. We see from the passage that although the H5N1
strain of the avian flu virus is not easily
transmitted from person to person at present, ----.
A)
the human flu virus is also not easily
transmittable between people
B)
neither was the Spanish flu virus in 1918
C) it will probably acquire the ability to do so in the
near future
A)
most humans are immune to the H5N1 avian
influenza strain as it exists at present
B)
the H5N1 strain is unlikely ever to be transmitted
between humans
C) the H5N1 strain and the human flu virus could
never combine to create a stronger virus
D) the avian influenza virus will soon pose a huge
threat to humans
E)
many human deaths could result from a
resurgence of the Spanish flu
80. According to the passage, 40 to 100 million
people worldwide ----.
A)
transmit flu viruses to other people every year
B)
have already died from the H5N1 strain
C) are currently infected with the H5N1 avian virus
D) were threatened by the Spanish flu pandemic
E)
died from the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918
D) most people already have immunity to it
E)
it is not a serious public health threat
TEST BĐTTĐ.
CEVAPLARINIZI KONTROL EDĐNĐZ.
Diğer sayfaya geçiniz.
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CEVAP ANAHTARI
ÜDS SAĞLIK - (MART) 2007
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. E
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. E
10. A
11. E
12. A
13. C
14. B
15. D
16. B
17. A
18. D
19. E
20. C
21. C
22. A
23. E
24. B
25. D
26. C
27. D
28. B
29. A
30. E
31. B
32. E
33. A
34. C
35. D
36. A
37. B
38. E
39. D
40. C
41. D
42. A
43. C
44. B
51. E
52. C
53. B
54. D
61. C
62. A
63. B
64. E
71. C
72. B
73. E
74. D
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1. B
45. E
46. A
47. E
48. B
49. D
50. C
55. B
56. E
57. C
58. A
59. D
60. A
65. D
66. B
67. D
68. C
69. A
70. E
75. A
76. B
77. C
78. A
79. D
80. E
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